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Postoperative management includes monitoring for what common complication?
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Arrhythmias.
List three types of obstructive lesions in congenital heart disease.
Coarctation of the aorta, Pulmonary stenosis, Cardiomyopathy.
Identify two congenital heart diseases that feature decreased pulmonary blood flow.
Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF), Pulmonary atresia, Tricuspid atresia.
Describe a right-to-left shunt and its primary symptom.
A right-to-left shunt results in decreased pulmonary blood flow (QP < QS), with cyanosis as the primary symptom.
What genetic condition significantly increases the risk of congenital heart disease?
Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)
What are the types of congenital heart disease that involve increased pulmonary blood flow?
ASD (Atrial Septal Defect), VSD (Ventricular Septal Defect), PDA (Patent Ductus Arteriosus), Transpositions of main vessels.
What complications are associated with Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF)?
Polycythemia, cerebral abscess, heart failure.
Why should air bubbles be avoided during intraoperative management of ToF?
To prevent paradoxical embolism.
Explain the significance of the QP:QS ratio in normal circulation.
In normal circulation, the QP (pulmonary blood flow) equals the QS (systemic blood flow), maintaining a 1:1 ratio.
Name two intraoperative management strategies for maintaining systemic vascular resistance (SVR) in ToF patients.
Using ketamine for anesthetic choice, avoiding reductions in SVR.
Why is preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis important in congenital heart disease management?
To prevent bacterial endocarditis.
Name three environmental risk factors that can lead to congenital heart disease.
Viral infections, drug toxins taken by mothers, higher incidence in heterozygous mothers in Finland.
What is a left-to-right shunt and what are its symptoms?
A left-to-right shunt involves increased pulmonary blood flow (QP > QS), causing volume overload, heart failure, and increased pulmonary circulation.
List the four components of Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF).
Large, non-restrictive VSD, Right ventricular outflow obstruction (Infundibular stenosis), Overriding aorta, Right ventricular hypertrophy.
How is 'Pink ToF' different from 'Blue ToF'?
'Pink ToF' has minimal right ventricular obstruction, while 'Blue ToF' has severe obstruction.
What is the purpose of administering phenylephrine during a Tet spell?
To increase systemic vascular resistance (SVR).
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