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What are the primary differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries?
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Arteries carry blood away from the heart and are usually oxygenated; veins carry blood to the heart and are usually deoxygenated; capillaries facilitate material exchange between blood and tissues.
Explain the function of dialysis in patients with kidney failure.
Dialysis is an artificial process that removes waste products and excess water from the blood, compensating for non-functional kidneys.
What types of organisms are examples of parasitic nutrition?
Examples of organisms with parasitic nutrition include leeches, lice, and the Cuscuta (dodder) plant, which feed on living hosts.
Explain aerobic versus anaerobic respiration, including the differences in energy yield.
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP (energy), along with CO2 and water. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, producing less energy and byproducts like lactic acid (in muscles) or ethanol and CO2 (in yeast).
Enumerate the primary components of human blood and their functions.
Human blood comprises plasma, red blood cells (oxygen transport), white blood cells (immune response), and platelets (blood clotting).
What role do stomata play in photosynthesis?
Stomata are tiny pores on leaves that facilitate gas exchange, allowing CO2 to enter and O2 to exit during photosynthesis.
Differentiate between the functions of xylem and phloem in plants.
Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to leaves, while phloem transports the products of photosynthesis (food) from leaves to other parts of the plant.
Why is transpiration important for plants?
Transpiration helps regulate temperature, facilitates nutrient uptake, and expels excess water from the plant through stomatal openings.
What adaptations do desert plants have for photosynthesis?
Desert plants store sunlight as chemical energy and perform photosynthesis during cooler periods to minimize water loss.
What is the key difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition?
Autotrophic nutrition involves organisms producing their own food (e.g., plants photosynthesizing), while heterotrophic nutrition involves organisms obtaining food by consuming other organisms or organic matter.
Describe the chemical equation for photosynthesis.
The chemical equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
How does hemoglobin assist in respiration?
Hemoglobin in red blood cells binds to oxygen in the lungs, transporting it to tissues, and helps carry CO2 back to the lungs for exhalation.
Describe the process of glomerular filtration in nephrons.
Glomerular filtration occurs in the Bowman's capsule, where blood is filtered to remove waste products and excess substances.
What is the significance of nephron in the human excretory system?
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood, reabsorbing useful substances, and secreting wastes into urine.
What is the function of the lymphatic system in the body?
The lymphatic system maintains fluid balance, transports fats, and supports the immune system by circulating lymph and housing lymphocytes.
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