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Local Area Networks (LANs)
May 29, 2024
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Local Area Networks (LANs)
Definition & Types of Networks
Network
: Two or more computer devices connected through some media for sharing information.
Types of Networks
:
PAN
: Personal Area Network; around an individual.
HAN
: Home Area Network; within a home environment.
LAN
: Local Area Network; small area, generally one building.
Internet
: Worldwide computer network.
Intranet
: Organization’s private network.
Network Components
Clients and Servers
:
Server
: Powerful computer providing services to clients in the network.
Types of Services
: File services, email, internet, web server, print server, database server.
Clients
: Devices like desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones using server services.
Identifying Network Connection
:
Extra drives in File Explorer.
Network activity indicator in the notification area.
Network Hardware
Network Interface Controller (NIC)
:
Network card; built into laptops/desktops.
Types: Wired and wireless adapters.
Switches
:
Connect computers in a network for communication.
Example: Connecting PCs, laptops, and printers to a switch which connects to a server.
Routers
:
Provide wireless connectivity.
LANs
Wired LANs
: Limited to one geographical area.
Wireless LANs (WLANs)
:
Easier to install between buildings.
Disadvantages: Security risks, possible performance reduction, signal loss/interference.
Communication Methods
Cabled Networks
:
UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair), STP (Shielded Twisted Pair), and fiber optic cables.
UTP Categories (e.g., cat 5, cat 5e, cat 6).
Fiber optic: Uses light signals for longer distances, not affected by electrical sources.
Wireless Networks
:
Wireless access points and adapters.
Wireless typically slower than wired due to signal consistency.
Network Software
Role
: Controls communication and security in a network.
Operating Systems
: Most have built-in networking capabilities. Server editions for larger networks.
Advantages & Disadvantages of LANs
Advantages
:
Transfer files without physical devices.
Shared software and hardware.
Central file storage.
Disadvantages
:
Expensive installation and maintenance.
Requires network administration.
Wireless-specific: Security risks, performance issues, signal interference.
Network Topologies
Bus Topology
: One main cable connects all computers.
Star Topology
: Each computer connects to a central switch.
Ring Topology
: Computers connected in a circular fashion; data travels one way.
Mesh Topology
: Every node connects directly to every other node; high reliability but complex.
Basic Network Security
Goals
: Prevent unauthorized access and network misuse.
Measures
:
Restrict access to confidential files.
Use usernames and passwords for network access.
Password guidelines: At least 8 characters, mix of letters, numbers, special characters, change regularly.
Ethical Use of Networks
Acceptable Use Policy (AUP)
:
Defines rights and responsibilities of users.
Includes rules on data access, usage limits, and restrictions on installing hardware/software.
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