Lecture Notes: Understanding Tolstoy's Definition of Art

Introduction

• Dr. Gregory Sadler, Professor of Philosophy
• Founder of Reason.io, focusing on practical philosophy
• Experience: 20+ years in studying and teaching philosophy
• Goal: Help students navigate classic philosophical texts
• New series: Short videos on core concepts from important philosophical works

Tolstoy's "What is Art?"

• Overview: Tolstoy critiques existing definitions of art
• Proposes his own definition: Art as a means of communication or communion
  • Involves the producer, audience, and other spectators
  • Communicates across distance in time, space, and culture
  • Must be expressed through outward signs

Rejection of Existing Definitions

1. Definitions Based on Beauty

• Tolstoy critiques definitions that rely on beauty or pleasure
• Rejects the idea that art is defined solely by the pleasure it provides to the observer

2. Physiological-Evolutionary Definition

• Art as an activity emerging from sexuality and play (Schiller, Darwin, Spencer)
  • Critique: Focuses on the origin of art, not its essence
  • Does not explain what truly makes something art

3. Practical Definition

• Art as external expression of emotions (Veron)
  • Critique: Emotional expression without audience engagement is not art
  • Audience dependency is crucial

4. Sully's Definition

• Art as production of objects or actions that provide enjoyment to both producer and spectators
  • Critique: Includes non-art activities (e.g., magic tricks)
  • Excludes unpleasant artworks that are still considered art

Tolstoy's Definition of Art

• Art as a condition of human life and a means of communion
  • Essential for communication among people
  • Genuine art creates communication between producer and audience
  • Potential to connect with audiences across time and space

Key Aspects of Tolstoy's Definition

1. Communion Through Feelings
   • Art conveys feelings that can be shared
   • Example: Listening to music conveys feelings of triumph
2. Purpose of Communication
   • Intent to communicate emotions is essential
   • Not simply expressing feelings without an audience
3. External Signs
   • Art requires the expression of feelings through external means
   • Emotions, whether strong or weak, constitute the subject of art

Conclusion

• Tolstoy's definition emphasizes the communal aspect of art
• Genuine art allows the sharing of feelings and experiences over time
• Art facilitates understanding of human emotions across cultures and generations
• Tolstoy presents a normative definition of art, not merely descriptive

Final Thoughts

• Understanding Tolstoy's perspective helps in appreciating the deeper significance of art
• Encourages reflection on how art impacts human connection and communication.