in this video we will study about the process of glycolysis the word glycolysis is made up of two words the word glyco means glucose and the word Lis means breakdown the glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that involves systematic breakdown of glucose to produce energy and the glycolysis takes place in the cytool of the cells first we will have an overview about this process and then we will study about the various reactions involved in glycolysis a one molecule of glucose which is a six carbon compound is broken down into two molecules of pyate which is a three carbon compound and in this conversion energy is released in the form of ATP and nadh the pyate formed is further utilized in various energy producing Pathways that produces more energy the process of glycolysis takes place in two phases in the first phase the glucose is first converted into two molecules of glyceride 3 phosphate since this conversion involves addition of phosphate the first phase actually uses energy instead of producing it in the second phase the glycer high 3 phosphate is converted into pyate and it is in the second phase energy is actually produced now let's look at at the various reactions involved in the glycolysis so it all begins with a molecule of glucose that enters the cytool and the first reaction that takes place is conversion of glucose to glucose 6 phosphate the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is called hexokinase the word hexo means six denoting the six carbon compound glucose and the kinases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the phosphorilation reactions so the enzyme hexokinase transfers a molecule of phosphate from ATP to glucose and converts glucose to glucose 6 phosphate in this reaction ATP is converted into a molecule of ADP hence it utilizes one molecule of ATP next the glucose 6 phosphate is converted into its isomer the fructose 6 phosphate by the enzyme isomerase this is a simple rearrangement reaction in The Next Step the fructose 6 phosphate is converted to fructose 16 Bas phosphate that is addition of another phosphate group at the first carbon of the fructose ring this reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphor fructokinase another kyese enzyme which transfers a group of phosphate from ATP to fructose 6 phosphate and again ATP is converted into ADP hence another ATP is utilized in the reaction next the fructose six bis phosphate is split into two molecules the glycer 3 phosphate and dihydroxy acetone phosphate these both are three carbon compounds and the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is called aldolase these all reactions compose the first phase of the glycolysis and as you can see energy is actually utilized in this process in the form of two atps the two compounds glyceride 3 phosphate and dihydroxy acetone phosphate are actually isomers and can be interconverted into each other by the enzyme isomerase but since the glyceride 3 phosphate is further utilized in the process of glycolysis the equilibrium of this isomerization reaction is always towards the glyceride 3 phosphate also keep in mind that every molecule of glucose is split into two molecules so every reaction of the second phase happens twice and produces twice sub products in the next reaction the glyceride 3 phosphate is converted to 13 bisphosphoglycerate this involves addition of a phosphate group at the first position of the phosphoglycerate the en that catalyzes this reaction is the glyceride 3 phosphate dehydrogenase and in this reaction nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide which is the co-enzyme is reduced to nadh which is further utilized in the electron transport chain to produce more energy also this reaction utilizes a molecule of inorganic phosphate the 13 based phosphoglycerate is converted to three phosphoglycerate by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kyes this kyese enzyme transfer the phosphate group at the first position of phosphoglycerate to adenosine diphosphate and in this process a molecule of ATP is generated next the three phosphoglycerate is converted to two phosphoglycerate this is a simple rearrangement reaction that happens with the help of the enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase next the two phosphoglycerate is converted to phosphoenol pyate the enzyme involved is enolase and magnesium ions are also utilized in this reaction in the final step of the glycolysis the phosphoenol pyate is converted to pyate by the enzyme pyate kyes the phosphate group at the phosphoenol pyate is transferred to ADP and converted to ATP this all composes the second phase of the glycolysis and as you can see energy is produced in the second phase of the glycolysis is now let's first look at the net reaction of glycolysis and then we will understand it in brief we have one molecule of six carbon glucose that splits into two molecules of three carbon compound pyate there's a net utilization of only two adps since four adps are used in the second phase but two adps are also produced used in the first phase there is a net use of only 2 adps two molecules of inorganic phosphate are utilized in this step two nicotinamide Adine dinucleotides are reduced to nadh molecules in conversion of glyceride 3 phosphate to 13 Bas phosphoglycerate so this was a brief overview of the process of glycolysis I hope you find this video helpful thank you so much for watching this video like our Channel on YouTube for all the upcoming videos and make sure to like our channel on Facebook for flashcards and upcoming notifications