patients would come to lie on this very couch and as you listened they share their innermost fears and anxieties their intimate very personal stories would nourish a radical and controversial new way of understanding our path our desires what drives our every action ideas take the world by storm because this couch belongs to dr. Sigmund Freud the 19th century witnessed unprecedented change transformed by revolutions in industry science and society it was an age that questioned traditional authority and produce three game-changing thinkers Karl Marx attacked the social and economic order Friedrich Nietzsche took on Christian morality and Freud questioned the very essence of who we are they're penetrating often contentious ways of seeing the world still shape how we make sense of our lives they [Music] [Music] I started as a neurologist try to bring the relief to my neurotic Prince's Sigmund Freud's ideas not only spearheaded a method leap forward in how we treat illnesses of the mind they also had a pivotal cultural impact the freedom we take for granted today to talk openly about our deepest feelings from sexual difference to inner demons the slogans the power our consumer society stem in part from his ideas from Freud we get the notion of the unconscious mind as a reservoir of irrational conflicting impulses if ideas have become part of our vocabulary penis envy the pleasure principle wish fulfillment and of course the Freudian slip he threw his nuts release in my sex and for my theories and shame early but Frye had always been controversial for some he's not genius but a charlatan obsessed with sex whose specific theories are impossible to prove these methods positively dangerous resistance was alone and and Malone manages Freud's ideas still provoked intense debate today but what's not in doubt is that his innovativeness ping of a human mind challenged taboos and conventions in ways that fundamentally changed our conceptions of self in the end ISIF TV Menem please once try to understand how frauds ideas evolved and how they add up it seems appropriate to adopt an approach that Freud himself pioneered something that we now take for granted to look for the keys for his motivation and character by exploring his childhood experiences when Sigmund Freud was born here in 1856 the town was called Freiburg in Moravia part of the Habsburg Empire Freud was born with a caul and that one's part of a fetal membrane is still attached to the baby's head and in those superstitious times this was considered a good omen Freud mother certainly interpreted it as a sign that her newborn son was destined the happiness and fame for each Jewish parents could only afford to rent a single room in this building and family life was complex [Music] his mother was 20 years younger than his father he's been married before and had two adult sons and so one of Sigmund half-brothers was even older than his mum Sigmund close his playmates with in fact his own nephew but they were to be wrenched apart because when Sigmund was three is far the small business selling wool collapsed scattering the entire family in search of work life may have been imperfect but where Freud family ended up would prove to be a critical factor in the future success of a young boy [Music] vienna in the 1860s imperial capital of the Habsburg Empire was a city to the forefront of social change the year at wide revolutions of 1848 had undermined aristocratic conservative rule here along a kind of edgy liberalism to flourish on the streets there were also an unusual number of immigrants in the city so Freud would have grown up surrounded by a cosmopolitan mix of voices and cultures this is the Jewish district where Freud family first lived it was poor and overcrowded that many capitalized on the opportunities that the city offered and quickly rose from the margins they became newspaper magnets and bankers academics doctors and lawyers Freud parents passionately wanted the same for their clever eldest son of his six siblings he was the only one given his own room to work in and he topped his class for seven years the young Freud's intense studies seem to have sped into his self image of someone destined for greatness he found inspiration in ancient civilizations in the glory that was Greece and the grandeur that was Rome and he came to identify with powerful heroic figures from history and literature like Moses and Hannibal and Alexander the Great [Music] in 1873 at the age of 17 Sigmund sought his own glory at Vienna University initially dabbling in philosophy and law he was soon drawn to the university's celebrated natural scientists and their guiding light the Englishman Charles Darwin Darwin remarkable epoch defining theory of evolution chimes with Freud's desire Judith and celebrity but too much absolute hero meant hours of meticulous painstaking not obviously glamorous laboratory work trying to unravel the mysteries of the nervous system of fish [Music] Freud himself said that his studies in their Nathalie zoology chemistry and botany made him a borderless medical man and an empiricist and certainly his time here nurtured a scientific worldview that never left him if you look at this picture of him from the time you can just imagine the precise clinical fish dissector the man he seemed to be both neat and orderly in appearance and character at age 25 Freud felt wildly in love for the young woman Martha Bernays their early correspondence reveals an all-skate a different side to Freud there's probably 1600 letters they were writing more or less every day sometimes two or even three letters a day bits of have been released of his letters alone but this is the first time now that we're seeing her letters how bunyan so we've got Martha's voice what's she saying what does she write about here well anything and everything I mean in this case she had just sent freud a lock of her hair to put in a little brooch you know as lovers do and Freud had written back I hope you didn't tear it out or it did or did it come out when you were combing so here in this letter he is taking him to task for his ignorance she said you know your doctor you have no idea of the code of love one does not send one's lover ripped out or combed out hair I suppose this is the first time he had a full-blown love interest is first and his only and this is one of the things about these letters you get an insight into Freud that you'll get nowhere else and he's losing his control sometimes but he really is almost on the edge of a nervous breakdown when when he feels they can't go on when he feels there's an impossible disagreement between her she is for sweeping it under the carpet she says why do you one hour around in this stuff that makes us miserable and he said you know you have to face it you have to talk through it that's fascinating so it's almost like we've got Freud the proto psychoanalyst here yes I mean the the psychoanalytic dictum is say everything that's on your mind don't censor don't repress it's there already Martha had opened Freud's eyes to a world of demanding human emotion and the financial pressures of their engagements forum casting around for opportunities beyond the lab eventually he abandoned his research career to study medicine and one day when he was reading a medical journal he came across something that he was convinced would make his name in 1884 he wrote a Martha about a magical drug little-known at the time cocaine connects pretty sober analysis he says I take very small doses of it regularly against oppression and against indigestion and with the most brilliant success but then just listen to this when he's also writing to Martha Mary sounds suspiciously like he's under the influence woe to you my princess when I come you shall see who is the stronger a gentle little girl he doesn't eat enough or a big wild man who has cocaine in his body at first Freud denied that cocaine was harmful but his rash endorsement would damage his reputation when he gave it to a friend suffering from morphine addiction and the hope that cocaine would cure him the consequences were disastrous his friend became as addicted to the new drug as he had been to the old SOI did manage to give up cocaine but his appetite for experimentation would not be still he had a new interest neurology the study of nervous diseases and he made a very canny move travelling to the center of this burgeoning science and intellectual hotspot [Music] this is salpêtrière in Freud's day a kind of medical poorhouse a bleak dumping ground to some 5000 women many of whom were diagnosed as it's caracal hysteria from the Greek word for womb was a serious condition that was thought to afflict women from the ancient world onwards really it was just a catch-all diagnosis for all kinds of nervous symptoms from fits and paralysis anxiety and headaches and for centuries it was a dangerous tool in the hands of male doctors who were trigger-happy in diagnosing women as hysterical and the point where they incarcerated perfectly sane individuals in hospitals and asylums Freud came to sell Petri air to study with the preeminent pioneer of Neurology jean-martin charcot having discovered that some nervous conditions like multiple sclerosis with the result of lesions on the brain Charcot turned his attention to the mistress of hysteria if Chicago protists history are more scientifically and more seriously and doesn't think of it as simply a woman's ailment and he sees distinct phases he talks about the epileptic phase a tonic phase of sit and thus it was epileptic rigidity he then talks about chronic phase or the clown phase where the huge thrashing movements take place so he's identified these different phases what kind of methods of using kind of fervor his scientific inquiry well the Shocker uses the hypnosis to diagnose hysteria he thinks that if women are susceptible men are susceptible to hypnosis that's probably a sign that they do have hysteria but he also uses hypnosis in his great public lectures to which you know all of Paris comes getting a trigger to go to work chuckles public lectures as I go into the best play in London the patients were on display in these public lectures the patients were on display and under hypnosis they will begin to walk and they will talk and they will effectively do what the medic asks of them so we know that Freud's there he's in the audience he's won a shark those pupils do we know what kind of an impact they've had on Freud well I think it has an immense impact and he begins to see though there are different forms of thinking and activity going on in the human mind simultaneously and that there are whole areas of the human mind that are they're ready to be plumbed Freud returned to Vienna age 29 full of new ideas and career plans but things certainly weren't easy for Freud when he first opened his practice in this apartment block in 1896 business was depressingly slow sometimes he couldn't even afford a cab to make house calls and he can only marry master in the same year thanks of gifts and loans from friends one of Roy's principal benefactors was the eminent position dodaf Roya like Freud Maria was curious about the scientific mysteries of hysteria one of his old patients stood out Maria treated a highly intelligent young woman from an affluent Jewish family called Bertha Papen I'm giving her a pseudonym Anna Oh she experienced hallucinations and suffered from partial paralysis at times she could only speak English she appeared to have a split personality now Anna case he's fascinated Freud partly because of her extreme symptoms but also because of the innovative way that Breuer treated her during Brewers consultations and I fell into a state of hypnosis and revealed melancholic details of her personal history the talking provides significant or painful memories of past events that had been forgotten or somehow blocked up and surprised Rumia found that he could trace Anna's numerous Simpson's back to original traumas when Anna showed an aversion to drinking water Brewer loop it back to her seeing a dog being allowed to drink out of a glass of its owner but once she expressed her submerge disgust her hydrophobia vanished [Music] furries realized that Brewer might have stumbled upon not just an explanation but a cure for hysteria working from new larger premises at number 19 bird gasser he began to apply briars cathartic treatment to his own neurotic patients but Troy had a problem he just couldn't pick Nitai all of his patients so he smartly turned a failing into a virtue and developed his own version of a talking therapy [Music] Freud asked his patient to lie on this couch well he sat here behind them out of sight encouraged them to say whatever came into their minds almost as if they were talking to themselves he proved to be an alert listener systematically sifting through and probing his patients memories interpreting their confessions rapidly intuitively he attempted to unlock what was being suppressed Freud gave him new free association method a new name he took the ancient Greek word for mind or life breath psyche and added to it a robust scientific term analyzed psychoanalysis was born in 1895 Breuer and Freud published their findings in an landmark book studies on hysteria FOID was keen to find a single unifying reason for hysteria neuroses to offer their theory a kind of breakthrough moments and he started to see sex as a central issue the more cautious broiler disagreed that another friend proved far more receptive the tradition bill hounds flesh sexual morality has long been framed by religion and by and large have been unremittingly repressive for centuries but because one of a growing number of medical researchers and embarked on a scientific study of sexual identity and behavior and constrained by orthodox moral judgments and what was generally considered to be perversion encouraged by the open-minded sleaze Freud began to hone his ideas about hysteria and sexual issues [Music] in April 1896 he went to read a paper to the Viennese Society for psychiatry and neurology [Music] he described the job of treating patients in Hesperia in epic terms as if he were an explorer archeologist sifting through the remains of an ancient ruined city trying to find clues and evidence imagine an explorer arrives in a little-known region where interest is aroused by an expansive ruins with remains of rules fragments of columns and with Troy claim to have found a singular cause in all his neurotic cases something he liked him discovering the source of the Nile his daring theory the seduction theory was that all neuroses were the result of some kind of sexual abuse in childhood typically by the father but rather than the glory that he was expecting the paper was met with the Wilderland and skepticism one eminent neurologist in the audience dismissed it as a scientific fairy tale this frosty reception just enhanced for I do that he was an imbecile pioneer tackling taboo subjects however in little more than a year even he would concede that his seduction theory was fatally flawed if fear was so widespread that to imagine so many member Peter philic abusers was highly implausible with history afflicting Freud's own family the idea that his father Jacob could also be guilty was the final straw other speculations however would prove far more endearing and how to avoid sinking was how and why this comforting parcels could become requests and it be woven into the Simpsons and psychic knots of everyday life we believed that the unconscious mind held the key the unconscious minds have been imagined and debated right across a human experience for many centuries but height was one of the first to take a really systematic approach to try to have precision for the perceptions of the unconscious mind a painful personal tragedy would trigger his big breakthrough [Music] in 1896 Freud was devastated by the death of his father Freud wrote to fleece my inner self my whole past has been reawakened by this death I now feel completely uprooted but in fact these complex intense thoughts would have a catalyzing effect on him Freud had been experimenting with self analysis scrutinizing his fragmentary childhood memories and deep-seated terrors the loss of his father intensified that exploration and the secret of his self analysis he started to analyze his own dreams [Music] Cecil dreams of having any scientific substance that's sorry chase to think differently he looks at greens as something that is multi-layered there is a story that people remember when they wake up but forage that story is only the surface of our dream what lies on the knees is what he calls the Layton dream thoughts but those latent thoughts become distorted they become censored why did this sense [ __ ] need to happen well you see these dream thoughts they contain all the repressed wishes and thoughts and fantasies that consciousness considered to be disturbing and troubling were they not to be censored then they would manifest themselves in all their disruptive force so Freud a dream is essentially a fulfillment of an unconscious wish how avoids ideas about the unconscious evolving at this time so Freudian consciousness no longer just the set of traumatic memories it's a container of wishes and thoughts and fantasies that have himself generated by the mental lives of every human being what's the value of these first fraud I mean what are you doing with this raw material would in his clinical practice he would piece together the various associations that people bring to the story that they remember and with those bits and pieces he would try to arrive at a certain understanding of those unconscious repressed wishes that sit underneath with Freud's theory we as human beings can look and think about our dreams as productions of our mind that actually reveal something about who we are and as extraordinarily valuable for each book the interpretation of Dreams offered a radical new understanding of human nature with the unconscious a reservoir of repressed inner desires and irrational impulses the hidden source of what motivates and makes us there's an interesting detail in the story of the publication of the interpretation of dreams and although this book was actually published in 1899 it was branded with the dates 1900 Freud was telling the world that the series in here would define the 20th century and that they've Herald the birth of a daring brave new world but this brave new world was riddled with anxiety it was said that to be Viennese was to be a question mark liberalism had failed to deliver real power to the middle classes he felt threatened by a rising urban population in this climate an appetite grew the new experimental art that explored beneath and rational surface of human existence Freud's theories perfectly matched the zeitgeist [Music] in his next book psychopathology of everyday life he continued to dig deed in this he argues that our repressed desires emerged not just in our dreams that infiltrates our waking lives to one it's in cases I was when a high-ranking Austrian politician opened an important debate in Parliament with these words I announce the presence of so many honoured gentlemen and therefore declare the sessions as closed this very public slip reveals his repressed frustration that the session would be a complete waste of time and of course we still use the phrase Freud interest in everyday life today usually to refer to a revealing or embarrassing verbal so far although Freud believed that our unconscious desires broke through to two triggers in our current lives it was how those mysterious impulses were shaped by our past experiences that really preoccupied him something that finds echo and his consulting-room when Freud enthusiastically gasps together and Febreze fabulous ancient artifacts he didn't think of them as dead objects to him the past was a kind of Museum that you could choose whether or not to visit it was a live dynamic present in our day-to-day lives he thought that past experiences had something vital to tell us in fact it was a story from classical Greece that would inspire his next big idea for this important alternative as articles 60 of them to Lafayette attended a performance of a Greek tragedy by Sophocles if it was fighting - Tony - leaked Hart mich Mich looks like me yes Goliath alpha was the ice ever either piss Rex tells a story of a young man who inadvertently killed his father and then marries and has children with his mother [Music] twice so had one Steinem Unruh fiendish vipers when he discovers the terrible truth he stabs out his own eyes [Music] Freud saw this story as a paradigm to explain his own repressed sexual feelings are going to Ziva vicious Prue this is what he wrote to fleece a single idea dawned on me I found in my own case to the phenomena of being in love with my mother as jealous of my father and I now consider it a universal event in early childhood Freud named this psychosexual drama the eda purse complex he can't believe that little boys had to work through hidden fears of castration by their fathers punishment for desiring and seeking possession of their mothers and that little girls were infatuated by their fathers that had to deal with complex feelings of inferiority because they themselves didn't have a penis what Freud calls penis envy sorry believed that if these complicated feelings weren't resolved internal conflicts would be stalled up only to cause adult neuroses later in life Freud was keen to test out his series about repressed sexual issues I didn't October 1900 the opportunity arose to do just that a new patient walked into his office a 17 year old girl who he'd give a student named Dora she was his first and his most famous case study Dora was exhibiting hysterical symptoms a nervous cough and suicidal thoughts one of the most shocking things in the story is that when she was 13 or 14 her father's best friend her K and manipulated the situation to get her alone in his office and kissed her and and Freud says well this was thoroughly hysterical that she was disgusted by the the kiss and then he goes on to say that she must have felt his erect penis against her body and that this must have sexually aroused her and he makes it his business really to show group that she really does sex leaders are okay and that she's repressed that dissolved from consciousness I had to say when you look at Dora's case there does seem to be a trope developing here but you have the young women who are very troubled and men like Freud kind of councilman to use them for medical material yes it has the sort of arrogance of the man of science and that he uses Dora and other patients are simply skinny pigs for his scientific confident scientific position how did it end how does a restraining order well not well Freud and Dora walks out on Freud and what he learns from that though is that he should of paid attention to the way in which she had transferred onto him all her feelings of hostility to her Kay and in fact after this case he introduced the theory that psychoanalysis must pay attention to the ways in which patients transferred down conscious and conscious feelings about significant people in their lives on to the psycho Alan for the purpose Freud learned valuable lessons from the Dora case yet his seemingly scientific method relied on subjective some would argue self-fulfilling judgments it was a fundamental problem articulated by his once loyal confidence lease during a heated argument the reader of thoughts is merely reading his own thoughts into other people releases damning assessment [Music] [Music] in 1902 Freud sent out a written invitation for Jewish doctors inviting them to come meet here in his apartment what would come to be known as the Wednesday pathological Society gathered every week in his waiting room and their first topic was a subject very close to Freud's own heart a psychological function of smoking a good cigar after a meal was part of bourgeois Viennese culture but Freud took cigar indulgence to a whole new level he smoked 20 cigars a day be considered the pleasures of a cigar a substitute for what he called a single greatest habit masturbation the Wednesday group discussions helped Freud to advance his ideas on sexuality resulting in a groundbreaking publication three essays on this theory of sexuality the one he does in this book introduces a concept of enlarged sexuality because at the time sexuality was very much restricted to people having sex whereas the Freud it's about your other sysm it's about attraction it's it's about excitement and everything in between he also sees it being at work in children I mean that's very controversial isn't it so how does he see this sex drive this libido developing in children shortly after a child is born it goes through an oral space Freud observes that when a child is being said that it can derive some satisfaction or gratification from that which allows us to look at that experience as something that can be deservedly called erotic so he thinks he's identified as sex drive and children in what way does he see this playing out and life it plays out insofar as it informs our sexual identity our sexual fantasies our sexual orientation it informs who we are as human beings but it's not a formula each and every individual has to find his or her way through this process as a result of which in a sense one could say that we are all equally abnormal there is a possibility though isn't there that he's got this all wrong that it's not all about sex yes people have said Freud's got it all wrong but I think if we use an enlarged concept of sexuality we actually do come to the conclusion that a lot of mental world is conditioned by does Drive from its progressive theories of sexuality spoke to a generation of young Viennese cynical about the church and repressive morality but if growing popularity had its dangers Freud feared not without reason that what his circle was mainly Jewish anti-semitism would mean that his ideas would never be fully accepted he was anxious that psychoanalysis would be labeled a Jewish science a solution came in the form of a Swiss Gentile from Zurich you bigoted attend in 1907 I was shown a very young man and still he was the old man so I said was thousands were also papers Carl Jung was one of the brightest young psychiatrists of the day Farid bestowed rapturous praise on him and in return Jung came to revere Freud given Freud's antipathy to religion it's rather ironic that his movement was beginning to look a bit like a religious cold with psycho sexuality its key doctrine Freud its high priest and Jung the Evangelist who promote Freud's message that the Evangelist soon became a heretic young reinterpreted one of Freud's key terms libido which Freud understood as sexual drive Ramin all mental energy and he also took issue with what P Sora's Freud obsessive focus on the need of his complex when he had sort something they need or shouldn't well I was doubting all the alder line their friendship ended acrimoniously with Freud calling young crazy and out of his wits Jung's party shot with no less provocative your technique of treating your pupils like patients is a blunder in that way you produce either slavish sons or impudent puppies I am objective enough to see through your little trick but whilst Freud faced descent and a splintering of his movement his name and his ideas were to reach global prominence due to a pivotal event in 1914 the heir to the Hatteberg throne of assassinators triggering a wall at serbia freud sons left for the front line of a conflict that would become world war one the water up new challenges for physicians the mysterious breakdown suffered by soldiers they're disconnected speech and nightmare were diagnosed as symptoms of physical shots to the brain shell-shocked but it quickly became apparent that soldiers who weren't operating on a frontline do you weren't exposed to exploding shells were also suffering so the physiological explanations just didn't stand up often written off as cowardly a week many of these soldiers were forced back into action within a few days the priests started a debate which would lead to today's widely accepted condition post-traumatic stress disorder so I believe that war neurosis was a psychological rather than a physical problem he thought that shell-shocked must be an emotional trauma triggered by the horrors of conflicts and by the end of the war others were starting to believe him World War one was a breakthrough moment for the psychoanalytical movement for Freud personally it cast a long shadow post-war Inflation wiped out most of his savings and the mining his comfortable life in Vienna Spanish flu swept through the city killing his beloved daughter Sophie and even though all his sons returned they were scarred by the experience [Music] Freud began to question some of his core series for him sexuality had been singularly responsible for neuroses but in 1920 he published beyond the pleasure principle and posited a second basic force in the mind a desk troy'd [Music] before he'd seen aggression as a sadistic aspect of the sexual instincts the urge for mastery the drive to dominate the sexual object but now with the raw experience of humanity's dreadful capacity for self-destruction he started to focus instead on the fatal psychological impulses within us [Music] Freud wanted us to face up the inward as well as outward aggression he suggested that the death Drive was part of the human condition a powerful deep-seated wish to undo the bonds of life but Freud's revisions didn't end here [Music] Freud proposed that the mind was made up of three elements there was the it'd an entirely unconscious part the cauldron of our passions where our death Drive and our urge to sex could be found then there was what he called the super-ego an internal conscience which could impose impossible ideals and inflict merciless criticism the super-ego was a kind of strict moral Guardian in conflict with the pleasure and death seeking urges of the aid navigating between the war in mind and external reality was what Freud called the ego Freud thought that psychoanalysis could help to strengthen the ego although he never imagined that we'd be free of these internal conflicts the best we can do is simply to live with them so his ideas were eagerly taken up by a post-war generation in revolt against traditional values in Europe in the u.s. a new egocentric committed nurse embodied in the glamour driven world of dance music and moving pictures was taking home in 1925 the head of MGM Samuel Goldwyn called Freud the greatest love specialist in the world and reportedly offered him $100,000 to advise on the making of Antony and Cleopatra for his curtly declined yet his Freud's cultural influence thawed other more insidious forces were gathering forces which would threatened his very existence in neighboring Germany Adolf Hitler rose to power [Applause] Jews were immediately targeted and Freud foot were burnt industry in 1938 troops marched into Vienna that's me and a diesel cold here in Hitler look at the cloud most of our house with those flats because only the stayed later the Gestapo knocked at his door Martha ever a good host asked them to leave their rifles in the unbraced and they behaved appallingly throwing their weight around and breaking into the safe but a line was crossed when they ransacked Martha's kitchen and toughed her table in and onto the floor she gave him a thorough tongue lashing and they left Freud now realized that he had to escape but it's here we can start to get a measure of the broad appeal that Freud was starting to enjoy wildly disparate players collaborated to secure his safe passage from the American presidents to a descendent of Napoleon and even a Nazi bureaucrat who'd been blown away by his work when he was a student for the second time in his life Freud would be displayed after 78 years in Vienna his belongings were hastily packed on this trunk in the Freud Museum in Vienna has revealed poignant new evidence Freud dramatic break with the past we kind of rediscovered it after you'd have been sitting right in this corner for like two decades yeah and when we moved it we discovered this a label of being West on Hoth to London ah so we know that this is physically one of the bits of luggage that Freud would have taken with his family on the day that he that he left and you can still open a can you yes we can open it and see what's inside no because one thing that we discover it was very exciting to us the squashed little box bearing Freud handwriting fading martyr for your 21st birthday from a poor happy man well it's a tiny little thing of MIT but I've creative with history and memory yes absolutely even without the jewelry inside but still keeping the box with this personal message yeah what Freud encouraged us to do was to face up to our own path so that we could live better lives and here is Freud and Martha's past incarnate was very moving in unstressed from my own past regarding the missus spirit of traction in Martinoli behind me Hana a tional worse my legs right height to any option are they to chemistry men of the Royal Society came to present the book of the Royal Society for signature to my father and I think on the same picture is a signature of salvan level 2 very nice moment but Freud was frail and severely ill we had this couch put up for my father to rest they seemed his last seolin for around 15 years his jaw bone was riddled with cancer to fight over 30 operations that affected his hearing in his heart he refused to surrender the all pleasure it was almost certainly killing him when his mouth was too painful to open he wedge it with a clothes peg just wide enough so he could smoke a cigar [Music] he set up his study just as it had been arranged in Vienna and continued to see patients when Freud sense that death was near he offer his bed to be brought down here so you could be close to his desk his books and his beloved collection of ancient artifacts [Music] in September 1939 Freud arranged to be given a fatal dose of morphine [Music] but even after death Freud's ideas continue to gain momentum one of the impetuses that for a gave to the 20th century was giving people permission to be different from other people to recognize that there isn't very little that is abnormal because the abnormal is so normal and perhaps most important of all really making it possible to talk about sex that really I think helped hugely in essentially after for its time homosexuality sexual variety and much more sympathetic understandings about things that just used to be thought of as perverse that was a big big change in sensibility certainly of the Western world anyway and something for which we should thanking there is an issue though there because some of these ideas I know it's not just pop science it's positively bad science it may even not be science aboard really because the empirical basis for Hanford's work is incredibly slender in he self analyzed the analyzed his wife and daughter and a few neurotic Viennese ladies and this is a very poor starting point for any any real theory he looked a lot at the unconscious how far does that stand up against what we now know from science and from neuroscience for example of course neuroscience is making enormous strides now that there are instruments like the MRI scanner the magnetic resonance imaging scanner and we've learned quite a lot one thing we've learned is that most mental computation takes place in a non conscious way below the level of consciousness and so memory is stored physically stored in the brain and this must mean that many of the layers of has were psychic deposits of all our lives in there could be recovered and so it is not a million miles away from what Freud was groping for he had that kind of strength to imagine what we're now understanding to be a true that's exactly exactly why he was an emerging as a genius a wonderful storyteller and you know even if you do a destructive job which is you tear down a conventional fabric of ideas that gives us an opportunity to see things differently and I think he had enough wonderful insight to have struck the bell just very occasionally in ways that make us think this is an interesting aspect an interesting perspective on humility days while theories like the ADA post complex and death Drive have been widely questioned there's no dancing through huge cultural influence his ideas have become so embedded there there is folk feet within our day-to-day experiences that we take them for granted so when other - scrutinized consumers to create rounds of appeal to our irrational desires they are drawing on Freud psychoanalytical technique it's one of the reasons that products are packaged in ways that promise useful freedom prestige and of course sex appeal and Floyd influence is also there and how we make sense of who we are the important that we place on childhood experiences our openness to talk about the emotional complexity of our lives some people even see his focus on looking inwards and promoting our narcissistic individualistic culture making it self-absorbed self-obsessed [Music] what really mattered to Freud I'd argue is right here his ashes are still in this ancient urn one of his favorites which celebrates the Greek god Dionysus the god of wine irrational impulses so here in his final resting place you have sex and lust and death and mania and the power of the past all mixed up together for a man who told the world he was a scientist this is a madly wonderfully romantic last gesture and a reminder to perhaps that Freud believed no matter how deeply we interrogate ourselves there is an irrational part of our mind destined to stay in the dark [Music] it's true that many afraid series have been dismissed as wildly speculative criticized for being unscientific but the question that he left us with as cogent now as they were back then are we hostages to our pasts and to our hidden anxieties or can we ever learn to understand our psyches to be truly masters of our own minds [Music] in the end I succeeded but the shocking is not yet over [Music]