General Systems Theory

Introduction

• Proposed in 1936 by biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy.
• Further developed by Ross Ashby.
• Interdisciplinary study of systems.
• Aims to develop broadly applicable concepts and principles across domains.

Major Concepts

1. System
   • An entity made up of interrelated, interdependent parts.
2. Boundaries
   • Barriers defining a system, distinguishing it from other systems.
3. Adaptation
   • System's tendency to make internal changes to protect itself and fulfill its purpose.
4. Feedback Loop
   • Process by which systems self-correct based on environmental reactions.

Closed vs. Open Systems

• Closed Systems
  • Systems studied by physicists; do not interact with the outside world.
  • All affecting forces included in models for accurate predictions.
• Open Systems
  • Living organisms are open systems.
  • Require continuous exchange of matter and energy with the environment.

Interrelations in Systems

• Understanding requires knowledge of interrelations between parts.
• Relevant to fields such as healthcare, where all life aspects are considered.

Application in Nursing

• Health workers apply general systems theory to understand individuals.
• Nursing theorists like Newman, Rogers, and Roy have adopted the theory.
• Systemic Adult Nursing
  • Integrates biological systems into nursing theory (e.g., circulatory, digestive).

Summary

• Theory involves parts that interact within boundaries.
• Based on the integrated function of parts as one system.
• Multidisciplinary theory adapted specifically in nursing.
• Recognizes humans as complex systems, not machines.