mammals are a fascinating group of animals that can be found everywhere on earth from the land to the seas to the skies from small rodents like mice and rats to behemoths like elephants and whales mammals are found in all kinds of shapes and sizes this rich grouping of animals comprises a vast network of different lineages and in this video i want to explain the origins and the spread of mammals as such this video will be broken up into two parts in the first i'll cover the evolution of mammals and in the second i'll be going over the major x-stand orders in explaining every living mammalian family with that being said in order to better understand this group of animals it's best to turn back the clock to their origins our story begins in the forest of the carbonivorous period around 310 million years ago the earth is a much stranger place with a vast swamp forest filled with a variety of prehistoric vegetation the fauna of this time was unlike anything today with giant amphibians lurking about as well as insects and arthropods several times larger than their modern relatives among this primordial land of giants however was a much less flashy animal scurrying along the forest floor at first glance the small creature looks just like a lizard in reality however it was actually part of the first step in the evolution of something far different from lizards or any other reptiles this animal known as archaeotheras was one of the earliest known synapsids its most defining feature was a hole in its skull behind its eye socket known as the lateral temporal fenestra this opening allowed for the presence of additional musculature allowing for a stronger bite force this key trait of animals such as archaeotherapies is one that would be passed to its descendants and is still present in mammals today although this hole is nowadays merged with the eye socket synapses only had one of these holes as opposed to diopside the line that would lead to reptiles such as crocodiles lizards dinosaurs and birds which had two these two groups would evolve side by side for millions of years but during the permian period following the carboniferous it was the synapses that would truly begin to shine many new groups began rapidly expanding during this era the policosaurs for example were synapses that had evolved during the tail end of the carboniferous and brought about a wide array of forms from the iconic sail back dimetrodon and its similar looking herbivorous cousin adaphosaurus dakota larinkis who is just really really fat despite looking extremely similar to reptiles to the point where these creatures have often been dubbed mammal-like reptiles these animals just like the earlier archaeo theories were not reptiles and showed even more mammalian traits these include the teeth of animals such as dimetrodon which rather than all being around the same size and shape as is through its reptiles showed various levels of sizes such as large incisor teeth and smaller teeth towards the back of its jaw thoraxids another group had also evolved during the earliest stages of the permian period and also encompassed several fascinating subgroups these included the dinocephalians a line that included the thick set moss chops and the goofy headed estemanosukis as well as two other groups that became especially prominent in the permian the dye cyanodance and the gorgonopsians the former were oftentimes smaller animals notable for possessing a pair of tusks and the latter were larger wolf-like predatory animals gorgonopsians in particular were interesting in that they lacked the sprawling gate of synapses like dimetrodon or even dicinodons instead having its legs more underneath its body just like with modern mammals in addition it's possible that both dicinodons and gorgonopsians possessed another mammalian quality to them hair at least in small amounts despite the prominence of these animals throughout this time they would see disaster when the end of the permian brought with it the worst extinction in earth's history dramatic global changes spurred on by extreme volcanic activity created an incredibly hostile environment for life on earth and around 90 percent of all species went extinct thoracids were hit incredibly hard by this extinction and groups such as the gorgonapsians would never again see the light of day all hope wasn't lost for these mammal ancestors however there were remnants of the end permian extinction and in the following triassic period these survivors spread throughout the supercontinent known as pangaea among these animals were the daisynods with one dicinodine in particular lystrosaurus becoming so widespread that they at one time accounted for 95 percent of all species on land no animal before listersaurus and no animal since has ever seen such a dominance of this level later on in the triassic disciplines made strides in other ways such as growing far larger in body size placerius a well-known disendant weighed one ton but this animal is dwarfed by a close cousin of it known as lissawisia this creature reached elephantine sizes weighing up to seven tons making it the largest synapses outside of the true mammals alongside the dye cyanodance were other mammals such as the therocephalians another group of wolf-like predatory thoraxic similar to the gorgonopsians that hunted animals such as listersaurus and survived until shortly after the first dinosaurs appeared in the fossil record but there was another thoraxic group that was incredibly important to the overall evolution of mammals these were the cynodons this group first evolved during the late permian and after surviving the triassic became especially prominent cynodons likely managed to survive the permian extinction due to their small size and burrowing ability to hide and seek shelter from the disasters taking place these rodent-like animals had evolved several new mammalian characteristics that help them in their day to day activities these include being fully warm blooded a step up from its thoraxic ancestors which had less developed ways of managing their internal body temperatures and were still very similar in ways to the cold-blooded animals of the time such as the dioxides this warm bloodedness led many scientists to deduce that the cyanodons had hair or fur of some kind as that would help them better conserve body heat that being said while fur has definitely been found in the descendants of the cyanodynes during the jurassic and cretaceous periods the evidence of ferns cyanides themselves is scant there were other changes as well such as the evolution of a hard upper palette that allowed these animals to eat while breathing increased jaw musculature and skeletal changes along for the expansion of organs to help cynodons breathe more effectively as well as the ability for them to further abandon the sprawling gate of their predecessors and move in an up and down motion similar to today's mammals despite all these undoubtedly mammalian traits to the cyanodance they still weren't considered true mammals so then what the heck is a mammal supposed to be some people think that a key trait that defines mammals is the presence of furs others think that it's the ability to nurse their young with milk honestly i've got no problem with these being the defining attributes of what makes a mammal a mammal but i'm also an idiot who researches these topics are at the scripts for this video in fact i still don't know what sets mammals apart from synapses so give me a second alright so according to several paleontologists there are two definitions of what a mammal is one is the crown group definition which defines mammals as being the last common ancestor of all living mammal groups as well as all of their descendants while this is an alright way of classifying mammals the problem with this as a researcher's detail is that while the crown group includes all the mammals we're familiar with and their close relatives it also doesn't include many animals that are extremely similar to these mammals in terms of behavior lifestyle and anatomy these species are simply discounted as mammalia forms there's a different way of defining mammals however to do this we can look at some of the later relatives of the cynodons that emerged at the end of the triassic period these were known as the morgan acodontids these shru-like animals had evolved a unique new feature a joint between the denture bone of the lower jaw as well as the squamosal region of their upper skull this joint was the result of millions of years of the reduction in several jaw bones and synapses that led to the upper and lower portions of the skull to come into direct contact with one another these smaller jaw bones the quadrate and articular eventually found their way to becoming part of the middle ear with this new jaw joint mammals could consume food much more effectively by being able to chew of course with all the occlusion from chewing so much more ganacho daunted such as the late triassic morgan academ and megazostrodon lost the ability to constantly replace their teeth and they only had baby teeth and adult teeth there is another new development that occurred at this time in mammalian evolution and that was the advancement of lactation where mothers would give their babies milk before their first set of teeth would emerge with these incredible new advancements as well as others such as an increased brain size and amplified hearing the members of this group represented what could be considered the very first true mammals the triassic came to an end some 201 million years ago as the earth experienced yet another mass extinction while this extinction wasn't on the same scale as the end permian extinction it still dealt a devastating blow to numerous different species the dawn of the jurassic the planet had lost animals such as the older thoraxes like dicinodons as well as several groups of archosaurus however with the decline of these two groups their close relatives were left to inherit the earth these were the mammals as well as another group the dinosaurs for the next 135 million years the age of the dinosaurs would truly begin leaving the mammals to live in the shadows of these beasts while many don't consider mammals to be the highlight of the jurassic or cretaceous they made some of their most pivotal developments during these times for one they found themselves diversifying into a variety of different environmental niches there was caster akata of the middle jurassic that bore a striking resemblance to modern beavers especially in regards to its tails and similar to beavers his animal also led a semi-aquatic lifestyle then there is vila volodan an arboreal mammal that lived shortly after castro akata that had flaps of skin allowing it to glide like the sugar gliders and flying squirrels of today later on during the early cretaceous there was repenomamus a predatory mammal that was known to have preyed on dinosaurs but none of these mammals related to the lines of our modern species they were simply other groups of mammals that flourished during the mesozoic carving out their own ways of life however one thing to note is that the mammals we mentioned and their relatives were mostly found on the northern continents the southern continent of gondwana being separated from its northern continent larasia led to the evolution of a new distinct line of mammals many of these animals ended up being grouped together as part of astralis veneta there were many animals subsumed under this grouping but one of the most notable was a small mammal from the early cretaceous known as strepadon with just one look it becomes pretty clear what this animal is related to strepidon was part of the group mana tramada one of the three major groups of mammals alive today including animals such as the platypus and was the oldest monotreme in the fossil record monotremes have several interesting traits that set them apart from most other extant mammals these include their ability to lay eggs which while unique for today was far more common back in the mesozoic when this group first evolved in addition they also had the presence of a cloaca a hole where they conduct their bathroom and reproductive businesses monotremata today consist of two separate families or another rinkade that contains only one species the platypus and tachyclosidade which contains four different species of echidnas at first glance these animals look like a mashup of body parts from all over the animal kingdom with the platypus looking like a cross between a dock and a beaver an echidna sharing elements of hedgehogs as well as anteaters today these animals can only be found within the australian continent or their general isolation has likely helped in their survival back on the northern continents however a different story was taking place 160 million years ago during the jurassic a shrew-like animal had recently evolved and is scurrying along in what is now today china it was an unassuming mammal from first glance but it held an interesting adaptation that set it apart from many other northern mammal groups as maulers retribus phoenix containing three peaks this was very much unlike the motors of contemporary mammals like the multi-tuberculates a widespread group at the time whose molars had numerous cusps for grinding plant matter on the other hand this mammal's tribasphenic teeth were perfect tools for cutting and grinding insects and while there were other mammals who had independently evolved the tribus phenic conditions such as the monotremes this animal in particular known as jeremiah was the oldest recorded member of an incredibly important group of mammals known as the therians theoria eventually led to two different lines of mammals metatheria and euthyria metatheria was aligned that while extremely similar to other therians when they first evolved began showing stark differences to their close relatives within a few million years these include the general presence of more teeth such as molars and an overall tighter skull structure with extremely powerful jaws among the different subgroups of metatheria the most important one to us are the marsupials marsupials differ from other mammals such as placentals in a few ways the most notable of which is that they carry their young in a pouch where their babies can further develop though pouches are common they're not found in every marsupial marsupials can be split up into two main groups ameridelphi and astraladelphia which contain the new world and old world marsupials respectively ameridelphia contains the order didelphomorphia which itself is home to the opossums that inhabit both north and south america and the family di delfide the best known opossum is arguably the virginia opossum but opossums as a group first evolved in south america later migrating northwards during the formation of the panama land bridge in fact the virginia opossum is the only member of this group that lives in the united states in canada with every other member of the order being spread across central and south america the second group within ameridelphia is pasi tuberculata which contains the shu opossum spread throughout south america and the family seen less today these smaller marsupials are notable for looking very similar to placental rodents and shrews as well as not having a pouch instead choosing to keep their young safe in other ways such as hiding them in burrows i mentioned before that the members of australia delphi exclusively live in australia and southeast asia however that isn't entirely true there's one family within this order that lives in south america that being a small rodent-like marsupial known as the monito del monte part of the order microbiotheria in the family microbiothira day this has led scientists to believe that all old world marsupials originated from south america microbiotheria being the most basal group within australodelphia this seems to line up with the general history of metatherians as a whole during the late cretaceous metatheors were abundant on northern continents such as north america being among the prime mammal species there alongside others like euthyrians and multi-tuberculates however with the end cretaceous extinction that killed the dinosaurs metatherians and other groups such as multi-tuberculates also took a devastating blow being wiped almost clean off all northern land masses but while multi-tuberculates eventually died at during the early cenozoic is likely that the remaining survivors of the metatherians gained a foothold in south america where they would begin a new phase of evolution and evolve into a variety of unique and new forms moving on to the australasian marsupials notorichtomorphia is a line of marsupials that contain animals that share remarkable similarities to moles surely enough these are referred to as the marsupial moles under the family notoric today and share their lifestyle of burrowing into the ground and have even evolved a backwards-facing patch to avoid it filling with sand the next line of marsupials is dasiramorphia the first family here is yes uridae and contains carnivores ranging from small shrew-like animals such as the molgaras antaccinos dunarts and dassures to larger carnivores such as qualls and the tasmanian devil dessert morphia also contains the numbed under the family myrmakobi day this grouping is also home to the extinct thylacine the tasmanian tiger this family also showcases a further level of convergence in body plans with other placental carnivores with animals such as quills resembling cats and thylacines looking like wolves just as duster amorphia contains the carnivorous australian marsupials paramelamorphia contains australasian omnivores this includes the bandicoots and the echimperas under the family paramelody and the closely related rabbit-like bilbies under the family thalakomayade the latter of which contains only one species the endangered greater bilby typhurtadansha is the largest among all marsupial orders the most notable characteristic this group has evolved are two prominent lower incisors hence the name diprudadancha meaning two forward teeth it can be further broken down into several different sub-orders the first of these are the vambata forms which contain three species of wombats under the family of ambatide and the koala under the family fast calart today this family also once contained the giant diprudedon as well as the marsupial lion thalakaleo in addition to some fascinating animals such as the members of paolo castade which look strikingly similar to tapirish the second sub-order is phalangearoidia which contains a variety of smaller australasian marsupials many of these animals are referred to as possums although this is not to be confused with the new world opossum species which these animals are still distantly related to these include the pygmy possums under the family boro maya day brush tail possums scaly tail possums and the monkey-like couscous is under the family phalangera day the ringtail possums and the greater gliders under the family's pseudo kirade gliding possums like the sugar glider striped possums and the lead beaters possum under the family petora day the honey possum under the family tarsa pitaday and the feather tail possum and the feathertail gliders under the family acrobatide the final sub-order is known as macropotaforms which contains three distinct families macropatada is the most prolific family within the sub-order and contains the kangaroos wallabies tree kangaroos quocas and their close relatives these animals all share a general body plan of long tails and hind legs but their niches can vary immensely from kangaroos which inhabit planes and woodlands to the arboreal tree kangaroos another notable family in macropoda forms is the family pataroide which contains the rat kangaroos potteroos and betongs as well as the family hips in ramadan today which contains only the muskie rat kangaroo the most rodent-like species inside of macropodia forms with metatherians and marsupials covered let's now discuss eutherians euthyrians evolved at around the same time as metatherians with some scientists even arguing that jeremiah itself was among the first eutherians there are numerous different anatomical differences between eutherians and metatherians such as differences in the legs and jaws but for the purposes of extant mammals the biggest distinctions can be found within a particular class of eutheria the placentalia placental mammals show additional skeletal differences such as an expansion in the width of the hip bones as well as the lack of epipubic bones near the pelvis these features were due in part to the arguably most important placental development that being live birth for these animals the baby is fully developed inside of the mother given nutrients by an organ known as the placenta from there the baby would come out of its mother in a far more advanced state among living members of this group the order atlanto janata is arguably the oldest and most distantly related to the rest of place antelia as the name suggests atlanto janata comprises various different mammals on two continents bordering the atlantic ocean those being south america and africa as the two continents split apart throughout the cretaceous and in the subsequent cenozoic era atlanta genadines were also split leading to two different orders of mammals the south american order under here is known as zenarthra sinatra contains two main orders the first of these is singulata which contains the armadillos the family dassey parade contains only one genus for long-nosed armadillo known as dacipus and the family clammy foraday contains all other armadillos such as the fairy and giant armadillo the latter family also contains the closest relatives to the extinct glyptodonts giant armadillos the second order pilosa has two separate suborders with verma lingua containing the anteaters and folivora containing the sloths verma lingua has two families one being cyclopedidae which contains only the plush-like silky anteater and miramakofagiday which contains the giant danteeter and the tamandus the latter of which differ by being smaller and occasionally inhabiting trees as for folivora it has another two families which are fully arboreal bratty potaday the three-toed sloths as well as kilipi today the two-toed sloths despite similar appearances these two slots are actually more distantly related than you'd think diverging around 30 million years ago the african order under atlanto genada is one we've covered comprehensively in this channel a grouping known as aphrotheria i have a more in-depth video on aphrotheria which i'll attach in the description below so make sure to check that out after this one afrotheria can be further divided into two clades with the first one containing smaller mostly insectivorous mammals known as afro and sectophilia this contains the families of tubular dentata containing the aardvark macroscolidia the elephant shrews or senghis chrysochlorides the golden moles panama gallaudet the otter shrews and ten recode the ten wrecks similar to other mammals such as some marsupial groups mentioned before this order's general isolation has led to many convergent body plans under afro and sectophilia with elephant shoes resembling rodents and shrews golden moles looking like moles and ten wrecks looking like hedgehogs the second clade with an afrotheria peningulata is notable for containing hyraxes under the family pro kv-day the elephants under the family elephant today and manatees and dugongs the only extant marine mammals under this order within the family's true cataday in dugangidae respectively compared to the afro and sectophilia peninsula is an almost completely herbivorous grouping with the exception of the hyraxes which are known to consume some smaller animals from time to time this group also once contained some unique looking african ungulates such as the members of embrythopata which included powerful rhino-like animals the next major grouping of place antilles are the ur contact liars the name of this group comes from the fact that it can be broken down into two distinct orders those being the uar kanta and the gliers uroconta is a large grouping that contains primates and their close relatives the most basal subordered here is scandentia which contains the tree shrews formerly grouped together with other small insectivorous mammals far separated from ur kanta they're now seen as sister to the lineages that led to the various primates we know today they even resemble some of the very earliest ancestors of primates there are two families of tree shoes with the pen tail tree shrew being part of the family tilo circuite and all other tree shrews falling under the family to pie a day dermopter is an order that's a sister group to the primates and contains the coligos or flying lemurs of southeast asia of the family cynocephalidae despite the name these animals are neither true lemurs nor do they fly instead gliding with a specialized membrane primates themselves can be separated again into two lineages the strepsirini and haplorini the strepsirini contains lemurs all contained to the superfamily lemuridia lemuroidia consists of five different families the first and most basal of these families is dabontonidae and contains only the long-fingered eye eye the next family lepala murdae consists of the genus olapulema which contains the sport of lemur cairo gallaudet contains these smaller mouse and dwarf lemurs and the injury day contains the injury the largest lemur as well as the woolly lemurs in sifaka the final family inside lamoridia is the la merde which contains some of the most well-known lemurs such as the ring-tailed and ruffed lemurs the next super family in strep-serine is laura saudia which contains the family loris today in galaga day the lauresse day contains the lorases the pottos and the anguantibos which i found out are animals that actually exist the collaguary contains the galagos or bush babies haplorhania's sister to strep cerini and its most basal family here is the tarzide which contains the tarsiers who are the closest living relatives to the simia forms which includes all monkeys and apes the simia forms can be broken down into two more families the first of which is platorini which contains the new world monkeys these monkeys were said to have reached south america shortly after sinatharas with one theory being that they reach there by hopping through chains of islands spread across africa and south america a theory also given to the presence of rodents on this continent platorini consists of five different families the first of which is cali trichiday which contains the small marmosets and tamarinds the second is the cebudae which includes the iconic capuchin and squirrel monkeys the knight or owl monkeys are part of the third family the aorta day pithakiday contains monkeys such as tidies sakes and the unique looking baldu akari the final family under plattering is the italiday which contains the howler monkeys and spider monkeys as well as the woolly monkeys and woolly spider monkeys katarini contains the monkeys of the old world all of which fall under the family circo pithakiday this includes monkeys such as the baboons mandrels macaques and the very cute snub-nosed monkeys the biggest difference between new world and old world monkeys besides their locations come in the structure of their noses new world monkeys have flat noses with sideways pointing nostrils and older monkeys have larger noses with downward facing nostrils catarini also contains all apes which evolved from the old world monkeys the first ape to have evolved was proconsul from the myocene epic in east africa an animal that contained many features found in both monkeys and apes apes consist of two groups with one of them containing the lesser apes such as gibbons and siamengs which fall under high lobatoday and the great apes such as gorillas chimpanzees and orangutans all of which fall under hamenidae the apes set themselves apart from the monkeys by being tailless or as the greater apes differ from the lesser apes in being larger showing more differences between the sexes and having greater intelligence the second main branch of you are contact liars are the gliers which contain many small sized mammals found throughout the world like amorphous is the first main branch of the gliers and contains ocatonide which includes the pikas as well as the family la porede which includes the rabbits and hares the next order of goliath is rodentia rodentia contains an immensely large group of animals that evolved in the late paleocene writing the script now this might end up being the longest section of the video just because of how many rodents there are as a result my voice is likely going to be obliterated beyond recognition and i kind of don't want to read all of this i'm actually looking through the script now and i'm getting a really sick oh no no no okay all right let's go this order can be broken into five main sub-orders the first of which being historical morpha the most basal super family in the sub-order is stenodactyloidea which contains two families the diatomia day which contains the lawyer in rock rat and the steenodactylidae which contains the gundi's the rest of his trichomorpha is known as the historic egnathy and can be broken down into several old world and new world families the old world families include bathyargidae the african mole rats the heterocephalidae the naked mole rats the histrikade the old world porcupine such as the brush-tailed porcupines the petromurade the dasseyret and the thyronumaya day the cane rats the capiomorpha group inside historygnathe contains several rodents found throughout the new world they're like 12 of these families so i'm going to go ahead and list them off these include the families are the zod today which contains the new world porcupines daisy practiti containing the yakutis and okuchis tsunakulade which contains the pakas the dino maya day containing the paccarenas the cavite which contains the largest rodent the capybara popular pets such as guinea pigs and other rodents such as cabbies and maras the octadon today which contains the degus and their close relatives the steno maya day which contains the two gotukos the ekimaede which contain the spiny rat the myocastorodia which contains the nutrey and his close relatives the kapra maya day which contains the husha and his close relatives the chinchilla day which contains the chinchillas and visacas and the abroacamide which contains the chinchilla rats this enormous family is found all throughout south america in a variety of habitats and niches from swamps to the heights of the andes mountains at the time of recording this i'm currently in a pool of sweat because i can't have the fan on because it's going to interrupt the voice recording if you thought we were done with the rodents yet you would be surprised because there's a lot more i've gotta read wow this is so cool i love rodents so much there the next cell board of rodents anamalo morpha is comparatively far smaller than histricamorpha containing only three different families padetta day contains the spring hairs the anamalaridae contains several species of flying mice that have membranes allowing them to glide and zenkyreladay contains only one species of rodent the cameroon scaly tail the suborder sierra morpha contains another three families of rodents obladon today contains mountain beavers the claridae contains the dorm mice and the sierra day contains a large variety of rodents including squirrels ground squirrels prairie dogs flying squirrels and their close relatives the sub-order casteramorpha can be split up into two groups one containing the north american and european beaver and another containing two families the first of these is heteromyde which includes spiny pocket mice kangaroo rats and mice and pocket mice the second is geomyoday which contains the pocket gophers the final sub-order maya morpha contains two separate super families the first of these dipodia contains several jumping type rodents in the family's dipole today containing gerbilas smytheday containing birchmice and zapatidae containing jumping mice the second superfamily moriodia consists of the most well-known rodents these include spalacade containing mole rats bamboo reds and zokores colombiscade containing the mouth-like hamsters nesomayade containing the pouched rats climbing mice african rock mice and rodents native to madagascar and their close relatives murade containing true rats and mice main directs the togo mouse gerbils spiny mice and their close relatives and croquetade containing hamsters lemmings voles muskrats and rats and mice found in the americas laurasia theory is the next major overall grouping of placental mammals this group is named after the supercontinent laresia where these mammals were thought to have first evolved the super order includes a wide array of mammals from small insectivores to giant herbivores and carnivores the first order under laresia theory is euleptophyla this order contains several insectivorous mammals that are formerly being placed in now defunct groups one branch of euleptophylla consists of a single family that being the selena dantoday this family is the last of a lineage of mammals that branched out from other members of euleptophyla back in the paleocene although some estimates place its date of splitting off as far back as the late cretaceous as such they don't share too much in common with their closest mammalian relatives and retain some basal traits they are also notably venomous today it only consists of the shoe-like selenodons the next branch of euleptophylla consists of three families talpidae containing the moles and desmonds cirricidae containing the shrews and ariana kay day containing the hedgehogs and the rat-like gym nearest chiroptera is the next order in lares aetheria and the second largest order in all of mammalia this order is unique for containing the only true flying mammals the bats bats are found worldwide and take on a variety of different behaviors and forms the evolution of bats is still a murky subject given that the oldest bats in the fossil record such as the esc and oni konicterus still have wings meaning that we have yet to find any transitional fossil showing how mammals took to the skies bats have a surprising number of different families and while i could simply list up some major groups in kala today i made a promise to cover all mammalian families so let's run through them current bat phylogeny separates bats into two groups yango chiroptera and yintura chiroptera yango chiroptera contains almost all the families of microbats including nicktoridae the split-faced bats balonuride the sheath tailed bats mizopotaday the madagascar sucker-footed bats mystici the new zealand short-tailed bats theropteroday the disc wing bats for turret a containing the smoky and thumbless bats noctelionidae the bulldog bats more muppete which contains the ghost-faced mustache the naked back bats philistamide which contains new world leaf nose bats including the vampire bats nataliday the final eared bats velocity which contains the free-tailed bats miniopteridae the long-fingered bats sistugide the wingland bats and vesper tilianidae the vesper bats the rest of the microbats fall under a yintura chiroptera which includes the crassian nectar a day kitty's hognose bat hippo sedarede leave nose bats found throughout the old world reno nictorade the trident bats megaderma today false vampire bats irina lofade horseshoe bats and rhino paramedics the mouse-tailed bats also worth noting under the sub-order is the family terraponidae which contains the fruit bats these are referred to as the mega bats and assassins are the largest of all the bats but the golden cr can we show that on youtube someone cover that up with the golden crown flying fox being the largest species inside chiroptera with a wingspan of over 167 centimeters compared to other bats they take on a far different diet feeding on items such as fruits as their name suggests the next few groups inside of laurasia theory are typically grouped together based on physical characteristics but beyond that there remains to be seen additional genetic information connecting them together for the time being however the last four major groups of mammalia will cover here today perisodactyla artiodaxyla folidota and carnivora are grouped together here under the grouping pharaon gulata with the former two and latter two placed together as sister lineages to one another parisodactyla contains what are known as the authored ungulates and the main axis of their feet passes through their third toe these are an ancient group of mammals that is only represented today by three families the first of these families is equide containing all horses donkeys and zebras the second family's type heridae containing the tapirs with four species of tapirs being found in south and central america and one the malayan taper being found in southeast asia despite being a quote unquote odd toed ungulate the front feet of the taper contains four toes but the axis still goes through their toes nonetheless the final family rhinostar today contains rhinos of africa and asia the largest land animals aside from the elephants this is a smaller family today but it was historically extremely diverse including animals such as hippo like rhinos in north america and the giant paracera ethereum of mongolia in central asia the order artiodactyla contains the even-toed ungulates and this is a far larger order of hoofed mammals the first grouping here is the tylapata which today is only represented by one family the camellidae first evolving in north america today there are seven camelot species four of which being found in south america three of which being spread across asia and four of the seven the llama alpaca dromedary camel and bactrine camel being fully domesticated species the suina is the next sub-order of rtodactyl and contains two families the suite and the taiyasui day the suite consists of pigs and their various relatives from warthogs babirusas and so on all found throughout africa europe and asia contrary to what some people might believe there are no native pigs in either of the americas instead the new world is home to the family taisui containing the highly pig-like peccaries sometimes called the javelinas peccaries have a more squashed in body structure with a large head and straighter canines also having three toes on their hind feet as opposed to pigs which have four the supporter whip amorphous where things get interesting however it contains the family's hippopotamus day which includes both the comet and pygmy hippopotamus but as close as relatives are the whales all under the family cetacea cetaceans evolved from land dwelling arteodactyl sometimes during the eocene showing a progression from animals such as pachycetus and ambulacitas found in south asia that lived a more and more aquatic lifestyle and have since become the largest animals who have ever lived since having taken to the seas whales can be broken up into two types the baileen whales under the group mysticity and the toothed whales under the grupo dantacity mysticites are defined by the presence of baleen keratin plates which allow the whales to filter out food matter while feeding by pushing out water baleen wells are comprised of three different families the first of these is balinade which contains whales characterized by having a curved upper jawline this includes the bow head whale as well as three species of right whales said etheredae is the next family and only contains the pygmy right whale the largest family of whales here are the rorqual whales found in the family bailinopteraday the defining feature of these whales is a series of folds in the whale's skin from their chains to their bellies allowing them to expand their throat to an immense size to take in more water when feeding some rork walls include the finwells minkwell humpback whale gray whale and the blue whale the largest animal to have ever existed as their name suggests the tooth whales of the odonta city differ from baleen whales by having sets of teeth the first branch of adanta city consists of two families fister day containing the sperm whales and coquiday containing the dwarf sperm whales the following family to branch off was the platinus today containing river dolphins found on the indian subcontinent closely related is the family lipatidae which contains the chinese baiji or yangzi river dolphin whose last confirmed member was seen in 2002 and thought to be extinct up next to zifiday containing beaked whales which are unique for having an extended mouth region resembling a beak the next branch contains another two sister families ini day containing the new world river dolphins as well as the ponte porade which contains only the la plata dolphin found in southeastern south america the largest grouping of the toothed whales is in delphinoidia the first family here is delfinade containing the true dolphins which include the killer whale an animal that is considered a dolphin rather than a whale the next two families are facinade containing the porpoises and the monodante which contains beluga whales and narwhals so taking a big step back to artiodactyls the rest of the even toad ungulates are all known as ruminants which ferment their food in a separate stomach before chewing it again the most basil family inside of ruminancha's tragulade which contains the chevrotains also known as the mouse deer tragolidae is separated from the rest of rumination which are all grouped under pakora accordance include the family's anteloperday containing the pronghorn giraffidae containing the giraffino copy cervidae containing the deer and mosquite containing the musk deer in addition to these families rumination also contains bovidae which contains a large number of different hoofed mammals bovide contains everything from cattle to goats to antelopes and is spread throughout the world foley dota is another extremely old group of mammals that evolved shortly after the cretaceous period despite its age it only contains one existing family many day that includes all pangolins found throughout africa and asia similar in appearance to anteaters encoded in scales this is one of the most trafficked mammals in the world for usage of their scales in medicine carnivora contains the bulk of mammalian carnivores and contains two main sub-orders canophormia and filoformia canophormia as the name suggests contains the dogs all listed under the family canidae candidate contains everything from wolves shackles foxes and of course our domesticated doggies ursula is the next family in canapharmia and contains all living bears there are a few models for bare phylogeny but in all of them it's argued that the panda is the most distant evolutionarily speaking followed by the south american spectacled bear interestingly enough the spectacled bear sometimes called the andean bear is the closest living relative to the largest bear to have ever lived the short-faced bear arcto ethereum otta students moving on pin a petty is a clade found within caniformia that contains a variety of marine mammals there are three families in pinapedia fosidae which contains all true seals including the elephant seals otaride which contain the seal lines and fur seals the latter of which are not actually true seals and oda benide whose only living member is the walrus the rest of the canifarms all fall under mustaloidia and are generally smaller carnivores the first family found here is the mustelidae which contains badgers martins wolverines weasels otters and their close relatives shout out to the japanese river otter which became extinct fairly recently in 1979. great job gus the next family here at mafia today contains the skunks and the stink badgers skunks are only found in north america and south america whereas the stink badgers can be found in indonesia in the philippines pro cyanide is a family that contains several new world carnivores such as raccoons kawaiis kinkajous ringtails olengos and the olynguido which was recently classified as its own species less than a decade ago in 2013. the red panda has historically been grouped together with many of these carnivorous groups such as the pro cyanides like the raccoons which makes sense when you place these two animals side by side it was notably also placed alongside the bear family as the closest relative to the giant panda however both of these placements nowadays are generally disregarded instead placing the animal's own family iluridae philipharmia the second sub-order of carnevora contains seven different families of mammals the first of these families nandina day contains only one animal the african palm civet the next family is priyana dante which contains the asiatic lindsays which itself is closely related to the filiday this is the most well-known family in the suborder and contains everything from the big castle like lions and tigers to the domesticated cats viveridae is another family in filoformia and contains the civets genets oyeons and bingtarongs these are all small to moderate sized carnivores that resemble weasels in appearance next is a family that's commonly associated with the dogs even though they're more closely related to the cats that being the hyena day this group includes the bone cracking hyenas as well as the aardwolf a more basal species within this family that's far separated from the other three species in hyena day finally in theolopharmia are two sister lineages one of these is the herpes today containing mongooses and their relatives such as the meerkats the second is the euplate which contains a set of carnivores native to madagascar such as the foosa largest predator in madagascar as well as several madagascan mongooses what i've given you in this video is just a brief overview of this incredible group of animals many of the more in-depth differences with mammal groups could be explored in even greater detail than presented here in truth i can give every single one of these families own in-depth video and if that's something you'd like to see for a specific group do let me know in the comments below but what this goes to show is just the sheer diversity of mammals that exist on this planet rising from unassuming reptile-like ancestors in the paleocene they occupy nearly every possible niche in habitat and have become a fixture of our modern world thank you guys for watching this video it took a lot of effort to finish so do give me a like subscribe all that good stuff once again if you guys have any requests to put them in the comments below and i'll try to get to them thanks for watching