hi everyone welcome to ace review this is a research methods review for psychology and specifically a psychology for the 9990 syllabus for paper two all right so um in this series of videos you're going to um you know figure out these definitions we are going to figure out these definitions of some of the vocab the research and we're going to look at the strengths and weaknesses and kind of how they're intertwined in research methods into creating a research study so um for a list of the vocab that we are going to talk about in this video just look at the description of this video and um here we go so the first card that i had is is laboratory experiments okay right laboratory experiments so um this is a method there is a strict control of an independent and a dependent variable remember our independent variable is um something that is manipulated something that we are controlling but it does not change through the entire experiment our dependent variable this is something that we are measuring now um in this setting it's usually a an unfamiliar area or unfamiliar stage to our participants in saying that this is going to lack ecological validity so a weakness of a lab experiment is going to be low ecological validity while a strength of a lab experiment is going to be something like having the ability to implement controls which is going to increase the reliability and also increase the validity of a study so um you know a reason that someone a big reason that someone is going to choose a laboratory experiment over a field experiment um well it depends on the study first of all can we even study whatever what are we studying can we study in the real world think of dement enclavement would we have been able to study sleeps and dreams as a field experiment probably not because um we would have had to go into the homes of our participants and hook them up to the electrodes and the eeg machine in their home um and that then none none of our controls would have ever been in place which our controls help us to create a generalizable study all right um anything else about laboratory experiments um you know there's there's good and bad but basically the biggest um strength to having a laboratory experiment is the ability to control um and set standardized standardized procedures okay if we can do that then we can come up with statistics which you know that creates our entire experiment altogether okay so that was laboratory experiment all right our next word is deception so when a participant is not made fully aware of the purpose of the study okay so our participant is not made fully aware of the purpose of the study so deception is um very very important okay specifically when you are creating your research study which is going to be the second to the last question on paper two you might want to include deception in your study because this is going to lower demand characteristics okay remember demand characteristics are what our participants believe are the characteristics that are demanded of them in the study so whatever they are believing is demanded of them there they're coming there um to the study with an idea that can possibly change their behavior from something being natural to something being forced if that makes sense to you okay so um deception is really important because it helps to create a very natural um very natural data okay more natural data specifically or especially if we are in a lab experiment okay like we had just talked about okay um now only to a degree can we actually use deception in a laboratory experiment there has to be you know like chapter and singer now we told everyone that they were getting a shot of ciproxin but there was deception in the sense that we were actually giving them epinephrine okay now um another example in chapter and singer and deception stooges were used in both um the anger in the euphoric classroom um milgram had a stooge so there was deception there um so you know deception is a really important tool to use now it is an ethic um it's one of our ethics that we need to consider um but for some reason it's one that you know the top dogs are looking are able to overlook if the research is going to outweigh someone getting harmed or hurt so if someone's going to be harmed then we're probably not going to use deception but if there really is no harm and there's maybe a little trickery and it's going to save us um from possibly thinking that there are domain characteristics present which are no good for a study then we are going to use deception if you choose to use deception in your study when you create your study um the second to last question make sure that you have to justify it in your writing you have to tell the reader or tell the the grader why you are using deception okay if you don't justify why you are being unethical in a study especially when you create your own um i think the max you can get is four points so keep that in mind okay right so our next vocab word is opportunity sample so sampling techniques where participants are taken from people who are available at the time of the study so they tend to be familiar to the experimenter or at least the environment is familiar to the experimenter so um let's see opportunity sample pilliavin um we have an opportunity sample in that study are our experimenters um they were doing an experiment on the subway they were trying to find um a setting that would reflect their experiments so by participants getting on the subway naturally it was the best opportunity um although it could have also been considered a volunteer because if they volunteered to get on the experi to get on the train that day which technically they did then they became part of the experiment as well so maybe that wasn't such a great example but maybe you needed to know that it was possibly both ways usually in an opportunity sample our participants give have the opportunity to say yes i want to be part of your experiment so for example in an opportunity um we are going around and we are asking and talking with people so if i was a teacher the and i wanted to do a study on high school students and i was a high school teacher my best opportunity would be for me to ask my students while they were in my class um so you know and if they um if i was doing a study on them that was kind of blind and there was some deception involved then um i'm going to say they if participants just showed up to my class that day then they were going to be part of the study that might have been more volunteer so um you know going back and forth on that i'm not going to say one's right over the other i i believe it even says pull even is an opportunity sample but if if you can justify it according to the correct psychology then you will get the answers correct on this exam okay next stooge so a person usually controlled by the experimenter of the research study okay we're talking about a stooge and this kind of has to go with deception so stooges take on rules um and they are used to deceive participants in order to elicit honest natural behavior so in milgram mr wallace was a stooge the experimenter was a stooge so that is automatic deception and then we also have stooges in schecter and singer okay our next card is qualitative data so this is information or data that is based on words phrases or sentences anything besides numbers um data can be gathered via interviews observations self-report methods okay so um qualitative data this is not as good as quantitative data a strength of qualitative data though is you know figuring out why someone behaved the way they did so if you go through an entire study and you have no qualitative data then all you have is numbers you're never going to understand why a person chose this answer over this answer okay for example qualitative data can be really good in a study having both qualitative and quantitative but if you only have qualitative data all right that's like most case studies actually because we're not actually performing um experiments in case studies so there's a lot of qualitative data in um in savvidra and silverman there's uh some qualitative data in the third aim of demanding clitman where our participants had to recite the um details of their dream let me see there was a little um actually there was a little qualitative data in milgram but it came from the experimenter's point of view and it was um describing the behavior of our participants so like the sweating the shakiness the nervousness so writing those words down describing their behavior that's qualitative data um that that also happened in um oh goodness um shakhtar and singer had a lot of qualitative data data in their observations now bandura had observations but they didn't have qualitative data they had quantitative data okay they had like checklists of types of behavior okay um but then in the very last classroom so that was in the beginning okay where they had to um kind of score them for their um aggressiveness on a scale of zero to five and then at the very end of the study in the very last classroom our participants took like um you know for 20 minutes they took data every five seconds on whatever behavior was going on so there's qualitative data in that um but qualitative qualitative date quality qualitative data in the sense of interviews is the best way because you can ask participants why they behave the way they did or chose um how they chosen and really it's not difficult to gain this all you have to do is debrief after every single study and interview an open open interview with um open-ended questions and you know um unstructured interview with open questions so that would be you have no idea what you're going to ask and um you know the questions are going to elicit very wordy answers okay qualitative data all right next study is a longitudinal study okay so this is a study that is carried out over a long period of time or days months a year whatever it is the study is usually comparing data over time now that is a key comparing data over time now um a strength to this is that we can see um you know change in people in development in adolescence we can see milestones in behavior if we're studying longitudinal test uh studies so this is like do starting a study when you're 8 and doing it all the way until you're 18. all right so they're able to capture milestones and ages and they're also able to compare that across other kids and people your own age now a disadvantage to this study though to longitudinal studies though is that people drop out because of various reasons because of time they move away they you know because usually if a longitudinal study is it's long longitudinal it's time consuming and you are comparing data from previously previous data points in time so maybe when you're eight when you're nine when you're 10 when you're 11 but you're comparing them to before because you're looking for some kind of change or growth over time in a longitudinal study okay um now dement and clitman a lot of people think that demanding climbing is a longitudinal study because we are taking data over you know different nights and different periods of time but technically you know we can't sleep more than eight hours in 24 hours so it's kind of impossible and really low ecological validity if we made our participants do that so um and even though our data is taken over you know a period of time we are technically not comparing our participants instances with one another we are collecting the data together and we are getting means for our data for a statistical analysis we are not comparing our participants over time okay so that is longitudinal study all right our next word is independent measures design so a different group of participants are used for each level of the independent variable condition usually used with large samples and this is going to give you less demand characteristics why because our participants are only seeing one condition of the independent variable if they see multiple conditions of the independent variable it's almost like they're like um already wait a minute i already know what's going on so um okay so i already experienced this once and let's think of pellevin okay piliavin um our pet are participants if they were repeated measures this would mean we would take our participants and we would measure them more than once with the same experiment okay now although our participants may experience a different independent variable like a black victim versus a white victim or a drunk versus an ill victim or whatever they're still going to recognize the scene okay 70 seconds the door shuts the victim falls on the floor oh i've seen this before oh my god i've seen have i seen this before i'm not good is this an experiment what is this or they could react this way oh my gosh this happened in another cart hurry we gotta help this guy i know what to do because you're you've already have experience in it so you can um you know if you're learning things you could get better and smarter at it and your results will get better if it was something like pillovin it could completely change the way you react to the experiment um so uh for even schachter and singer imagine getting a shot of adrenaline and then someone says to you you're going to be tired and um sleepy and you know you're not but then you and you go in the anger classroom and then the next round um you are in the i don't know ignorant and they tell you that you're not going to experience anything and you're like wait a minute how come last time they said i was going to experience symptoms but now i'm not going to i mean you're going to elicit more demand characteristics um by using repeated measures design so it is a strength of independent measures um keeping there's less domain characteristics okay um but you usually need a lot of people in independent measures design like in chapter and singer we have 185 participants that were sampled so if you have access to um and pillavin 4450 so if you have a lot of participants then it can be easy but that can also be a disadvantage is getting that many participants for an independent measures design okay all right next one objectivity okay so if something is objective versus being subjective so an unbiased external viewpoint that is not affected by the individual's feelings beliefs or experiences so it should be consistent between different researchers so this is basically us talking about numbers okay numbers are always objective always always always um now if you're scoring something as a number as a person that can be subjective but um a time or a score or a mean those are all objective okay it's like looking at two plus two and i say that's four and that's objective everybody agrees two plus two is four but if i'm looking at um i don't know a a splotch on the wall or a spinning round table and someone tells me that the table is a phone charger and i tell them it's a plate okay those are that's subjective um because my interpretation of that spinning table is based on my experiences my memories my visuals um all right my feelings things like that so um if something is objective we can this is like reliability and validity all the way baby like if we want objective and this is how we're gonna prove science now demand inclinement proved something that was subjective into and made it into something that was objective okay this is ground breaking people okay demand took dreams that were subjective thoughts and they and made it into data that was objective to prove that everybody has these experiences that's pretty cool stuff okay so being objective um think objective qualitative quantitative data objective quantitative data numbers um we can prove numbers in science for scientific research we can make conclusions we can make statements um there are less room for biases all right objectivity all right questionnaire this is a method okay this is um considered a method just like a lab experiment would be okay so a study asks you to name the methods of the study um it could be a lab experiment and it could have questionnaires okay so that's like baron cohen baron cohen has lab experiment and questionnaires the questionnaire was the theory of mind okay now a questionnaire is a method in research used to collect data in a written word form okay interview is spoken word questionnaire is written okay so an interview someone is asking you the questions verbally you are answering verbally yes you may be writing the answers down but in a questionnaire nobody is reading it to you you are kind of alone with the question and from there you know um there's advantages and disadvantages to both okay so think about if um your teacher is doing a study on if high school kids use drugs and drink alcohol and whatever under the underage okay and she gives you an interview and you sit face to face with your teacher and she asks you the questions what is the last time you used illegal drugs when is the last time you got drunk now those same questions you get to take home on a piece of paper and you don't put your name on it and you answer them and then hand them in anonymously which one are you going to be more likely to answer truthfully questionnaires all right so that's why questionnaires are good so if you have um a lot of the same questions that you need answered by participants questionnaires are good for that questionnaires are like um closed interviews because they're you know um well actually nope i lied because in a questionnaire you can have open-ended and closed questions so a closed question is going to elicit an answer that is like a yes or no okay so for example a closed question is did you have a good day at school today yep and well he asked a closed question so how about this tell me something that you did at school today i mean you're gonna get at least more than one word right that's that's um more open-ended there's a you can go on for days or you could answer in two or three but there's going to be some substance in it okay so um questions oh open-ended questions okay it's meant to be so um open-ended questions are sometimes used as hypotheses okay it's a questionnaire or an interview or test items that produce qualitative data participants may give full detailed answers in their own words no scales or multiple choice are used okay that's for closed questions so remember i told you really quick answers open questions are like hypotheses um they allow for a lot of detail they help us to understand why participants behave the way that they did okay open questions are going to be in interviews they're going to be in questionnaires um these are going to take a lot longer and um it's probably going to be harder to make open-ended questions objective okay like i just talked about objective open-ended questions it's hard to be objective because what if my open-ended question was what was your favorite thing to do at school today and i said art class and the next thing the kids said um they read about or world war ii and the next kid said um shop class and the next kid said study hall i mean your answers you're gonna have so many answers so so so many answers um that it's going to be hard to quantify them and find an average of what kids like to do at school but if you have a closed question and you offer maybe five or six general statements like lunchtime um maybe science versus an arts class or something like that then you can quantify those because you know you only have five to choose from other than maybe 20 that you would get with open questions okay okay so um that is going to conclude our first video of vocab for paper two keep an eye out for the next video and i will have the descriptions for the next vocab in that video details as well alright