Overview
This lecture explains the structure and functions of the three branches of the United States government and the system of checks and balances designed to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.
Origins of U.S. Government Structure
- After the American Revolution, the Founding Fathers wanted a government that avoided monarchy and protected individual freedoms.
- The U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1787, established three separate branches of government.
The Legislative Branch
- Article 1 of the Constitution defines the legislative branch, known as Congress.
- Congress is made up of 100 Senators (2 per state) and 435 Representatives (number per state based on population).
- Main functions: makes laws, approves federal judges/justices, passes the national budget, and declares war.
The Executive Branch
- Article 2 of the Constitution describes the executive branch, led by the President and Vice President.
- The President enforces laws, appoints officials, commands the armed forces, and conducts foreign relations.
- The Cabinet is a group of appointed advisors who help the President make decisions.
- The executive branch employs over 4 million people.
The Judicial Branch
- Article 3 of the Constitution covers the judicial branch, including all federal and Supreme Court justices.
- The judicial branch interprets laws and punishes lawbreakers.
- The Supreme Court is the highest court, settles disputes among states, hears appeals, and decides if laws are constitutional.
- There are nine Supreme Court justices, appointed for life.
Checks and Balances
- Each branch can check the powers of the other two to prevent any branch from becoming too powerful.
- The system ensures cooperation and accountability in running the country.
Citizen Participation
- Citizens should understand how government works and the authority of each branch.
- Civic duties may include voting, jury service, testifying in court, or petitioning lawmakers.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Constitution — the foundational legal document outlining the structure, functions, and powers of U.S. government.
- Legislative Branch — the law-making part of government, consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives.
- Executive Branch — the part of government that enforces laws, led by the President.
- Judicial Branch — the system of courts that interprets laws and ensures justice.
- Checks and Balances — a system that allows each branch to limit the powers of the others.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review Articles 1-3 of the U.S. Constitution.
- Reflect on ways you might participate in your government.