Organic Chemistry: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Lecturer: Top Romer

Lecture Outline

1. Introduction
2. Haloalkanes
   • Definition
   • Structure
   • Formation
   • Example: Alkane
3. Haloarenes
   • Definition
   • Structure
   • Formation
4. Classification
   • Basis of Number of Halogen Atoms
   • Basis of Hybridized State of Carbon
5. Summary and Next Steps

1. Introduction

• Lecture Topic: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
• Presenter's Acknowledgment: Apology for delay in starting the chapter.
• Objective: Detailed understanding of chapter 10 in Organic Chemistry.

2. Haloalkanes

Definition

• Halo: Refers to halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine).
• Alkane: Single bonded carbon chain ( R is used to denote alkanes).
  • Single Bond: Alkane
  • Double Bond: Alkene
  • Triple Bond: Alkyne

Structure and Formation

• Formation: Replace one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane with halogen atoms.
• Example:
  • Methane (CH4) -> Replace H with Halogen (X) -> Results in CH3X (haloalkane).

3. Haloarenes

Definition

• Halo: Halogen
• Arenes: Aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene-related).

Structure and Formation

• Example: Benzene ring - Replace hydrogen with halogen.

4. Classification

Basis of Number of Halogen Atoms

1. Mono-Halo Compounds: One halogen ( Example: Methyl Fluoride CH3F).
2. Di-Halo Compounds (Geminal and Vicinal): Two halogens:
   • Geminal Dihalides: Two halogens attached to the same carbon atom.
   • Vicinal Dihalides: Two halogens attached to adjacent carbon atoms.
3. Tri-Halo Compounds: Three halogens ( Example: Chloroform - CHCl3).
4. Poly-Halo Compounds: More than three halogens.
   • Example: Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4).

Basis of Hybridized State of Carbon

sp3 Hybridized Carbon

1. Alkyl Halides (Haloalkanes)
   • Types: Primary (1°), Secondary (2°), Tertiary (3°)
   • Example: Dependant on carbon bonding to halogen.

sp2 Hybridized Carbon

2. Vinyl Halides
   • Definition: Halogen attached directly to a carbon-carbon double bond.
   • Example: Vinyl Chloride (CH2=CHCl)
3. Aryl Halides
   • Definition: Halogen attached to an aromatic ring (benzene).
   • Example: Chlorobenzene (C6H5Cl)

Special Types within sp3 Hybridized Carbon

1. Allylic Halides: Halogen attached to a carbon atom adjacent to a carbon-carbon double bond.
   • Example: Allyl chloride (CH2=CHCH2Cl)
2. Benzylic Halides: Halogen attached to a carbon atom next to an aromatic ring (benzene).
   • Example: Benzyl chloride (C6H5CH2Cl)

5. Summary and Next Steps

• Next Topic: Nomenclature and properties of haloalkanes and haloarenes.
• Homework: Review the definitions and examples.

Screenshot diagrams and notes as needed for reference.