hi I am AEL Enriquez and this presentation contains our discussion on chapter one of C which talks about the human organism in this chapter we have a lot of terminologies that we would have to first understand and remember as we proceed with our next discussions so first is anatomy so when we're studying Anatomy we're focusing on the structures of things so whether this be cells tissues organs or literal body parts Anatomy main focus is the structure the parts the compositions you know the physically observable things next is physiology so now when we study physiology we're now going to understand the function of those structures okay so what is the purpose structures that we have learned about when we studied those structures in an anatomical perspective so anatomy and physiology together that means we're studying the form and the function the structure and the purpose of the human body next um we're given the term systemic physiology wherein we would study the body organ system so we would look into the different organs and how they work together to um perform a similar function and how all of those different organ systems would work together to to kind of like maintain the human body right so um how do they perform um functions that are important normal human organism next um it also mentions here cellular physiology so this studies body cells so function cells and um how do they perform these functions let's now look into the importance of anatomy and physiology so listed here are some of the importance of studying anatomy and physiology first up this would help us understand how the body would respond to stimuli whether this be internal or external stimuli internal or external changes all right so um example of an external change is the temperature of our surroundings human body all right an example of um an example of an internal change is um what would happen if a person is dehydrated hydrated so that's an internal change that is something that is happening within the body so that is a form of stimuli respond or our body has to do something about it all right so environmental changes soim um changes in temperature um even the changes in um like our circadian rhythms or you um sleep wake cycle depending on whether it's it's day or it's night and other stuff like that environmental changes or environmental cues um next um anatomy and physiology is important also to understand diseases all right so normal structure and normal function organ normal structure and function cell and other structures or um other things such as those when there is some something wrong with it all right or point of comparison what is normal what is healthy versus what it would look like if a certain structure or if a certain organ or um a certain human in general is suffering from a disease and general idea when we're studying injuries so function body organ or is system let's now look into the different types of anatomy first is systemic so this one would study the body organ system so again um this could be divided into like the major organ systems like integumentary nervous system cardiovascular system respiratory system you know those specific um sets of organs that again they are grouped together because they are performing a similar function or they have a similar goal okay so that's what we mean or that would be our approach systemic Anatomy next is regional so this studies body regions Focus as we go through this semester because as you can see right here usual approach medical school students next surface anatomy this would study the external features for example bone projection so easily observable okay so surface observe so um example of bone projections would be um the shape of our jawline the prominence of our collar bones and stuff like that right next is anatomic iming imct observe so this uses technology such as x-ray or Radiology this makes use of ultrasound or MRI magnetic resonance imaging so any form of um machine or equipment that we're using internal structures of an organism without opening or physically opening up the organism um that is an example of anatomical Imaging so we can see what's on the inside by um making use of equipments that only make contact with the outside let's now talk about structural and functional organization smallest units until we create or until we um kind of like form an entire human or organism so first up is at the chemical level so this is the smallest level of organization so chemical level ATS bonds elements like carbon oxygen hydrogen and the molecules or those pieces or those um those atoms that have bonded together so um later on or next chapter basic biochemistry we talk more about this chemical level of organization for now um for this discussion chemical organization or studying something at a chemical level all right so the molecules that make up something the chemicals that would create something next is cellular level so at the cellular level um we have to understand that the cells or the basic unit of life okay so living things no the basic unit or the building blocks of living things no are basically the cells right so um of course no these cells wouldn't be created if um there wasn't like um a an organization or kind of like an arrangement of um chemicals that Mak sense no at the same time if for example we have carbon we have oxygen we have H hydrogen but they're not arranged in a manner that makes sense or they're not arranged in a way now I um the arrangement is necessary to create something that would be considered as a living organism okay so again um the chemicals or the molecules that we have should be arranged in a way that it would eventually create cells something could be considered as a living organism because it has the basic unit of life so cells um they have compartments and they have organel so examples of organel would be the mitochondria the nucleus and as we progress with this discussion Oran but basically um when we say organel these are the tiny organs or that would help it function next are tissues so tissues these are a group of cells with similar structure and function plus the extracellular substances that they would release so they could create cells that would now create tissues so um listed here are the four General kind of like classifications of tissues so first up are epithelial usually covering you main function connective as the name implies these are the type of tissues that hold the other tissues together or put them together or you as the name implies connect them together so next are musculars so muscular tissues these are the types of tissues that help with movement and next are nerous tissues nervous tissues these are the ones that are included in our nervous system Sima brain spinal cord and all the other nerves that extend to all our to all the other um body parts that we would have okay next are organs chemicals we might create cells has G same structure and function we could create tissues now if we arrange tissues together again in a manner that makes sense we may eventually create organs okay so as you can see right here two or more tissue types acting together to perform a specific function or certain function so that's what we mean when we say organs examples of this would be the stomach so stomach cells that are that could be found in the stomach they serve a similar function which is to store the food and digest the food items that we have eaten all right next is the heart what is its main function to contract and pump the blood um it's totally fine tissue types as long as they're still kind of like working together to perform a specific function okay so in this example we are shown um the walls of a urinary bladder so notice that it is in fact composed of different types of tissues but it forms the same function to hold the urine and to to eventually excrete no the urine or to contract during urination you urinary bladder so this is an example of different tissues um connected together to form one organ next our organ system so this one is now composed of a group of organs orans which are contributing or working together to some function so although again they have this kind of like an end goal all right as they perform their functions so in this example or illustration shown here we have the urinary system so Oran kidneys Oran uror organ you urinary bladder and Ure as you can see right here they're all connected so the kidney is the initial area where urine formation would start and then that's or this is directly connected to the uror all right so uror Long Hollow tube that would connect the kidneys or area initially urine to the urinary bladder so again previous the UR urinary bladder is there to store the urine and eventually contract relase urine and the urra this is um here to connect the urinary bladder to the outside so again m multiple different parts or different organs working together towards a to towards um the same goal or you towards um an end goal okay so that's um the idea of studying an organ system and next level of organization is at the organism level Oran systems they are now seen to be working together this is something that we would understand further as we progress through our discussions um in the following weeks okay SOC system respiratory system nerv system fulfill if they don't work with the other all right so this would include the Asser Associated microorganism such as intestinal bacteria explain further we talk more about this digestive system so in this photo shown right here um as a as an example of entire organism we have a human child this slide right here just shows us kind of like um an illustration no of all the things that we've discussed in the previous slides all together so again um we would take different types of chemicals different types of atoms bond them together to create molecules um put those molecules together to create one cell okay and then we would take similar cells and similar functioning cells and then that would create one tissue and then after that we could take um different tissues that could perform similar functions to create an organ and then putting those different organs together that could they could work together for an end goal and that would be um the organ level of um Arrangement and then after that now putting all these organ system together we would create one organism now for the purposes of this discussion or for this course now we would be focusing on humans this slide is just showing us some of the major organs in the body so we have the brain and spinal cord which is the main organs of the nervous system we have the lungs AR or t the lungs which is the main organ of the respiratory system and then um in the middle of that is the heart blood vessels those are the main organs of the cardiovascular system right here at the abdominal cavity major organs digestive system and then urinar system now for males and females structure pelvic region area for reproductive organs this slide now shows us the different organ systems all right so this one shows us the integumentary system which focuses on the skin um this one um shows us the skeletal system which focuses um on the bones the joints and the cartilage that could be found in our body this one is the muscular system muscles that help us move next is the nervous system so again main components are brain spinal cord and the nerves that extend outwards um how do they work and how do they control all these other organ systems this next slide is just a Contin uation of that um again as we can see right here the lymphatic system this is focused on our immune system the respiratory system po main components are the lungs and all the other Associated organs simula nasal cavity um next is the digestive system this one um is not that difficult to study per as we can see right here next is the urinary system previous examples canina and shown right here are the female and the male reproductive systems let's look at a few other definition of terms first is organization so in terms of anatomy and physiology when we say um organization it means the functional inter relationships between parts so example tisues that would work together to create an or organ organs that are connected together for um performing a specific function or a specific end goal so different things working together that's what we mean when we say functional inter relationships next is metabolism so when we say metabolism this is a sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism so um whether they make use of enzymes whether they create proteins and other stuff like that um you um anything that a cell or tissue would be doing that involves chemical processes and physical changes structure now that's a form of metabolism now usually for humans um this would include the ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes so um basically if energy source no if there's no energy source in our case um a source of ATP or adenosin triphosphate umal and chemical reactions so that's um what we mean when we say metabolism next is responsiveness so this is the ability to sense and respond to environmental changes all right so this would include both internal and external environments so example when we were talking about the um importance of studying anatomy and physiology again responsiv sense in their environment or within themselves and respond to these changes so if it's a bad change they have to do something to kind of like revert back to that favorable growth environment all right and again examples of internal changes would be things within the human body like dehydration um excessive blood cholesterol um excessive amounts of sugars within our diet that's something that is happening within the inside external environments that is something that we can't always directly control like um the temperature or the changes in the changes in the weather or um other things like that or for example countries um there's nothing we could do about the time that they have the Gap in time so human body difference between coming from a place in a span of time that is not usually um kind of like normal for us all right or um span of time in our body flock so yeah that's an example of an external um change in the environment but basically no coming back when we say responsiveness again capability body nervous system to sense that something has changed and to respond to that change next when we say growth this is simply the increase in size so enlargement of something when we say development this is the changes in form and size develop shape structures all right so that's what we mean when you say development next is reproduction this is the formation of new cells okay so size but also you number of new cells so it could be the generation of new individuals or tissue repair all right so there are two kind of like um there are two ways on how we could use the term reproduction so when we say reproduction we could say it in a sense that a new organism is being created in this case a new human has been born or when we say reproduction um we're talking about reproduction on a cellular level so tissue damage new cells would be created to repair that tissue all right so um at this point I hope everybody's following along my highlights Focus next terminology that we would be talking about is homeostasis so when we say homeostasis this is the maintenance of constant internal environment dis despite fluctuations in the external environment so um again simplify statement on the outside our body should be able to have some form of control and maintain what is normal for the things that are inside okay so po we have here different variables so variables these are body properties that could change in value so listed here are examples of VAR Ables all right body temperature which again um I've already mentioned this earlier this could be influenced by an external environment or by the change in the external environment so our body has to do something to maintain um the normal temperature which is 35 to 37° C um other examples would include heart rate so um sometimes we're when we're doing um intense physical activities like running playing sports and other stuff like that no heart rate increases So eventually um the body would sense that and it would have to do something to bring down the heart rate back to normal same with body or same with um blood pressure so different factors as to how blood pressure can increase or decrease when we talk about um when we talk about blood vessels or you third segment n discussion for the cardiovascular system but again if there are changes in the blood pressure the nervous system or the body in general has to be able to sense that and bring it back to the normal measurement of blood pressure continuing on with the conversation of homostasis and but we have what is known as set points no set points for some variables can be temporarily adjusted depending on body activities as needed so and listed here are some examples body temperature means sudden um another cause of change could be fever this one is something that is a bit more internal in terms of where the change is happening usually people have fevers my infection they have acquired um a pathogenic bacteria a harmful bacteria or a harmful virus now the body is attempting to fight that bacteria or that virus by increasing the temperature so po um fever could change the body temperature um next is exercise all right exercise could increase the heart rate increase the blood pressure and increase also our respiratory rate or our rate of breathing so again um it is normal when a person is experiencing or doing these types of things still on homeostasis let's look into these different um terminologies first is receptor so this one detects the changes in the variables receptor within the human organism next is the control center so this would receive the signal would establish a set point and send a signal to the effector so control center orans responsible for processing the information that was received by the receptor so let's use our skin as an example the normal response would be is that you would pull your hand away from the source of the heat so our receptor for that um in this example that I'm saying could be our skin now on control center then obviously would be our brain so process brain temperature and it would tell our muscles to move our hand away now you our muscles is now our effector or against the affector organs directly causes change so all right that's an example of how the receptor Control Center and eector organ would work together next let's now talk about orientation and directional terms for this one umt for this part of the discussion would be the same slides that are being used in the laboratory explanation in comparison to the original slides that were used in this discussion all right so um let's now look into the different terms that is being used you descriptions for these different terms and an example what these different words would mean first is when we say something is superior so when we say Superior this is towards the head or at the upper part okay so Superior it is at the top or it is the structure that could be found above so in this example that we're seeing right here the forehead is superior to the nose Okay okay so it makes sense the forehead is superior to the nose because the forehead is a structure that could be found um at the top or above no above the nose so when we say Superior it's above it's at the top or it's at the upper area as we can see right here in this illustration next is cod uh or inferior sorry usually like cranial calid codal ventral or dorsal usually these terms are used more in studying zoology okay which does not apply to us we'll focus on human anatomy so again for this one um let's focus on the term inferior so when we say inferior something is um a away from the head or towards the lower part or is located below okay so structure when we say it is inferior Superior let's look at this example the navl all right the belly button you P this is inferior to the breast bone the breast bone is our sternum or bone ribs Okay so area belly button in comparison to the breast bone so this one is also correct next is um the term in or sorry next is the um term anterior all right so anterior something is towards the front all right so in this example shown here the breast bone is anterior to the spine okay so breast bone or stir which is also correct let's compare that to the next terminology which is posterior so when we say something is posterior it's at the back or it's a structure that could be found behind another structure so um let's look at this example the heart is posterior to the breast bone now um again location breast bone the breast bone this is located in the middle of the ribs all right so it's kind of It kind of like connects the ribs together and rib cage lungs at the sides and the heart is in the middle so no the heart is posterior to the breast bone or breast bone heart the breast bone is there to protect the heart okay so again when we say posterior something is is at the back or is a structure that could be found behind something else next is medial as the name implies this is something in the middle okay so towards the midline or the inner side so the heart is medial to the arm so nasas nasas or NASA sides you arms and the heart is in the middle so it's medial in terms of location next is the term lateral so this one is away from the midline or away from the middle and more on the outside so and the arms are lateral to the chest meaning on the outside oras area you arms in comparison to the chest which which is in the middle next is intermediate this one is between a more medial and a more lateral structure so it's not exactly on the outside but it's also not really in the middle so intermediate po it's kind of like an in between kind of like location so as we can see here in this example the armpit is intermediate between the breast bone and the shoulder so shoulder latal shoulder breast bone Medi or location so in is General location our pit next is proximal so this one is close to the origin of the body part or at the point of attachment by looking at this example given here the elbow is proximal to the wrist all right so point of attachment arm arm shoulder area shoulders main point of attachment arm right so now it's saying no that the elbow is proximal to the wrist elbow must malapit point of attachment in comparison to the rist okay next is distal this is farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment so proximal let's look at this example the knee is distal to the tie all right so point of attachment hips B in terms of point of attachment which is you hips okay so a PO next is superficial so when we say superficial this is toward the body surface this one is quite easy to understand so superficial so the skin is superficial to the skeleton and deep so when we say deep this is away from the surface and more internal so the lungs are deep to the rib cage again structure the rib cage it is there surrounding the lungs and the heart so t no um lungs rib cage so it is deep within the rib cage because the rib cage is this is a structure that is outside next are body plane so for this one um this are these are simply um kind of like ways on how we would cut something for us to be able to observe it first is median or mid sagittal so mid Sagal um guys oversimplify explanation when we say median liter and this would give us a side view as we can see right here in this example so we cut it right in the middle and side view brain nose oral cavity spinal cord all right so that's what we mean when we say median we literally split something in half and look at it at something that looks like a side view next is frontal frontal this one is quite easy to remember literal we cut something right in its front all right or structure so um we're kind of like G being given a front view as we can see right here in this example front view lungs heart and stomach all right so that's what we mean when we say frontal next is transverse plane so the transverse plane would divide something um in terms of the superior and inferior structures okay so so in this example from above or kind of like it's kind of like a top view for us so and that's what it looks like when we are looking through a transverse plane again Med side view viewe Superior structures and inferior structures giving us something that kind of looks like a top view this slide simply shows us or kind of like lists down the specific components of each region so upper limbs no this is the entirety of our arm so you upper arm forearm wrist and hand that's um considered as the Upper Limb you lower limbs of course the ones right here so the ti lower leg ankle and foot so the central region would be the one NASA medial or in the middle which is the head neck and trunk okay so again upper limbs on the outside your arms lower limbs on the um right here at the bottom or NASA inferior side which is um the two legs foot and then central region would be head neck and trunk or those ones at the middle next um let's look into the different body cavities so this one um talks about the dorsal body cavity which would enclose the organs of the nervous system again main components the nervous system is the brain and the spinal cord so color green no you um entire dorsal cavity now it's further divided into two the cranial cavity contains the brain which is right here and the vertebral Canal which would contain the spinal cord which can be found right here next is the ventral body cavity this contains um a lot of the major internal organs so there are different divisions to this the thoracic which is right here and then the abdomino pelvic cavity which is right here now the thoracic cavity is a space within the chest wall and the diaphragm which again it's these areas right here okay so it frontal view Nam po um Mid sagittal view all right so a PO um next is the medium so this is the space between the lungs so some medius [ __ ] specifically heart thymos esophagus and traity next is the abdominal cavity um highlight important segments um this one starts from the diaphragm and H pelvis which is right here pelvic cavity this is specifically concentrated pelvis only so this would contain um the urinary bladder and the reproductive organs so it's right here pelvic cavity all right um some portions of the large intestin may also extend to this part next let's talk about seers membranes so SE verse membranes the these would lie in the trunk cavities and um these would also cover the organs in the ventral body cavities so there are three different structures of cus membranes viseral parietal and cavity viseral this one would cover the organs so viseral cus membrane um structures or coverings orans okay so again viseral this is any form of um tissue or covering that is directly connected or is directly covering the organ parietal Cirus membrane this would line the walls of the cavi so you parietal membrane these are the ones that we could find on the outside okay external surrounding okay organ and next is the cavity this is a fluid filled space between the membranes so again viser oral surrounding space in between that would now be referred to as the cavity here are the main cavities that we should be familiar with the pericardial cavity is around the heart so membranes no either would be referred to as the pericardium covering Heart this is is the um this is the kind of like viseral pericardium to the outside this is the parietal pericardium next is the plural cavity so the plural cavity or space lungs okay so covering is lungs then this is the viseral plura but it it if it is located on the walls of the um chest cavity then we may refer to this as the parietal plura next is the peronal cavity space abdominopelvic region so covering then we would refer to this as the viseral Peroni to everywhere else or outside then we would refer to this as the parial Peroni right so this slide just shows us um a visual illustration of what I've explained earlier again viseral pericardium heart paral pericardium pericardial cavity same explanation with the coverings of the lungs Bal plura this is directly connected to the lungs and when we say parietal plura this is connected to the thoracic cavity all right or the thorax now um the space on that or the space between those two areas would be referred to as the plural cavity this slide shows us a visual representation of the paronian again when we say viseral Peroni this is um the the type of connective tissue that would cover those um organs that could be found in the abdominal cavity and also would keep them in place so you viseral periton responsible for our digestive system for staying in place you stomach your small intestine you liver and all those other organs and but this is because of the visceral periton again it would cover and also anchor the digestive organs or the organs that could be found in the perianal cavity that ends our discussion on chapter one of C leas again I am AEL Enriquez thank you so much for listening