Robert Lawrence Kuhn discusses the connection between science and philosophy.
Science is often viewed as external, objective, and absolute, while others view it as internal, subjective, and relative.
Questions raised:
What is science?
Can science address all questions?
What role does philosophy play in science?
Philosophy of Science
Philosophy of science seeks to clarify, strengthen, and enrich science.
Many scientists dismiss philosophy, claiming it is irrelevant or obstructive.
Kuhn intends to investigate the philosophy of science by interviewing leading philosophers.
Simon Blackburn on Philosophy of Science
Blackburn highlights that explanations in science (e.g., Newton's theory of gravitation) can lead to questions about their validity.
He emphasizes that the limits of science, as argued by philosophers like Hume, need to be evaluated.
The 17th-century rationalist ideal posited that understanding the world would reveal why things are as they are, but Hume countered that science is inherently empirical.
Historical Context
Historical figures (e.g., Aristotle, Descartes) blended science and philosophy.
Philosophy has historically prepared the way for science; the distinction between the two is a recent development.
Collaboration between philosophers and scientists, especially in foundational physics, is vital.
John Hawthorne on Philosophy's Role
Philosophy historically contributed to science and shouldn't be dismissed.
Philosophers assist by clarifying issues in science, especially in quantum mechanics.
Philosophers establish standards for theory choice and assist in understanding complex scientific theories.
Rebecca Neuberger Goldstein's Perspective
Many scientists attack philosophy as pre-scientific; however, she argues that philosophy is essential for demarcating science from non-science.
The history of science shows that philosophical questions remain relevant, especially concerning realism and the interpretation of scientific theories.
Science relies on complex philosophical frameworks to define its methods and ontology.
John Searle on Philosophy's Deep Value
Philosophy raises fundamental questions about reality, language, and society.
The interplay between philosophy and science is essential for understanding deeper concepts such as causation.
Searle believes that philosophers enhance scientific inquiry by providing a philosophical grip on material.
Daniel Dennett on Clarifying Philosophical Questions
Dennett argues that philosophers aid scientists by clarifying questions and preventing them from repeating historical mistakes.
He emphasizes that a philosophical approach is necessary to address complex issues, such as consciousness.
Five Benefits of Philosophy to Science
Clarification: Philosophy helps specify the types of questions science asks.
Expansion: Philosophy broadens the scope of questions that science can address.
Enhanced Design: It improves experimental design and robustness of evidence.
Boundaries: Philosophy defines the line between science and pseudoscience.
Limits: It sets limitations on what science can answer, especially concerning morality and art.
Conclusion
While science is dominant, philosophy remains crucial in ensuring science approaches the truth effectively.