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Differentiate between active and passive immunity.
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Active immunity is long-term and results in memory cells, obtained from infection or vaccination. Passive immunity is immediate, short-term, and obtained from another individual without memory cell production.
Describe the process of vaccination and its purpose.
Vaccination involves introducing weakened pathogens or antigens to stimulate an immune response without causing disease, promoting antibody production and long-term protection.
Discuss the significance of active and passive immunity in protecting the body.
Active and passive immunity play crucial roles in protecting the body from diseases.
Why are vaccinations essential in controlling disease outbreaks?
Vaccinations promote individual and herd immunity, essential in controlling disease outbreaks.
Explain the role of mucus in the body's defense against diseases.
Mucus traps pathogens before they enter the lungs.
How is cholera transmitted and what are its symptoms?
Cholera is caused by bacteria transmitted via contaminated water and leads to severe diarrhea due to toxins produced by the bacteria.
How does the stomach acid contribute to immunity?
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach kills consumed pathogens.
Give an example of a disease transmitted through direct contact.
Example: Chickenpox (by touch), HIV (sexual contact).
What is herd immunity and how does it help control diseases?
Herd immunity occurs when a large portion of the population is vaccinated, reducing the pathogen's ability to spread and thus controlling disease outbreaks.
Explain how the body's defenses like skin, nose, and white blood cells help in fighting diseases.
Skin acts as a physical barrier, nose filters pathogens, and white blood cells fight infections through phagocytosis and antibody production.
What are some key methods for disease prevention mentioned?
Clean water supply, hygienic food preparation, good personal hygiene, waste disposal, and sewage treatment.
Explain how active immunity is developed.
Active immunity develops after an infection or vaccination, where the body produces antibodies in response to antigens.
Explain the importance of understanding disease transmission in developing prevention strategies.
Understanding how pathogens are transmitted helps in developing effective prevention strategies.
What are pathogens and how are they transmitted?
Pathogens are organisms that cause disease and can be transmitted through direct or indirect contact.
Describe the functions of white blood cells in fighting infections.
White blood cells fight infections through phagocytosis and producing antibodies (Phagocytes: Engulf and digest pathogens, Lymphocytes: Produce antibodies).
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