Transcript for:
Overview of Hydrocarbons and Related Topics

So hello everyone and good evening to everyone. I hope my voice is properly heard, we will confirm it. So let's start. Today we are going to have lecture no. 19 and Bharati Rail always comes late It won't come late, it will come on time So many people's train will get lost So let's start today's lecture and the very first question is this not the third question, it's the first question I made a mistake by mistake Here, it's also correct, now do it Which is the following is not correct regarding the hydrocarbons Which is the correct answer regarding the hydrocarbons? Okay, so not correct regarding the hydrocarbons.

Options are, saturated hydrocarbons are fairly unreactive and are inert in the presence of most reagents. Most hydrocarbons also release large amount of heat and light on the burning. Carbon compounds cannot get oxidized on combustion. Unsaturated hydrocarbons add hydrogen in the presence of catalysts such as palladium or nickel to give unsaturated hydrocarbons. What are hydrocarbons?

In which there is hydrogen and carbon, such compounds are called hydrocarbons. Hydrogen and Carbon. So, you will get to see C bond H. It can be single, double or triple. On its basis, they are divided into saturated and unsaturated parts.

Saturated parts are those which are single bonded. Double and triple bonds are called unsaturated. Single bond bonds are known as alkene. Double bond bonds are known as alkene.

Triple bond bonds are known as alkynes. before the general formula, we have to ask the question what is the general formula of CnH2n plus 2 for example, if I write C4H8, then will this be an alkane or not, please tell me quickly and if it is not alkane then what will happen? CnH2n is of alkene and CnH2n-2 is of alkane which is triple bonded.

Single bond, double bond and triple bond, keep in mind that triple bond is the strongest then this and this. This is your hydrocarbon with 4 carbon and for 4 carbon we use prefix bute. But we will not say butane because this is CnH2.

if it follows the rule of H2N then we will call it butene because it is an alkene now the question arises that from which flame the saturated hydrocarbons burn and from which flame the unsaturated ones burn so the orange ones, you have to be careful these burn in clear blue flame if we talk about the unsaturated ones then these yellow burn in a sooty flame like for example saturated ones like the gas stoves in our homes the LPG gas cylinders, primarily contain butane it is also a prepane but primarily the main thing is butane so when there is incomplete combustion So, the sooty type means that the large particles like the one you see in the tawa, where the roti is made, sometimes it gets very black. It gets black when the holes of the stove are not properly opened. So, what is happening is that the hydrocarbon, that is mainly butane, is getting an incomplete combustion.

because of incomplete combustion, soot is deposited so this statement will be wrong which says that carbon compounds cannot be oxidized in combustion they are oxidized saturated ones are fairly unreactive yes, because they are saturated like you will get saturated by reading and reading this means that you cannot read now now you will not have reaction towards outside study like we read solutions saturated solution and unsaturated solution so we read solutions like this so we read solutions like this so there are two types of solutions one is saturated and other is unsaturated saturated means that it is saturated and it is more solute that solvent cannot be taken anymore. If we talk about the same thing, unsaturated hydrocarbons add hydrogen in the presence of catalysts such as palladium and nickel to give saturated hydrocarbon. This is absolutely correct. Where we add hydrogen in double or triple bond, in whose presence? In the presence of palladium or nickel.

This particular reaction is called hydrogenation reaction. Hydrogenation reaction is called this only, where in unsaturated hydrocarbon, hydrogen is added in the presence of a catalyst which we convert into a saturated. This reaction is used to make the vegetable ghee. If we talk about alkyne, as this is ethylene, where do we use it?

And if we talk about alkyne, where do we use the ethylene, which is also called ethylene? We use ethylene. For cooking fruits, it is a kind of gaseous hormone also released by the plants for the fruit ripening And Ethane, that is Acetylene, is also used for the welding of metals Who is the principal regulatory authority for the stock market in India?

Who is the most responsible for the stock market in India? RBI, Supreme Court, SEBI or Finance Ministry? So what would be the correct answer? It would be Now, if we are talking about regulating the stock market, then SEBI will be included in this, not RBI. RBI regulates the banking system.

It has the power to regulate the banking system. And what particular act does this power give to RBI? Which act does it give?

This act of 1949 gives it this power. We will talk about RBI now, but first let's discuss about SEBI. When was SEBI made?

1988, when it got statutory recognition, that is when it was made through act in 1992 who is the chairman in present, Madhavi Puri Buj, who is also the first women chairman and also the first non-IS chairman if we talk about RBI, but till then you tell me that SIDBI, small industries development bank of India, when was this established? and then NABARD, then FCI CACP was established in 1982, CACP was established in 1965, during the third five year plan, when the Green Revolution was launched. RBI was established in 1926, on the recommendation of Hilton Young Commission.

When was it built? It was built in 1935 on 1st April, headquartered in Calcutta, then later on it was shifted to Mumbai. The first chairman of this was Osborne Smith. But if we talk about the first Indian chairman, he was C.D.

Deshmukh. We know him as Bank of Banks. He lends banks and gives money. He is also known as Lender of Last Resort.

and if the money is lost somewhere, then it comes to help. It is known as Lander of the Last Resort. If we talk about Sidbi, then where is its headquarter? I have also told you about this.

It is established in 1990. And its headquarter is in Lucknow. SEBI is in Mumbai. RBI brings monetary policy, sorry, it brings monetary policy, which has 6 members in the monetary policy committee. They decide what rate will be what, and we have already discussed it.

RBI regulates banks through RBI Act 1949. When was our 14 banks nationalized? You have to tell us in the comments. The war that spread beyond southern India and into Bengal, where British forces under Robert Clive recaptured the Calcutta from Nawab Siajud Dola, who had the support of the French, was dashed. The battle of Buxar, Plassey, Vondewash and Adyar. So what battle are we talking about?

When we talk about Siraj-ud-Daulah, we talk about the battle of Plassey 1757. This is a decisive war in the sense that from here on, the Bengal of the Britishers, which was the nerve center of nationalism, The source of revenue was Bengal. So, they were captured there. We can say that they were established after this particular battle.

Battle of Plassey, that is, in 1757. Something happened that the Britishers put allegations on Raju Dola that he had imprisoned some Britishers in the Kal Kotri and they were killed because of that. This is known as the Kal Kotri incident or the Black Hole tragedy. Now what happened after this black hole tragedy?

And everyone calculate the marks. How much did you get in 20? It's not like you are just studying.

You are enjoying studying. Yes, it is enough. And I never say this in the session. But if you like it, then do it. Say CHSL means J.

Black hole tragedy. Black hole tragedy happened and battle of plassey happened So what happened in this? The governor of Bengal was Robert Clive Because remember, Governor of Bengal is not yet made When will he be made?

We will tell you So Clive put allegations on Sirajuddawla and took the force Sirajuddawla didn't directly defeat him First, Mir Jaffar, Nawab Sirajuddawla's military commander He took Mir Jaffar on his side And then After that, he took Mir Jaffar aside and said that he will make Nawab of Bengal. He defeated Sirajuddawla in the Battle of Plassey and made Mir Jaffar. But after that, he made Mir Qasim, who was his son-in-law. But who did Mir Qasim form an alliance with? Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal government of that time.

Meaning, the three of them became one. Mir Qasim. Shujauddawla, not Sirajuddawla, he was Nawab of Bengal.

Shujauddawla. And Shah Alam II, who was the Mughal ruler of that time. The Britishers defeated all three of them in 1764 in the Battle of Buxar. They defeated all three in the Battle of Buxar.

And who was leading the British forces here? Keep in mind that Munro was leading the British forces. In 1765, there was a treaty called Allahabad Treaty. The nib of the pen is completely small. I have to change it.

Allahabad Treaty. Okay, at the end of the class, you guys remind me to change the pen nib. Because what happens is, as soon as the class ends, we run away to eat.

We forget then. Okay? So, Allahabad Treaty, 1765. What happens in this?

In this, Clive, remember, that Robert Clive who led the British forces in the Battle of Plassey in 1757, he started here, he started a kind of dual government. How? He, Shah Alam II was told that you were the eldest son, you should not have done any such thing. So do one thing, give us the rights of the people, that is the right to collect the revenue.

And you see the military things. So this dual government started and who ended it? Who ended this dual government? Who ended it?

Battle of Vendee was in 1760 between Britishers and French and the rivalry between French and Britishers was over Britishers defeated French and French and ended their relationship So keep this in mind that it was part of the 3rd Carnatic War There were 3 Carnatic Wars, Anglo-Carnatic War and Anglo-Carnatic War So this was the 3rd Carnatic War in 1760 When did the dual government end? It ended in 1772 by Warren Hastings Is that clear? Was awarded the first US patent in 1846 for the modified version of sewing machine For the finalization of sewing machine in 1846, which was the first independent patent of the United States of America?

This question has been asked to you. And the options are in front of you. Elias Howe, Alessandro Volta, Ernest Rutherford, and John Napier.

Hastings is correct. This is the second to last lecture of railway. Our next lecture will be the last lecture of the railway PY series. Because your response is also getting down and we have done almost 4 things. So it is better to revise these things.

Because now it is the exam of Steno, so let's make the Steno people do the lecture. who was awarded the first US patent in 1846 for the modified version of the sewing machine? So the answer to this would be, Alexander Volta, the one you read in voltmeter, which measures the potential difference, that's why it's called Volt, the SI unit of potential difference is on this.

We know Rutherford for two things, primarily for the discovery of the nucleus, and the proton, they also discovered that kind of. Goldstein is known for his discovery of positive canal rays but later on, he discovered them through his experiment called Alpha Gold Scattering Experiment When will he do it again? He won't do it again, he will do it in the next 20 lectures in the Railway PYQ series So the correct answer to this question is Swing Machine So here is your swing machine and... Yes, because NTPC is still far away So, I will show you how to use NTPC It is far.

So, what will be the correct answer? Alias, it will be the correct answer. Let's come to the next question.

And that is your sewing machine. Here is the next question. Sir, NTPC exam will be done in Jan, I don't know if it will be done in Jan or not, I don't know. But, it's still time, so it will be discontinued after lecture 20 because you guys are not getting the response.

So, no sir, don't do that, we all depend on you. Sir, but sir, in this much numbers are not coming right. Sir, I am taking class from OYO.

Okay. Son, why are you taking class from OYO? Which among the following set below? set of colors are generally known as the primary colors of light.

So keep in mind, RGB, like RCB, that is red, green and blue. We call these primary colors because all the other colors, by combining these three colors, We should know that there is a white light. So, how many colours are divided by white light when we pass it on the prism?

Newton experimented with this. We call it Vib-Gyur. Vib-Gyur means white light is composed of seven different colours. And this is violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. So, if we see them, they are in increasing order of wavelength.

That is, they are in increasing order of wavelength. Red has the highest wavelength and violet has the least wavelength. So, they are in increasing order of wavelength. scattering is the lowest in the sky, and the most common is pre-keel and incy.

Red scattering is the lowest, so the danger signals are made of red color. And you must be knowing these things, why our sky appears blue? It appears because of scattering. Why does our sun appear reddish during sunrise and sunset?

It is because of scattering again. Why does it appear two minutes before and two minutes after? It is not because of scattering again, it is because of refraction. Keep these things in mind. And how does our rainbow appear?

So, following polytenes in water causes Minimata disease. Which of the gel molecules causes Minimata? Salmonella, Methylmercury, Lead or Perclorate.

Salmonella is responsible for typhoid. The answer is Mercury. It is called Minimata disease because we have seen its cases in Japan.

If we talk about Mercury, whose symbol is HG, what is its alloy? What is its name? Tell us that quickly. and this is a liquid metal at room temperature if we talk about its alloys, we call it amalgam If the poison of cadmium is present, then what happens? If the poison of nitrate ion is present, then what happens?

Lead causes kidney failure and affects the brain as well. If the decomposition of nitrate is done, then which gas brown fumes are seen? If we talk about cadmium, then the disease that we get to see is none other than Itai disease. Nitrate ion causes Blue Baby Syndrome. It's a very common disease.

Next question is, 7th number and the process. So, who gets to see brown fumes? Nitrogen dioxide, that is NO2, alright? Yes, blue baby syndrome.

Again, DP change. Oh, okay, miss. Dude, just read it here.

You have a master's degree. What facts should I tell the students so that they can come to the paper? The students are like, oh miss, oh...

We are taking classes from OYO. Give us your Instagram ID. The process of converting wet waste to manure is called as So the wet waste is called incineration, conservation, metabolism and composting So metabolism is not there So the circulation and respiration is counted in metabolism So the respiration and Digestion is in metabolism.

Conservation means we don't have to do any destruction. Incineration is when we heat the waste in a waste disposal method. Waste is heated.

Composting is the right answer. We make manure out of it. We eat fruits, peel them and make bananas out of it. There are two types of this.

Warm Composting and Cool Composting In Warm Composting, the rate of decomposition will be fast or slow The rate of decomposition will be fast in the warm one and in the cold one So, remember that the rate of decomposition depends on many factors When we talk about temperature, the rate of decomposition increases when the temperature increases Secondly, if the temperature increases in the warm one, the rate of decomposition increases Decompose means the decomposing of something That is, we are talking about detritus Detritus means the decaying and decomposing of something So if detritus is rich in is rich in, leave it, first tell me if I increase the nitrogen then what will happen? Or if the detritus is rich in lignin and chitin then what will happen? If you increase the rate of nitrogen, the rate of decomposition will increase. But if you increase lignin and chitin, if detritus is rich in it, then the rate of decomposition will decrease. This is very useful in DFC.

DFC means Detritus Food Chain. Detritus Food Chain. We call it DFC.

Where detrivorous is the one that decomposes detritus. In ancient times, what was Awadh or Awadh is known as Awadh. In ancient times, Awadh was called Kausal, Kapilvastu, Kausambi or Kashi. Awadh is the same Awadh we were discussing earlier.

Awadh is known as the nursery of Bengal army in Britishers time. Why? Because the soldiers of Bengal army were mostly coming from here.

That's why it was also called nursery of Bengal army. In the comments, you have to tell us who was the first Nawab of Awadh and who was the last Nawab. We were talking about Sirajuddawla of Bengal. He was a Nawab who came after Aliwardi Khan. But tell us who was the first Nawab of Bengal.

When we talk about Awadh, the first Nawab of Awadh was Sadat Ali Khan. And the last was Wajid Ali Shah. Wajid Ali Shah, his wife was Begum Hazrat Mahal, who led the 1857 revolt from Lucknow. Maharaja Mehtab Singh, who in 1857 revolt and Senthil rebellion supported the Britishers. We have seen this question before.

If you don't remember, then you haven't done revision. So if we talk about Awadh, then it's nothing else but Kausal. Kausalpur Raja, who is he called?

He is called Ram Bhagwan. What was the capital of Kausal? Sarawast. Sarawast is the capital of Kausalpur. 16 Mahajanpaths were mentioned in the Buddhist text Dīg Nikaaya.

You should know the capital of the Jain text. We are talking about the 7th century BC. 7th century BC means the period starting from 600 BC.

You can keep it till 699 BC. 7th century BC means the period starting from 600 BC. So that's the 7th century BC bed where the 16th Mahajanapada is being built. So the most powerful con that emerged from this was our Magadha, whose capital was first Rajgiri and then Pataliputra.

Who did this capital shift and why was it so powerful? Rajgir was the capital of that, it was surrounded by 5 hills, plus there were many elephants, plus This was situated in the south of Ganga and between Ganga and Son. There were many important dynasties like Haranka dynasty, then there were many other dynasties but let's talk about the main dynasties Haranka, Magad and then the most important dynasty was Maurya dynasty. whose rulers were Chandragupta Maurya, then his son Bindusara, Chandragupta Maurya adopted Jainism, Bindusara adopted Ajivika sect, then Ashoka, and then Buddhism. I won't dwell on that Maurya dynasty in detail.

But you can see that You have to dwell in detail because it is important. I hope you know all these capitals. Anga was on the side of Bengal.

It is the easternmost Mahajan Patta. Which you can see here. Which one?

Asmak or known as Asak. It was the southernmost. It was around Maharashtra. Paithan was its capital.

Then Pratishthan. Kashi's Kashi. Vats, Kausambi. Kausar Sen's Mathura. Panchal's Aichitra.

Then Kampilya Kuru's Indraprastha. Madhsik's Viratnagar. I remember that Viratji took his Virat. Koli. So, in this way, we know that the death of the dead was in the name of the light of Isha.

How many chambers are present in the heart of a fish? How many kachchh are there in the body of a fish? 1, 3, 4, 2. So, the heart of a fish is divided into two chambers.

Let me know in the comments how many chambers are reptiles divided into? How many chambers are there in the body of the amphibians? How many chambers are there in the body of the apes?

How many chambers are there in the body of the mammals? When we talk about reptiles and amphibians, they are divided into three chambers, but there is an exception in the case of reptiles. There is a range of reptiles, but each of them is divided into four chambers.

And they are divided into three chambers. The upper part is called auricle and the lower part is called ventricle. The exception is crocodile. Crocodile is a crocodile, it has to shed its tears.

It has to shed its tears, so it has to be given an extra chamber. Option number D will be the correct answer. What is the name of the artificial heart?

It is known as pacemaker. The sound of the heart is the sound of the heart beat. we measure it with a blood pressure from a sphygmomanometer heart beat is measured with a stethoscope the doctor looks at us and the blood pressure is measured with a sphygmomanometer which is the largest artery?

which is the largest vein? What is that artery that carries blood to the heart? And what is your artery? Which is the artery that goes through the lungs What is the vein that brings blood to the heart from the lungs? What is the vein?

If we talk about here, the largest artery is the aorta. Which brings different parts of the body from the heart. This is inferior vena cava and coronary artery which supplies blood to the heart.

When we talk about heart, we talk about lungs, so we talk about pulmonary. Pulmonary is kind of exception. So, pulmonary vein will be formed.

Vein carries our deoxygenated blood. But pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart. And you can relate it with pulmonary artery.

Pulmonary artery is fufsi. The artery is the one that carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs. Okay. Here I asked some questions.

The question was about someone's death. It was Gautam Buddha's death. He was born in Lumini, Nepal. He was born in Sarnath, in Baudh Gaya, under the peepal tree.

It is called Baudh tree. Below that, he was called Gyan. and he was given the first sermon in the year of the year of the nation which we know as Dharmachakra Parvartan and his death was in Kushinagar, which we know as Mahaparinirvan what is the minimum age qualification to become chief minister of any state in India? to become the prime minister of any state in India, what is the minimum age? 25, 28, 24 or 21?

you have to become the chief minister of any state so what would be the correct answer? that would be 25 years old. If you want to become a prime minister or a chief minister, then 25 years old.

Why? Because, for Lok Sabha and Legislative Assembly, the minimum age you need is 25. It is not like whether I talk about the prime minister or the chief minister, they can only be members of Lok Sabha or the Legislative Assembly. Our prime minister can be a member of Lok Sabha, Raj Sabha, or any other house. The chief minister is the legislative assembly or the legislative council. Anyone can be a member of the House.

But for the Raj Sabha and Legislative Council, the minimum age required is 30 years. Local bodies require 21 years, like for the election of the Panchayat. And 18 years to vote.

But earlier, the age was 21 years to vote. But later it was changed to 18 years. You will see which particular amendment was used. Then 35 years minimum age is required. And the commentator has to tell you that to become a Supreme Court judge, and the minimum age required to become a High Court Judge.

The age from 21 to 18 was in the 61st constitutional amendment in 1988. This amendment was not enforced in 1989. The reason for this particular amendment was that the work of the Election Commission of India had increased and it was made a multi-membered body for the first time in 1989. Earlier, it was a single-membered body. We need the age of 35 to become a President or a President. To become a Rajya Pal and a top national leader of the country There is no minimum requirement of age in the Supreme Court or High Court Judge Here the concept of maximum age is used In the Supreme Court, age is required for 65 years and here age is required for 62 years All of them are wrong because all of them except few like Rakhiji has said correctly There is no requirement of minimum age in this In which year was Goa given the option of merging with the state of Maharashtra? In Goa, the plan of the village was given in Maharashtra as the year of the year 63, 67, 69 or 58 So this option was given.

Look, what was Goa? Goa was under Portuguese rule. Then it was liberated. What operations were there in the 1960s?

You will tell in the comments. When it was liberated, Nehru gave a statement in 1963 that it will remain a UTI for 10 years. Then Maharaj, then he has the option, who has it? Goa will decide whether they want to merge or not.

But the option was given to them formally in 1967, that whether they want to merge with Maharashtra or not. But later in 1980, Goa got the full state status. What happened? Not only Goa but Daman and Div and Dadarnagar Haveli, which have merged now, before they were different, before 2019. So these three, Goa, Dadarnagar Haveli, Daman and Div, were all in UT, all were in Portuguese influence.

So all three in 1916, keep in mind. Operation Vijay was liberated through Hyderabad and Operation Polo So what happened was that the three were liberated and made a U.T. through the 12th Constitutional Amendment The 12th Constitutional Amendment made them U.T.

In 1980, Goa became your full state And something else, keep in mind that Please note this comment, Which year was it when Maharashtra and Gujarat, Bombay was separated in 1987, not 1980. When was Bombay separated in Maharashtra and Gujarat? Maharashtra and Gujarat So, it was separated in 1960 Comment below if you want to know First linguistic state of India The first state of India based on language Who painted the three position traffic signal in 1923 So, you know the red, yellow and green light signals were patented in 1923 and this particular discovery was done by Garrett Morgan when he had an accident Then they invented the traffic signal. They must have talked about it before but it was patented in 1923. In 1923, we read about a major event in history. Our first linguistic state was Andhra Pradesh. It was Andhra Pradesh.

India's first state of language. After that, we know that it was created in 1953. And Poonata was created in 1956. After that, A state reorganization commission was formed Which was known as Fazal Ali Commission Which had 3 members Fazal Ali was the chairman Who were the other 2 members? Hridyanath Kunjru and K.M. Pandikar It rejected the theory of one nation, one language, one state It accepted that states can be created on a linguistic basis But it rejected the theory of one language, one state And on its recommendation, the states reorganization act was issued in 1956 The first part of the constitution was the constitution of the state 14 states and 6 union territories were created.

Clear? GPS stands for What does GPS mean? It stands for the Global Positioning System.

What is this? This is a... What?

The maps that we use, they work on the basis of GPS. It's a radio signal device. What is a radio signal? It's from the US. It's US owned.

It's owned by the US. And the satellites that it has installed, it tells us the positions through GPS. Similarly, India has developed its own, and that is called Navic.

But it's not as good as... GPS is there now. So, be careful with Navik.

It stands for Navigation with Indian Constellation. It was known as IRNSS earlier, which stands for Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System. So, this was its name earlier. Is it clear? Andhra Pradesh was created on the basis of language in 1953 As I said, some Telugu speaking regions were merged later in 1956 In this case, we consider it as 1956 as well Clear?

So what happened to GPS? Radio became a navigation device And it has a full-form global positioning system Next question is The Kailash Nathar temple at Kanchipuram was built during the rule of During which period of rule was Kailash Nathar temple built in Kanchipuram? Pandyas, Cholas, Pallavas and Cheras So if we talk about all of them, they were all here in South India There was Chera, Pandya and Chola And where Chola was, there were Pallavas at one point So these were our Cheras I am not going to write everything, I have already told you many times Their capital was Wanji Their emblem was bow and arrow Their port side was Musuri and Tondi Pandya was the capital of Madurai, Fish was its emblem and Kolkai was its port site.

Chola was the emblem of Tiger, Urayur was the capital of it, Gangai Konda was Cholapuram later and its port site was Puhar. Puhar, P-U-H-A-R, we know it as Kaveri Pattam. Pallav used to live here at one time. Option number C will be answered here.

Who was the founder of Pallav? Pallav's founder was Simha Vishnu and Kanchipuram was its capital. Pallavas had built many temples in Tamil Nadu, like this one here. This temple was built by Narsimhavarman II. Narsimhavarman II was the one who killed Pula Kesin II.

And Pula Kesin II was the one who killed Narsimhavarman I. And after killing Narsimhavarman II, What was the title of the film? Don't get confused, we know these guys from another name and that is Narsimhavarman 2 I am losing my mind If someone is remembering, tell them that Narsimh Verma II has another name. So he was the one who built the Kailash Nathar Temple. He also built the Shor Temple in Mahabalipuram. And the particular design you are seeing, the feature you are seeing in this particular temple, what is it called?

Tell me quickly. And Kailash Nathar is different, and Kailash Temple is different. This particular feature is known as Viman.

and the entrance in the temple of South India, which is in the Dravila Shalya, in the Dravila architecture, how do you know that? you will tell me that ok so keep this in mind, and they took the title of Vatapi Konda after defeating Pulakeshin 2 is that clear? hmm Yes, Anushka Singh, thank you.

Raj Simha, okay? They know him as Raj Simha. Okay? They know him as Raj Simha.

Where is Kailash Temple? Keep in mind that Kailash Temple is situated in the caves of Ellora in Maharashtra. In Ellora, okay?

Where you can see caves of Jains, Buddhists and Hindus. So Kailash Temple was made... So this was made by Krishna I, a ruler of the Rajkot dynasty.

This is a rock-cut monolithic temple, meaning that rock was cut from one stone and Angzab tried to break it but he couldn't. It broke itself. Who was the President of the Independence for India League formed in 1928?

And I think I asked something here, now I remember. What was important in 1923? So in 1923, Suraj Party was formed by CR Das and Motilal Nehru, who we also know as All India Khilafat Suraj Party.

After 1 year, HRA was formed, Hindustan Republic Association. After 1 year, Kakhori case was formed. After 3 years, in 1928, HSRA was formed.

Independence of India League was formed in 1928 by Nehru, Bose and Srinivas Iyengar But who was the president? Srinivas Iyengar Like Suraj Party was formed by CR Das and Motilal Nehru But first the president was CR Das and then Motilal Nehru was his secretary Similarly a party was formed Ummm... It's not a party, what was its name?

If I remember correctly, I will be able to answer this question. So the correct answer option number is C. Let's move on to the next question. And that is, What is the method of taxing wherein there is an increase in the tax rate as the taxable amount increases?

As the taxable amount increases, the rate of the tax increases. So we call such taxes as progressive taxes. And these are called direct taxes in India.

Look here. Tax means that the amount is of two types, one is direct tax, The National Planning Committee, Which was made in 1938 Who made it? Subhash Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru But who was the chairman before him?

Nehru. Keep this in mind. So, the tax is of two types.

There is a direct tax and an indirect tax. There is a pratekshkar and an apratekshkar. What is the difference? The difference is that you cannot pass on this. You have to pay this directly to the government.

You can pass on this. For example, goods and services tax. That is GST.

you will get your excise duty, customs duty. Whereas in direct taxes, you will get income tax, wealth tax, gift tax. These are all taxes, your corporate tax. These are your direct taxes.

In direct taxes, as your amount increases, the rate of that increases. This is called progressive tax. It looks flat here.

For example, what happens is, let's say, For example, if you want to pay GST, then you have to pay 18% of the GST that goes directly to the government. So, if you don't pay 18%, then your course fee would be cheaper. So, if you are paying extra 18%, then everyone will be paying the same way.

Even if you are economically rich. I have used the term economically. Because rich and poor can be different. But economically, if we talk about someone's family income of 2 lakhs per year, and someone's family income is 2 crores, then they would have to pay only a flat 18%. But when it comes to direct tax, then the rate of direct tax increases for the person whose income is more.

So we call this progressive, and sometimes we call it regressive. Proportional tax is also called as proportional tax. So option number C is going to be the right answer.

And let me tell you that in direct taxes, we also read paper tax. Here, paper tax is not defined but there was a nomenclature in the paper earlier. So we know wealth tax and gift tax as paper tax. Comment below and tell us, in which head of the government will the tax money go? In revenue or capital?

As per the constitution of India, who is authorized to transfer the judge of one high court to another? Who has the authorization to transfer the judge? So, if we talk about who is authorized to transfer the judge from one High Court to another. So, this is not the case with CJI. CJI can do something under Article 130. Can you tell me what can they do under Article 130?

President of India will be the right answer. President of India. Which article says that they can transfer the High Court judges to the President? Article 222. Article 222. Can the president do this work on his own will?

That whoever or wherever he wants, he can transfer? No. This work is done by the Collegium of Judges.

Collegium means group of judges. Is this Collegium mentioned anywhere? No.

It is not mentioned anywhere in the Constitution. So then these cases were made. First judge's case, second judge's case, third judge's case, by them.

In the first judge's case, the Supreme Court said, Brother President, listen here, ask the CGI. Don't just ask the CGI, ask the CGI. In the second judge's case, the Supreme Court said, Listen, Brother President, ask the CGI, ask two more people.

The third judge said, Listen, President, ask the CGI, not two. Now he will take his recommendation from four judges, and give it to you, and listen, you will have to agree. Earlier it was that you will have to agree, but you will have to agree. So, kind of, the legislature, you should know that there are three organs to the government.

One is the legislature, the judiciary, the executive, the judiciary, and the judiciary, that is, the new government. Okay? The work is to make laws, to make laws, okay?

Lawmaker. To execute laws, to apply them, and to review them. This is the work of the judiciary. Now, here, look at one thing. The judiciary.

Judiciary itself is involved in appointment transfer of judges. This was not happening in the legislature, especially not in the executive. Judiciary people are transferring their own appointment. So what did they do? They made a 99th constitutional amendment in the constitution.

99th constitution. Under that, they ended the collegium. Collegium is the group of judges who have to take recommendations.

Collegium is over. Then a final case took place and the Supreme Court ended this game of cat and mouse. In the case of 4 judges, the Supreme Court said that first we declare it unconstitutional.

And by removing the Collegium, we remove the new organization called NJAC, the National Judicial Appointment Commission, and we declare it null and void and replace it with the Collegium system. According to Article 130, the CJI has the power. that apart from Delhi, in some other place, as you know, Delhi is the seat of Supreme Court under Article 130, but if you want to make a seat apart from Delhi, then you can do it in CJ.

What is in Article 129? Supreme Court to be a court of record. What is in Article 131?

Original jurisdiction. What is in Article 141? Supreme Court has passed any order decree that will be binding on all the courts throughout the territory of India. What is in Article 142? Supreme Court can pass any order to complete justice in any matter.

In 143, there is advisory jurisdiction where the president comes to take advice from the Supreme Court. CJI can also appoint some ad hoc judges. What article can it be based on?

It can be told that when the quorum of judges will not meet in the Supreme Court, that is, there will not be a minimum number of judges in the court, so that the proceedings can be increased and carried on. So, the CJI appoints some high court judges who are well qualified to be appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court. And where, for which particular constitutional body, authority, or office, we have to see the qualification of the Supreme Court judge? Anushka is absolutely correct and Pragati will have 127 answers. Article no. 76, at on a general.

then the qualification should be like a Supreme Court Judge if you want to get an appointment In the food chain, what is the difference between the primary consumers and the secondary consumers? What is the difference between the two? So, primary consumers eat only plants and secondary consumers eat only primary consumers I don't have to tell you in this because I have told you at least 3-4 times in this entire PYQ series If I have to tell you now, then it is a problem Who discovered the electron? Again, eat but dance.

It's a very easy question. Eat but dance. Electron, J.J. Thompson, Proton, Rutherford, Nucleus, Rutherford, Neutron, James Chadwick.

Answer would be option number C. In the comment, you have to tell who discovered positron. Who discovered it? It was discovered by Carl Anderson.

And the last question is this. Which schedule of the Constitution of India lays the states and the unitarities of India? Which constitution of India imposes a constitution on the states and the unitarities of India? Third Schedule, Fourth Schedule, First or Second?

So what will be the correct answer? I think you all know the trick of tiers of old PM How we remember all the schedules Tiers of old PM So T stands for Union and Territory Means names of states and UTs and their territorial jurisdiction Emolument means Affirmation and oath Allocation of seats to the Raj Sabha Administration of scheduled areas, administration of other scheduled areas F is for federal provisions, which includes 3 lists Union, State and Concurrent O is for official languages, which includes Originally there were 14 languages, but after a day there were 22 languages Sindhi was added from 21st amendment KNM was added from 71st amendment Manipuri was added from Konkani, Nepali BDSM was added from 92nd amendment Bododongari, Santhali, Maithili were added 6 classical languages were added 5 more have been added recently, 11 are classical languages It does not have English, it does not have Bhojpuri, it has Marathi It talks about land provisions, which abolished land laws Let's see from which amendment it was added It deals with defection provisions It deals with the panchayat and the municipality It has 29 functional matters, 18 functional matters It was added from the 73rd amendment, it was added from the 74th amendment It was added in the 52nd amendment of 1985 and the 1st amendment of 1951 So these were the first 8 schedules and now there are 12 So here it is asking about states and UTs So this will be your first option number C Is that clear? I am writing some subjects in the comments, tell me in which particular you will follow In which list?

Marriage and Divorce Interstate commerce, education, health, banking, police. Which one will fall? So marriage and divorce, interstate and education, all three will be in concurrent. And which country's constitution have we taken concurrent list from? Health?

State list. Banking? Union list.

Police? State list. But there is one state or UTSA where police It is a subject of Union, not of State. Tell me, which one is it?

Where did we take the concurrent list from? From Australia. What did we take from Australia?

We took joint sitting. Article 108. Who calls for joint sitting? Who proceeds? The President calls for it. Speaker of Lok Sabha presides.

Who was the speaker of Lok Sabha earlier? G.V. Mavlankar. Who was the female speaker of Lok Sabha earlier?

It was Meera Kumari. When was the first session of Lok Sabha? Trade and Commerce and List. L will be listed.

Okay? And... Police? Yes, in which state or in which particular President calls, yes, President calls, Priyadhovi, President calls, not to go, to go, 108, and how many times have joint sittings been called till date? Tell me, tell me. 9th December, wow, do it, 9th December 1946, Lok Sabha's first sitting, 13th April 1952, keep in mind, okay, and 28th January 1950, Supreme Court's first sitting, and 3 times till date, 3 times.

Banking Services Commission, Prevention of Terrorism Act and Dowery Prohibition Alright, Thank you, Thank you See you in the next session which will be our last session, last lecture For the railway PYQ series Later when the date of entry will come, we will do it Thank you Sir, please wear this and get rid of it. Thank you Shubham. Sabudana Khichdi To remind me of Sabudana Khichdi Prince Kumar, what are you saying after sending 100 rupees?

Last, 99 question from Lecture Railway Keep it as a request from you. Please make it last big lecture. Please agree with the request from you. So it's a big lecture, then it's fine for that. The day you have to take out the time, then we will do it.

Big lecture. The ears are full, you need to see. 18, how are the other people's marks? They will not be able to teach more They will be able to teach only this much 17, 14 17, 17 18 hmm Vansh Parashar 17 Mayuri Mohudle 11 Ravi Soni 28 of 20 Kesha 18 ok first how many usernames do you have?

Supriya 15 Manoj Kumar 10 Disciples Short 15 Akash Das 5 Sabudana Kijadi 16 Poppy Gosh 16 Nishu Mishra 17 Piyush Tube 19 Get me a biology one shot, I have a versatile mentor for that. I have done two, I won't do anything new. So, in 20, I have done two...

Srishti Singh 16, okay. So, books are not available in Kolkata. Is that so? I checked that in Kolkata, which is the famous location where you can get books?

What is the name of the college? What is the name? 8 out of 20, okay.

Hmm, 4. Okay, you are wrong. Moti Kumar, Rupa16, okay. Are you guys having a problem with red colour? I think there shouldn't be a problem with red colour in books. Why?

Tico World Kolkata famous book okay Thank you all, see you in the last lecture, thank you