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Describe the typical symptoms of a Type 1 Diabetes diagnosis.
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High blood glucose, weight loss, and hunger due to cells not receiving energy.
Explain the normal process of carbohydrate metabolism.
Carbohydrates break down into glucose, which enters the bloodstream; the pancreas releases insulin to help glucose enter cells.
Why is insulin therapy critical for individuals with Type 1 Diabetes?
Because their bodies produce no insulin, making insulin injections essential for survival.
Why is regular screening important for diabetes patients?
To monitor for and manage complications such as ulcers, retinopathy, and gum disease.
What autoimmune disorder affects the pancreas and leads to Type 1 Diabetes?
The body attacks the pancreas, preventing insulin production.
At what age is Type 2 Diabetes typically diagnosed?
After age 30.
What are the main health control targets for patients with diabetes to reduce cardiovascular risk?
Maintaining near-normal blood glucose, managing cholesterol, and blood pressure.
Name two basal insulins commonly used.
Lantus and Levemir.
What are the adverse effects of Metformin?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and potential lactic acidosis.
List three types of microvascular complications of diabetes.
Eye problems (retinopathy), kidney disease (nephropathy), and nerve damage (neuropathy).
What is the target Hemoglobin A1C level for diabetic patients?
Around 7%, which corresponds to an average blood glucose of approximately 150 mg/dL.
What distinguishes bolus insulin from basal insulin in diabetes treatment?
Bolus insulin is used to provide spikes of insulin to manage glucose levels with meals.
What is the primary difference in insulin functionality between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes?
Type 1 Diabetes involves no insulin production, while Type 2 involves insulin resistance.
How does Glipizide work in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes?
It increases insulin release from the pancreas.
What are some potential adverse effects of insulin therapy?
Hypoglycemia, weight gain, and possible injection site reactions.
What is the primary purpose of basal insulin in diabetes management?
To provide a steady supply of insulin over 24 hours.
What macrovascular complication can lead to limb amputations in diabetic patients?
Peripheral Vascular Disease due to poor blood flow and infection risk.
How does Metformin help manage Type 2 Diabetes?
By decreasing liver glucose production and increasing glucose uptake by cells.
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