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What types of leukocytes are classified as agranular and what are their functions?
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Agranular leukocytes include lymphocytes (B-cells, T-cells, NK cells for specific immunity) and monocytes (develop into macrophages for phagocytosis).
How is blood pH regulated within the normal range?
Blood pH is regulated through buffer systems, respiration, and renal function to maintain a range of 7.35-7.45.
What triggers the intrinsic pathway of hemostasis?
The intrinsic pathway of hemostasis is triggered by platelet activation.
Explain the difference between agglutination and the Rh factor in blood.
Agglutination involves clumping due to antigen-antibody reactions on blood cell surfaces, while the Rh factor determines the presence of the D antigen, affecting compatibility, especially in pregnancy.
What are the primary functions of blood in the body?
Transportation of gases, nutrients, hormones, waste products; regulation of body temperature, osmotic pressure, pH levels; protection through clotting and immune response.
What is the importance of platelet plug formation in hemostasis?
Platelet plug formation is crucial for temporarily sealing small breaks in blood vessel walls to prevent blood loss.
What is the role of eosinophils?
Eosinophils respond to allergens and parasitic infections in the body.
How do red blood cells transport oxygen?
Red blood cells transport oxygen via hemoglobin, a protein that binds oxygen molecules.
Describe how histamine release by basophils affects the body.
Histamine released by basophils contributes to inflammatory responses, causing vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels.
What is the lifespan of a typical erythrocyte and where are they produced?
Erythrocytes typically live about 120 days and are produced in the red bone marrow.
Which vitamin is essential for the production of clotting factors?
Vitamin K is essential for the production of certain clotting factors.
What complications can arise from Rh incompatibility during pregnancy?
Rh incompatibility can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn, where the mother's immune system attacks the fetus's red blood cells.
Identify the main components of blood and their functions.
Main components include plasma (carrier of nutrients, hormones, and waste), red blood cells (oxygen transport), white blood cells (immune defense), and platelets (clotting).
How do the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of coagulation converge?
Both pathways converge in the common pathway to produce thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin for clot formation.
Describe the role of neutrophils in the immune system.
Neutrophils are the most common type of white blood cells and are phagocytic, meaning they ingest and neutralize pathogens.
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