Lecture Notes: Embryology and Anatomy

Introduction

• Welcome to the 2024-2025 lecture series.
• Topic: Embryology and Anatomy.
• Importance: Understanding embryology aids in recognizing anatomical variants and is important for exams.

Topics Covered

• Embryology of the arterial and venous system.
• Abdominal and pelvic anatomy.
• Anatomy of upper extremities.
• Anatomy of lower limbs.

Embryology Overview

• Zygote Development:
  • Begins as a clump of cells.
  • Develops into three layers: ectodermal, endodermal, and mesodermal layers.
  • Mesodermal layer contains neural tube and three plates: paraxial, intermediate, lateral.
• Blood Vessel Formation:
  • Lateral plate mesoderm forms blood vessels.
  • Dorsal aorta and heart tube development.

Dorsal Aorta and Heart Tube

• Heart Tube Components:
  • Sinus venosus, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, bulbus cordis, truncus arteriosus, aortic sac.
• Aortic Arch Development:
  • Five arches (numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 6; 5th arch often absent).
  • Arches become various arteries:
    • 1st: Maxillary artery
    • 2nd: Hyoid artery
    • 3rd: Common and internal carotid arteries
    • 4th: Subclavian artery and aortic arch
    • 6th: Pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus

Descending Aorta and Its Branches

• Branches:
  • Dorsolateral, lateral, vitelline artery, umbilical arteries.
• Functions:
  • Intercostal, adrenal, renal, gonadal arteries.
  • Celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries.
  • Internal iliac and umbilical arteries.

Venous System Development

• Sinus Venosus:
  • Includes anterior and posterior cardinal veins, common cardinal veins, umbilical and vitelline veins.
• Key Developments:
  • Posterior cardinal veins disintegrate.
  • Formation of brachiocephalic vein and vena cava systems.

Pelvic Anatomy

• Iliac System:
  • Internal iliac veins and branches.
• Common Structures Seen:
  • Ascending lumbar vein, iliolumbar veins, sacral veins.

Upper Extremity Anatomy

• Venous System:
  • Subclavian vein position relative to scalene muscle (important exam question).
• Anatomy Details:
  • Relationship to clavicle, sternum, and related nerves.

Additional Resources

• Access to CME share drive for presentation materials and classic journal articles.
• Recommended reading: Dr. Jose Almeida's book on duplex anatomy.

Closing Remarks

• Emphasis on reviewing presentation slides and reading materials shared in CME drive for detailed understanding.
• Continuous learning with lectures planned every Friday morning.

Note:

• Presentation files and resources are available on the shared drive for future reference and study.