Good day everyone! I hope you are all okay and I hope you can hear me clearly. I hope I am audible. And I tried recording our discussion for today because I'm not sure if we can go online or I'm not sure if everyone can be online today.
But I hope everyone's alright. now despite the weather right now it's the rainy season so keep safe everyone so for this morning or for this afternoon we will be discussing about the psychological perspective and the western and eastern thought in understanding the south right so i hope you just follow if ever you are um listening to this video or if you're trying to look at this video. So what you're going to learn is um all right by the way um if there are classes that I had um before I was able to discuss this and I wasn't able to finish it um try to follow through the discussion until the end because um what I'm trying to do right now is to go over the entire lesson so that everyone can catch up.
and you'll be able to finish the entire module. Right. So for our discussion today, here is our learning outcome. You'll be able to identify and define the concepts of the self as a cognitive construction. We're also going to outline the concepts of the self in Western and Eastern thought.
and you're going to recognize how the different psychological concepts and western and eastern perspectives influence one's own personality development so if you can see there are different influencers here in our society today that shape your own personality so probably later in the next life you'll be able to understand what is really happening to someone else or to your own self basically why do you think is your personality being that way? Alright, so moving forward, we'll have here childhood and personality. This is more on the psychology of identity.
So according to the slide, philosophy tries to answer the question who am I from a general point of view of metaphysics and epistemology. Psychology really the same question to people with thoughts and emotions who are growing up and living in a specific place, entertaining basic values relating to the other members of society and having to position themselves in it. So as they grow up, they become competent members of their society by forming an individual identity recognized by others and themselves.
So that means even if you are living in different places or if you have your own personalities, you are developing your own behavior. That means when you were brought up, when you were a child up to your adolescent stage, you became who you are today because of those influences, whether from your parents to your family members to your peers or to your friends or other people around you. They were the ones who help you shape or identify your own self up to this point.
But basically each individual goes through the development of age. In psychology there is what we call the lifespan of a person. So in a lifespan from birth so childhood to school age play age or up to the adolescent stage up to adulthood and up to the old age there are different influences that shapes who you are today and sometimes a self or an individual can actually question or you're going to ask yourself who am i no so if you try to ponder upon your own thoughts You're going to ask yourself, who am I? who am i what can i contribute to our society who made me who i am today sometimes those questions can help you identify your own self and you will realize that whatever that comes into your mind or whatever comes into your heart basically these things make you mix who you are today now and you will still develop that in the near future as you identify yourself or as you journey towards identifying or understanding your own so that's the beauty of the question who am i all right so moving forward to the next slide um if you happen to know since we are talking about psychology and we're going to talk about again sigmund freud sigmund freud is one of the philosophers which we talked about from our previous lessons and he is again the father of psychology no so he developed theories about the personality and of course also the defense mechanisms so according to sigmund freud a person has this um three parts of the cells the id the ego and the super ego So if you can see, there is an iceberg in the picture.
You can see that there is the conscious, the pre-conscious, and the subconscious. So your ego, that means this is the thing that you know already, or whatever happens, or whatever the thing that you decide on, the ego helps you decide morally. Well...
The id and the superego, these are part of your subconscious. Sometimes you don't know what you're doing or sometimes you're not aware of what you're doing. And your subconscious is embedded in your own self.
And that is your id, according to Sigmund Freud. So, for example, here at the picture, the left side of the picture, your id says, I need to eat. i need to eat right this second i want to eat no sometimes your subconscious tells you that no however your sub your super ego also tells you you can't do that because you're in the middle of an important meeting so you cannot eat so you decided but once you decided it's already your ego that decides i will not eat because i am in a meeting so something like that uh so if you happen to know again according to sigmund freud the personality has three parts the conscious pre-conscious and subconscious the id the ego and the super ego right so according to segment right also he developed these defense mechanisms so we have 12 defense mechanisms according to segment 5 no there are probably 11 i think Okay, so one of the defense mechanisms stated by Freud is that a person can use defense mechanisms in times that they needed it. That means these defense mechanisms are also called coping mechanisms.
So for example, We have here compensation. This means to strengthen one or to hide another. Defense mechanisms are used when some people are trying to cope with certain problems, for example, or they are trying to strengthen themselves or they want to cope or to... to hide something or to be aware of something or to hide the negative feeling from the inside so sometimes for example compensation strengthen one to hide another so this is an example like um if you're trying to buy something you know um you wanted to buy for example a a food no you wanted to buy a food and your choices are lechon manok and lechon baboy however um you're telling yourselves that if you're going to buy a lechon baboy it's going to be a very it's going to be costly because the per kilo is already from 800 to 900 per kilo while if you're going to buy lechon manok it's more on 200 to 300 plus per one whole malok so um call yourself you chose to buy lechon malok because it is about budget friendly so you buy the lechon malok because you think it's budget friendly and so something like that you compensate out you compensate one thing over the other because um the strength of one is very powerful compared to the other two so we have here another which is denial denial means to refuse to face a negative behavior so for example um okay so one example is that you have a for example for the guys out there this is one thing that can happen to most of the adolescents for example so for example a guy or an adolescent or a teen courted one girl from the classroom for example and the one that that he courted um denied him i mean girl i'm not going to i'm not going to entertain you because of this and that however the guy was so furious you know he cannot accept that he was denied by the girl so instead of facing the reality of having that negative behavior he denied that he was denied by the girl and so sometimes um at some point he could become friends and that and that and that so he denied so that is a form of denial you know having to refuse or to face a negative behavior because he doesn't want to feel that negative behavior that is what you call denial so another another coping mechanism or the defense mechanism is displacement so you're taking it out on someone else for example so one one of the examples i mean one of the example is um again for the guy for example if they have problems with their friends or peers no or they were very angry already so when they were very angry sometimes what um what they do is they look for a punching bag no and they look for a punching bag it's either they displace it to someone else or they look for a thing that they can punch so that they can take that anger out of themselves and as you all know Displacing your anger to someone else can be very destructive and it's not good. So I suggest that if you're going to displace your anger, make sure that you're going to displace it to a thing, not to a person.
Because it's not good and it can be very harmful to someone else. And we don't promote that and we don't want that. All right. So I hope class you're still following me.
So we also have here introjection. So when we say introjection, this is more on conforming feelings for approval. Sometimes one of my students told me that it's like looking for validation. So when we say introjection, you're trying to look for approval because you wanted to validate your own feelings, your own thoughts, or the way you look.
you wanted for approval so sometimes you do this you know but you're not aware of it but it can just be a defense mechanism or a coping mechanism because you want it to be validated all right we have also another is projection you see your faults or bibles in others so projection so for example um another one of the most common examples is that um for example this is only an example you have your parents you know their parents um wanted to be a doctor or a lawyer before no when they were young they wanted to be though they wanted to be those prominent individuals like lawyers and doctors however they were not able to do that they were frustrated however they wanted their children to to become like doctors and lawyers so they projected their own frustrations to their children. So sometimes it happens and it can be part of the reality that some of those parents try to project their frustrations to their children. So it's just a defense mechanism but sometimes you have to understand why it's happening.
So that's projection. Another thing is rationalization. so you excuse and justify mistakes. So there are people for example that they don't know that what they're doing is already wrong. They think what they're doing is instead of thinking it's wrong they try to think about it as correct although it's not correct in the eyes of the many people.
So they try to rationalize. What do you mean by rationalize? You try to justify that Even they're trying to do this and that, they're still correct. They thought they're correct because they're authoritative. So that happens most of the time when people try to rationalize that their mistakes are correct even if it's not.
So the only thing is sometimes they have to do a reality check. Whatever they rationalize can be harmful to anyone and it is not healthy for anyone as well. so that happens and it's part of their defense mechanism of someone or a person we also have here reaction formation or it means that pretending that you are different no so for example um i think i stated this from one section last time that when you are in a group for example no in a group there are different personalities there are different persons sometimes they are your friends and sometimes they're not but you're trying to do a group for example so when you are trying to do a group work you know um there is one of your group mates that were commended because they are they do such a good work or they were commended because they were so very naughty for example So the reaction of that person or groupmate can be a source of their defense mechanism because when there was a trigger for example, their reaction was most likely to or they were they tend to to pretend that they are different among the others.
and sometimes it is okay and sometimes it's not no but it is somehow a reaction formation within the group itself we also have here another defense mechanism that can happen there is regression so people act much younger to feel better for example um you are you have at least three or four siblings in the family and you are already at the age where you have the expectations of that certain age. You are the youngest for example and instead of acting at a certain age, the youngest usually tend to regress. They try to act much younger because for them it feels better but being at that age you are expected to be responsible already so sometimes that is an example of regression but there are also times like example if there are people who are already at a certain age or they are already at their old age you know um it's not regression sometimes it's called dementia already you know because old age can be um i mean Those being in old age can already, you can already see symptoms of dementia. So sometimes it is also part of regression and sometimes it can be a symptom of dementia already.
Alright, so moving forward, we also have here depression. So putting things into darkness. When you say repression, this is more on keeping your feelings, your emotions inside you. You don't try to pour it out to other people.
You don't pour it to someone. So for example, you are angry. You are angry.
So instead of being angry to someone else or to another or to a friend, you keep it inside. However, when you try to repress and... Sometimes you can be a volcano that erupts immediately because you tried to keep it on yourself and you didn't pour it out.
So when that happens, sometimes there is a negative effect because depression can be a source of emotional outbursts. right so it is a defense mechanism we also have here ritual and undoing so when you say ritual and undoing that means override negative with a habit so there is a saying that you can actually create a habit in 21 days that means when you consistently try to do something in 21 days you form a habit so this is more on a ritual in undoing so sometimes like example um like like in alcoholism or in smoking when you try to stop or you wanted to change that habit of drinking alcohol or or smoking no when you try to change it then you want to you want it to stop you wanted to stop in 21 days not just in one day three days you stopped in 21 days then you form a habit but um this is a form of defense mechanism where you can constantly do something no um sometimes this is good when you're changing a negative habit to a positive one so this is something that people can exercise especially when you wanted to change a negative behavior into a positive behavior so that it for the defense mechanisms. I hope you will learn something from those examples that I shared with you. So next is that we're going to have or we're going to discuss again Freud's topographical model of the mind.
So as you can see in this slide, you can see again an iceberg. So on the surface is consciousness which consists of those thoughts which are the focus of our attention now and this is seen as the tip of the iceberg. The pre-conscious consists of all which can be retrieved from memory.
The third and most significant region is the unconscious. So here lie the processes that are the real cause of most behavior. So like an iceberg, the most important part of the mind is the part you cannot...
see that means your unconscious self because your unconscious self is the reason why you are doing so many things no sometimes whatever you project outside outside your own self is a reflection of your own unconscious self all right may follow class no So again, your unconscious selves are things such as fear, your unacceptable sexual desires, violent motives, irrational wishes, immoral urges, selfish needs, shameful experiences, traumatic experience, something that you keep inside yourself. Those are part of your unconscious and sometimes it can burst out through another form of behavior through your conscious mind and your deconscious self. These are memories that are stored, that were stored over the years.
Now, these are memories or knowledge that you had from your previous experiences. So here, the structural model of Sigmund Freud. Again, another iceberg that you're going to see in my climb.
So the conscious mind is just a step of the iceberg. a small part of a hidden whole. So psychoanalytical theory which is the theory of Sigmund Freud is based on the concept that the unconscious mind is structured in two parts the id, the ego and superego which talk to one another to try to resolve conflicting emotions and impulses. So for example, the id says this strives for instant gratification.
It's childlike, impulsive, and hard to reason with, the pleasure in shindigon, because it's your id, and it's part of your unconscious self. While you have your super ego here, it is above your id, and this wants to do the right thing. It is the moral conscience that takes on the role of a strict parent, for example. While your ego here...
your ego this is the voice of the reason negotiating with the id and the super ego then you have your conscious self that means your conscious self is the one that decides what you're going to do outside your own inner self so there you go we have here in another slide your unconscious mind also has your visions so dreams are unseen as a channel for unconscious thoughts that people cannot usually access because many of them are too disturbing for the conscious mind to cope with so sometimes um you can dream for example once you dream um whatever you dream the night before sometimes you cannot remember it of the morning right and sometimes it's then okay so again sometimes we dream we cannot remember it already however um there are times that whatever you dream no and you can think about it in the next following days but in the form of deja vu or sometimes in the form of para practice whatever comes to your mind you think um it just happens though slip of the tongue for example so that's from your unconscious there's para practice or slip of the tongue or sometimes in the form of deja vu right so here according to william james we know the meaning of consciousness so long as no one asks us to define it no our conscious self can definitely define who we are to try to understand our own self i mean try to understand our own selves because we are conscious about who we are based on what we know and who influence us whether it's from the culture or from the teachings of others or from the upbringing of our parents or the influence of our siblings so there we know the meaning of So next slide is we have here according to William James the me self and I self. Now so me corresponds to the self as an object of experience or self as the object while the latter means I reflects the self as a subject of experience or self as the subject. So again the me is a separate individual. or a person refers to when talking about their personal experience while the i is the pure ego it is what provides continuity between past present and future allowing us to view ourselves to have a consistent individual identity one brought about by the stream of consciousness that james first defined you know so me self and i thought so if you try to look at the mirror sometimes you're going to ask who am i I wanted to look at myself.
Where will I go for the next five years and ten years from now? So that is your self. So although the I self cannot be further divided, the me can be further broken down into three subcategories. A material, social, and spiritual self. So the material self can this of what belongs to a person such as the body, family, clothes, or money.
While the social self marks who you are in a specific social situation, we tend to change our actions, thoughts, emotions, words, and mannerisms based on the current social situation of the people with whom we are interacting. You know, sometimes the social self can vary because there are different types of people that we are interacting with. Sometimes with those people who are in authority, we act ourselves accordingly because they are in authority.
But when we are with our peers, sometimes we just act natural because they are our friends or they are just our peers. So sometimes the social self is a person in your own body that has different types of scenarios. or I mean that has different personality when you're trying to interact with one another or with one person to another but I think that's just normal if you try to understand it very well or you try to understand your own self.
So finally we also have our spiritual self. So our spiritual self is who we are at our core including our personality, values, and conscience. self typically remains relatively stable throughout our lifetimes so whatever our beliefs are in our spiritual self um this shapes our moral values or moral selves because of this spiritual self so there is a psychological differentiation psychological differentiation is an important aspect of stuff development. So as Dr. Robert Firestone writes in his book, The Self-Underspeech, A Therapeutic Model for Differentiation, according to him, in order for people to live their own lives and fulfill their destinies, they must differentiate from destruction.
So you should ask yourself, whose life am I really living? Am I basing my life on my own personal beliefs, values, and desires? because according to Dr. Firestone, if you try to differentiate yourself, you'll be able to know who you really are, regardless of the person that influenced you, whether from childhood up to your adolescent stage. There is what we call psychological differentiation. That means if you really know who you are, you will know where you stand and where you try to put out yourself in the world.
So there are four steps of differentiation. Breaking with destructive thoughts and attitudes towards ourselves that we internalize based on painful early life. So recognizing and changing negative personality traits in ourselves.
that are an incorporation of the negative traits of our parents, caregivers, or other influential figures. Or you can also look into the psychological defenses we develop as an adaptation to the pain and distress we experienced growing up. And also developing our own values, ideals, and beliefs rather than automatically accepting the beliefs that we grew up with.
So these are the four steps of differentiation. If you know these things, you will know why you think you are different from other people. So we also have here the meaning of self-concept and school performance.
So there are three components of self-concept. So this embodies the answer to the question, who am I? Sin u ka? Sin u ako?
Again, your self-image, your ideal self, and your self-esteem. So self-concept, the meaning of it is generally thought of as our individual perception of our behavior, abilities, unique characteristics, a mental picture of who you are as a person. This is what you think who you are. This is your own understanding of your own self.
This is what self-concept means. So in psychology, the term self-esteem is used to describe a person's overall subjective sense of personal worth or value. In other words, how much you appreciate and like yourself.
Well, the more you like yourself, the more you have a positive outlook or your self-esteem is greater than what you think because you love yourself, you like yourself. So according to Albert Bandura, self-efficacy is the belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage, to manage your own self. So if you think um you are happy with your life or contented with what you have already um whatever your beliefs are and what you think you feel confident about yourself your self-esteem is definitely higher compared to those who are for example who are very shy you know um for those who don't do enough think they can speak with other people or in a group that means they have low self-esteem but however if they try to cope with that or they can actually practice their self-esteem will definitely become higher but of course they have to first understand that you have to embrace who you are in order for you to learn that your ability to make something different means trying to accept yourself first of who you are today because after that you will learn that if you know who you are today you will bring that in your future so we also have here the multiple versus unified trials by David Lester referring to him the unified trial is a means of referring to the composite persona or to the self that contains all of the other personas that exist within a person's life.
The next slide means composite that contains all of the other personas. They also have the multiple selves or multiple personas refers to the different ways that individuals interact with different situations and circumstances in their Meaning, sometimes, you know, there are, a person can be in a different situation, whether it's a good or bad situation. So, in those situations, sometimes, the person can have different ways of coping.
So, in those different ways of coping, sometimes, a person can develop a self that is... different from their old self. So sometimes it's Adam and Eve in the human being that I am a new self because or I am in my new self because I experienced this and that. So that's according to David Lester. There is the multiple and the unified selves and it happens naturally and sometimes it can happen in reality.
So we have also here the true versus false selves so this psychological theory of the true and false self is the work of one with the 20th century's greatest thinkers the english psychoanalyst and child psychiatrist donald winnicott you have your true versus your false selves so the healthy false self is described as one which allows someone to be functional in society that means um person can be in his whole self because he wanted to function very well in society. That means he can interact with others. interact with different types of people. So the unhealthy false self comes from the same origins as the healthy false self. However, for our long-term well-being, the effects of the unhealthy false self are quite different to those of its counterpart.
Sometimes there is also the unhealthy effect because once you embrace this kind of false self of yours, because you try to put out an identity away from your own true self. Sometimes you embrace the false self and you forgot that you have your true self from before. So what you do is sometimes you have to learn between or to try to understand how you're going to interact with other people.
if you try to understand that am I being my own true self while I am interacting with other people or am I being my false self because if you're being in your false self sometimes what happens is that there is a negative effect that differentiates your own self identity not because you forgot your own true self And it can happen. But if you try to understand it, sometimes you can intervene. All right. So moving forward.
So this self in Western and Eastern thought, I think this is the part where some of the class were not able to have. when we were discussing about the self so the self in western and eastern thought an individualist is motivated by personal rewards and benefits so individualist person set personal goals and objectives based on self individualistic workers are very comfortable working with enough autonomy okay so the collectivist is motivated by group goals, long-term relationships are very important, and collectivistic persons easily sacrifice individual benefits or praise to recognize and honor the team's success. So in fact, being singled out and honored as an individual from the rest of the team may be embarrassing to the collectivistic. and there is what we call the individualist and the collectivist.
So again, the individualist or individualistic workers are very comfortable working with autonomy and not part of a team. Meaning, he can be alone. He can do the work on his own. Well, in collectivist, again, we are motivated with group goals.
They can work with a group, but being singled out and honored as an individual from the rest of the team, maybe for him, it can be very embarrassing because he or she thought that the work was done by a group. So it doesn't mean that... if he or she is being praised as an individual, as part of the group, maybe what he thought is it can be embarrassing for him. So again, collectivism is more of those people, I mean, are more of those who think about the group itself, while for the individualist, that kind of person, he thinks of himself. so so western and eastern thought we have the individualist and collective so the western thought according to renee deckard again one of the philosophers that we discussed from our previous lessons according to renee deckard or renee deckard is regarded as one of the founders of modern epistemology now in this method The first reality discovered is the thinking self.
This view of the thinking self or the thinking thing is that of a separate and individual self with a rational mind. So he argues that an objective, ego-oriented world of meaning allows the individual to be rational. His view on an atomistic view of the self does not include a person's social or relational nature. So he Rene Descartes, Cartesia, Nishaya. And according to him, again, I think therefore I am.
I am who I am. So that's according to the media. We also have the Eastern thought which is more on the teachings of Confucius, Buddha, or the Buddhism or Hinduism and Taoism.
So see Confucius, he explained that there are six virtues and six accompanying failures. Confucius is one of the chinese philosopher if you can happen or if you can um check out his life his life on the internet probably you will be able to know that Confucius um really had an influence in the world today not just in the chinese or for the chinese but in even in the western world his influences really became part of the culture of people. So for him, so first there is the mere love of morality that alone without culture degenerates into subtlety and second there is the mere love of knowledge that alone without culture tends to dilate and nepotism.
That alone without culture leads to tyranny. 5. There is the mere love of courage. That alone without culture produces recklessness. 6. There is the mere love of strength of character.
culture produces eccentricity yeah that's according to confusion you know we have the six virtues and six accompanying failures so first virtue is that the love of morality and the failure is it degenerates into faculty second is the love of knowledge and the failure is diletanitism and another is another virtue is the love of honesty and without culture according to him is it produces heartlessness next is the love of uprightness that alone without culture leads to siren next is the love of courage so without culture again it produces recklessness and six without the love of strength of character or without culture it produces eccentricity so that's according to Confucius so we also have here Buddha's doctrine is derived from experience in the transformations of consciousness and the stages of meditation not from sense perception or logical operation. But the indications of Buddhism are to emphasize compassion for others and conduct ourselves with restraint out of a sense of responsibility. So, sikta-buddha naman, this is more on a form of meditation. And once we meditate, we try to know ourselves.
When we try to, I mean, we try to understand ourselves. when we try to learn it from meditation. So we have also here Hinduism.
Hindus believe that an individual's action which is they call karma there is a bad or good action that the individual performed in a previous life determines his or her past. There is the good and the bad karma according to Hinduism. So Hinduism is concerned with the spiritual essence of the self. So this transcendence of self is seen as essential to spiritual liberation.
So sometimes I think it is believed that in Hinduism if you did good in your previous life, you're going to be reincarnated into someone who can also do good. While if you did bad in your life before, in your previous life, you're going to be reincarnated into something. So I think that is the belief of karma there is a good and bad karma so something that um if you did a bad action it turns out to be bad again you know if you did something good you're going to reap a good karma or a good action of life so we have another taoism so in taoism the relatively I mean the relativity of opposites is present in other aspects of the universe such as the yin and yang. Yin is all that is feminine, gentle, dark, and meek while yang is all that is masculine, forceful, light, and active. So yin and yang exist in a mutual relationship and reinforce each other.
So life arises from death and vice versa. So in Taoism... Self does not exist without the existence of the other. So that is why there is the concept of the yin and yang. Because if you cannot have the yin, that means your self doesn't exist without the yang.
So self as a separate identity is supported by the equal and opposite sensations of otherness such as the dialectical relationship between the yin and the yang. Now as you can see the yin and the yang there is the black and the white. so the other style cannot exist without the other so that is the belief of the taoist so i think that is the last slide for my presentation so i believe that the activity that we had i think um i gave you an activity that you have to put your idol in a bun paper the idol whom you think is beautiful for you, you have to put it in a short-type font paper.
Hopefully, if we can go back to our face-to-face process, we will be able to discuss that. In the meantime, since I am done with my discussion, I am done with my slides for the psychological first. perspectives and the Western and Eastern thought what you're going to do right now since you have your bond papers with you with your the picture of your idols kindly describe no describe um that person on your bond paper no kindly define what is beauty no put that in your bond paper define this beauty and kindly explain why the person you I mean why the person that you put on your bandpaper is the person whom you think that is beautiful I mean why is that person is beautiful for you so again kindly define beauty and state why is that person beautiful for you.
Alright, so I think that would be all for today for today's discussion. So if you wanted to check out, I mean if you have any questions, kindly put your questions in our Google Classroom and if you want to clarify something you can also comment in our Google Classroom. so that we can adjust it as a class and um if you wanted to to check out our discussion for today you can go back to this video anytime no so i hope class you have a very fruitful session for today since um i hope i was able to discuss this kind of lesson to you.
So I hope to see you in class soon. So that would be all. Thank you everyone. See you soon.