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What is the primary function of a virtual machine (VM) in cloud computing?
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A virtual machine simulates hardware for cloud computing.
What is the difference between dynamic typing and static typing in programming?
Dynamic typing (e.g., in Python) infers the data type, while static typing (e.g., in C) requires the data type to be explicitly specified.
Explain the difference between bits and bytes.
A bit is the smallest unit (0 or 1), while a byte is 8 bits and can represent 256 values.
What is the purpose of the Domain Name Service (DNS)?
It maps URLs to IP addresses.
What is character encoding and name two types?
Character encoding is the mapping of binary values to characters. Examples include ASCII and UTF-8.
What is the first action to take when debugging code as suggested in the notes?
Do nothing and try running the code a few times.
What are the core components of modern CPUs?
Billions of transistors (tiny on/off switches).
Define a stack and a queue data structure.
A stack follows the Last In, First Out (LIFO) principle, while a queue follows the First In, First Out (FIFO) principle.
What is the role of an operating system?
It manages hardware resources via kernels and device drivers.
Describe the difference between interpreted and compiled programming languages.
Interpreted languages (e.g., Python) are executed line-by-line via an interpreter, while compiled languages (e.g., C++) are converted to machine code by a compiler.
What is Big-O notation used for?
It is used to describe the time complexity and space complexity of algorithms.
Define a Turing machine in the context of what a computer is.
A Turing machine that can compute anything.
Explain the concept of garbage collection in memory management.
Garbage collection is an automated way to manage memory by reclaiming memory that is no longer in use.
How are binary and hexadecimal systems different?
Binary is a base-2 system (0, 1), while hexadecimal is a base-16 system (numbers and letters).
What is a pointer in the context of memory management?
A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable.
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