What's up, internet, and welcome back. I'm Tim Steedman, and this is Get Psyched with me, Tim Steedman. Today's unit review video is a special one, and that's because today we're covering our final unit in AP Psychology, mental and physical health. This unit is all about understanding the connection between the mind and body, how stress impacts our well-being, and how psychological disorders manifest. If you're following along with the Get Psyched to Scoreify review guide, now is the time to pull that bad boy out. You know, taking notes while watching will help you remember all this content for when AP test season rolls around. And once you have your guide completed, it makes for a great study resource. So, you know, be sure to get that guide completed. Trust me, future U will thank you for it. So, without further ado, time to get psyched for unit five. but not too psyched. Wouldn't want to spike those cortisol levels. That'll make more sense in like 10 minutes or so. I promise. All right, back to the introduction. [Music] All right. So, we're going to start with health psychology because believe it or not, your mind and body actually work together. Health psychology looks at how biological, psychological, and social factors affect our health and well-being. It's where psychology meets medicine without the 8 years of medical school. This field studies how our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors impact our physical health and also how our physical health affects our mental state. Ever been so stressed out about something that you got a headache or stomach ache? That's the mind body connection in action. Health psychologists don't just look at illness, though. They focus on preventing it. Studying things like why some people stick to healthy habits while others don't, or how stress management can improve heart health. In conclusion, health psychology is all about how our behavior and mental processes shape our well-being. And that is exactly what we are going to check out next. How exactly does stress influence our behaviors and mental processes? And before we get into talking about how stress affects us, we should probably define what stress actually is. So stress is just your body's response to any demand or challenge. And contrary to popular belief, not all stress is bad. There's ustress or positive stress like the excitement you feel before a big game or the pressure that pushes you to study instead of doom scrolling on the internet. Then there's distress, the bad kind like feeling completely overwhelmed before a test or realizing you procrastinated on that project for way too long. Some stressors are quick like running late to school. Others last longer like financial problems or relationship drama. Then there's traumatic stress, the kind caused by major life events like natural disasters, abuse, or serious accidents. This kind of stress can have lasting effects on both mental and physical health. But even the little things add up. Daily hassles like annoying students, siblings, or too much homework can also wear you down over time. And speaking of long-term effects, you might remember adverse childhood experiences or aces from our unit 3 review. These are stressful or traumatic events that happen in childhood and they can impact health and behavior well into adulthood. So now that we know what stress is, let's take a look at how it actually affects our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. This is where Hans Selier comes into play. Selier, a psychologist and all-around stress expert, developed a model called the general adaptation syndrome, or GAS for short. Yes, GAS. And no, I will not be making a joke about that. Way too easy. I like a challenge. So's model explains how our body responds to stress in three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. And what better way to understand this than by seeing it in action. So imagine this. You're at school minding your own business when suddenly you remember you have a test you completely forgot about. Q. Stage one, the alarm reaction. Your sympathetic nervous system kicks into high gear. Heart rate up. pupils, dilated, sweat, pouring. This is your body's fight or flight response. Adrenaline is pumping and you're either ready to run or more realistically, sit there in sheer panic. But wait, you're not giving up just yet, which means you've entered stage two, resistance. This is when your body tries to keep up with the stress. Your brain is going into overdrive. You're flipping through notes, texting friends for help, and bargaining with the universe for a miracle. Your body is still on high alert, but it can't stay this way forever. And that brings us to stage three, exhaustion. At this point, your body just gives up. You're mentally fried, physically drained, and suddenly the idea of accepting your fate sounds oddly peaceful. But here's the problem. This is where stress related illnesses start to creep in. When your body stays in that high stress state for too long, it takes a serious toll on your physical health. We're talking weakened immune systems, higher risk of heart disease, trouble sleeping, anxiety, and even depression. Long-term stress isn't just uncomfortable. It can literally make you sick. And this is why managing stress is so important. Because let's be real, stress isn't going anywhere. But how we handle it, that's what makes the difference. Now, fight or flight isn't the only way people respond to stress. There's another stress response, one that's a little less about battling threats and a little more about looking out for others. It's called the tend and befriend response. This theory, developed by psychologist Shelley Taylor, suggests that in times of stress, some people, especially women, are more likely to seek social support and care for those around them. Instead of gearing up to fight or flee, they tend by nurturing and protecting loved ones and befriend by forming social bonds to increase safety. And this response isn't just about personality or choice. It's wired into our biology. The hormone oxytocin plays a big role here. You might have heard of oxytocin before. It's often called the love hormone because it's linked to bonding, trust, and social connections. But it also has stress reducing effects. When stress hits, oxytocin levels can rise, especially in women, which encourages them to seek support instead of going into full survival mode. And speaking of gender differences, research suggests that men and women often handle stress differently. Men are more likely to show a fightor-flight response, while women are more likely to tend and befriend thanks to a mix of hormonal differences and evolutionary factors. Now, it's important to note that that does not mean that one response is better than the other. Both have their benefits depending on the situation, but it does show that stress isn't onesizefits-all. Different people respond to stress in different ways, which means stress management strategies need to be just as flexible. So, we know stress is unavoidable, but what really matters is how we cope with it. Coping just refers to the strategies we use to manage stress, whether that's tackling the problem head-on or just handling the emotions that come with it. And to help us break this down, let's check in on our good buddy Doug. Now, Doug is stressed. Why, you may ask? Because he has a huge test coming up and he's not feeling too confident about it. Now, Doug has two main ways he can cope with this stress. Problem focused coping and emotion focused coping. Let's start with problem focused coping. This is when you deal with stress by directly addressing the issue causing you the stress in the first place. It's practical. It's actionbased. And it's all about solving the problem at hand. So for Doug, a problem focused approach would look like this. Making a study schedule to stay on track, asking his teacher for help on the tough topics or, you know, actually studying in the first place instead of mindlessly staring at his phone. By taking control of the situation, Doug is reducing the stressor itself. And when the stressor is under control, the stress goes down. But what if Doug can't change the situation? Well, that's where emotion focused coping comes in. Instead of fixing the problem, emotion focused coping helps manage the feelings that come with it. Because let's be real, sometimes stress is unavoidable. And when that happens, the best thing you can do is regulate your emotions. For Doug, this might mean things such as taking deep breaths to stay calm, reframing his thoughts, like reminding himself that this one test won't define his future, or taking a break to go listen to music, or maybe a quick walk outside. Now, neither approach is better than the other. It just depends on the situation. If you can solve the problem, problem focused coping is the way to go. If you can't change the situation, emotion focused coping helps you handle the stress. And most of the time we actually use a mix of both. Doug, for example, can study hard to prepare for the test, but also take breaks so it doesn't burn him out because at the end of the day, the best coping strategies are the ones that help you stay balanced. Feel like Mr. Miyagi with that comment. All right. Anyways, appreciate the help, Doug. You're on break, but we'll be needing you again shortly, so don't go too far, big guy. So, we've talked a lot about stress and coping, but what about the other side of the equation? What actually makes life fulfilling? What helps people thrive and not just survive? That's where positive psychology comes in. Positive psychology is all about studying what makes life worth living. It focuses on human strengths, well-being, and happiness instead of just diagnosing problems and treating disorders. It asks questions like, "What makes people happy? What helps people grow after hardship?" And how can we increase well-being in our everyday lives? A big part of positive psychology is something called subjective well-being. This is a person's self-perceived happiness and life satisfaction. It's not just about how much money you make or how successful other people think you are. It's about how you personally feel about your life. And when it comes to well-being, there are two big perspectives. Positive subjective experiences and positive objective experiences. So let's start with positive subjective experiences which are all about internal emotions and thoughts. A great example of this gratitude. When you practice gratitude, whether it's writing down things you're thankful for or just noticing the good in your life, it can actually boost happiness, lower stress, and improve mental health. It's not about changing your situation. It's about changing your perspective on your situation. On the other hand, we have positive objective experiences which focus on external circumstances that influence well-being. A classic example, happiness. Happiness is influenced by external factors like relationships, achievements, and even genetics. But research shows that once basic needs are met, external things like money don't have as much impact as we think. That's the key difference. Subjective well-being comes from the inside. It's about how you think and feel. Objective well-being comes from the outside. It's about measurable life conditions. But positive psychology isn't just about emotions. It's also about our character strengths. Psychologists Christopher Peterson and Martin Celigman identified six core virtues that contribute to a meaningful and fulfilling life. Wisdom is using knowledge and perspective to make good decisions. Courage focuses on facing challenges and bravery and persistence. Humanity is showing kindness, love, and compassion. Justice is being fair and working towards equality. Temperance is practicing self-control and moderation. And finally, transcendence is finding meaning through spirituality, appreciation, or connection. Each of these virtues is made up of different character strengths like creativity, honesty, gratitude, and leadership. And here's where it gets really interesting. Positive psychology isn't just about feeling good all the time. It also looks at how people grow after experiencing hardship. This is something called post-traumatic growth. It's the idea that after facing difficult life events, people can actually come out stronger with a deeper sense of meaning, stronger relationships, or a new appreciation for life. Now, this doesn't mean that trauma is a good thing, but it shows that even in tough times, people have the ability to adapt, learn, and grow. And that's what positive psychology is all about. Not ignoring the struggles in life, but finding the strengths and resilience to push through them. And speaking of things that boost happiness, did you know that subscribing to this channel has been proven to increase overall life satisfaction for AP psych students by approximately 100% of studies conducted by yours truly. Think about it. Positive psychology says small actions can make a big impact on well-being. By hitting that subscribe button, you're engaging in meaningful activity because learning is good for your brain. Strengthening social connections. I mean, come on. We're basically like study buddies now. And most importantly, making me feel really good about myself. And that, my friends, is a win-win situation. Now, we've spent a lot of time talking about mental health and well-being. But what happens when something disrupts that balance? Well, that's where psychological disorders come in. A psychological disorder is a condition that causes significant disturbances in a person's thoughts, emotions, or behaviors. But here's the thing. Having occasional stress, sadness, or anxiety doesn't automatically means someone has a disorder. So, how do we actually define what counts as a disorder? Well, psychologists look at three key factors when identifying a psychological disorder. Level of dysfunction, perception of distress, and deviation from social norms. First, we're going to talk about levels of dysfunction, which is just going to ask whether the condition is interfering with daily life or not. You know, feeling anxious before a test, that's totally normal. But if that anxiety is so intense that it keeps someone from going to school, it might indicate a disorder. Then we have perception of distress. This asks how much suffering the person is experiencing. You know, some disorders create obvious distress like depression where a person feels deep sadness, but others like manic episodes and bipolar disorder might not seem distressing to the person at all even though the behavior is harmful. Finally, we take a look at deviation from social norms. This asks whether the behavior is drastically different from what is considered normal. Of course, normal depends on culture and context. Talking to yourself while working through a tough problem, pretty normal. Hearing voices that aren't there, well, that might indicate something a little more serious, such as schizophrenia. And this is where things get tricky. While diagnosing disorders can help people get treatment, it also has positive and negative consequences. On the positive side, diagnosis can provide clarity and relief for people struggling with mental health issues. It helps professionals determine effective treatments. It also allows for insurance coverage and accommodations in school or work settings. But there are the downsides, too. Stigma, unfortunately, can lead people to avoid seeking help. Labels can define people by their disorder instead of their whole identity. And historically, racism, sexism, agism, and discrimination have played a role in misdiagnosis and mistreatment. Even culture and societal norms impact diagnosis. You know, what's considered a disorder in one society might not be seen the same way in another. So to keep things as objective and standardized as possible, mental health professionals rely on established guidelines. In the US, psychologists use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or the DSM, which is published by the American Psychiatric Association. This book outlines symptoms, criteria, and classifications for psychological disorders, helping professionals make accurate diagnosises. diagnosis. Make an accurate diagnosis. Internationally, many countries use the International Classification of Diseases or ICD, which is published by the World Health Organization. Both the DSM and ICD are regularly updated to reflect new research and cultural understanding of mental health. And remember, diagnosing mental disorders is about balance, recognizing real suffering while avoiding harmful labels and stereotypes. Because the goal isn't just classification, it's understanding and treatment. Now, remember all those psychological perspectives from science practice one? Well, each of them has its own way of explaining abnormal behavior. And what better way to see them in action than by calling back our favorite case study. Doug, my guy, hope you enjoyed your federally mandated 15-minute break, but uh we're going to need you to get back over here. Doug has developed a habit of eating an entire jar of dill pickles every single night before bed. And we're not like just talking a couple pickles here. Not like a reasonable serving. We're talking full-on pickle obliteration. Then like after that, he drinks all the juice in the jar. Nasty. Anyways, Doug swears he doesn't know why he's doing this. He's not even that hungry. But by the time he realizes what's happening, the jar is empty, the juice is gone, and he's questioning his life choices. So, how would different psychologists explain Doug's pickle predicament? A behavioral psychologist would say Doug's pickle binge is all about learning and reinforcement. Maybe one night he ate a bunch of pickles before bed and slept like a baby. His brain linked pickles to relaxation. Now, every time he downs a jar, he's reinforcing that habit, making it stronger. In other words, Doug has conditioned himself into this routine. A cognitive psychologist would look at Doug's thought patterns. You know, maybe Doug tells himself, "I had a stressful day. I deserve these pickles." And this kind of thinking leads to a cycle where he justifies the habit, reinforcing the behavior over time. If Doug wants to break it, he's going to need to change his mindset and thought process a bit. You know, like reminding himself that drinking an entire jar of pickle juice nightly might not be the healthiest way to unwind. Next up, a psychonamic psychologist would dig into Doug's unconscious mind. You know, maybe his pickle obsession is actually a deeper unresolved issue from his childhood. Perhaps as a kid, he always got pickles as a reward when he behaved well. So now, as an adult, he's unknowingly seeking that same comfort. In this view, Doug's behavior isn't really about hunger. It's about the unmet emotional needs. On the other hand, a humanistic psychologist would focus on Doug's personal growth and self-actualizing tendencies. Instead of asking, "Why is Doug eating so many pickles?" They'd ask, "Doug, how do you feel about yourself?" If Doug is feeling unfulfilled or lacking purpose, the pickles might be his way of filling a deeper void. The key to stopping this habit, according to humanistic psychology, is for Doug to understand what he truly needs and make choices that align with his well-being. A biological psychologist would say it's all about Doug's brain and body chemistry. Maybe his sodium levels are off and his body is craving salty foods to restore balance. or maybe even his gut bacteria is adapted to high salt diets, making him crave pickles even more. Either way, this perspective would look at what's going on in Doug's brain and nervous system to explain the behavior. An evolutionary psychologist would take a step back and say, "Well, actually, this makes total sense. Humans did evolve to crave salty foods because salt is essential for our survival." Doug's brain doesn't know he's living in 2025 with access to endless amounts of food. So, as far as his instincts are concerned, that jar of pickles is a jackpot of electrolytes, and his ancient survival wiring is urging him to consume it while he has the chance. A socioultural psychologist would say Doug's behavior can't be separated from his environment. Maybe he grew up in a household where eating weird amounts of pickles was normal. Maybe all his friends joke about craving salty snacks, so he doesn't see anything strange about it. Or maybe he's been watching too many tick tock food challenge videos where people chug pickle juice, making his habit seem totally normal by comparison. So what does all of this actually mean for Doug? Well, depends on which perspective you take. If he's reinforcing a habit, a behavioral psychologist would help him unlearn it. If it's about self-t talk, a cognitive psychologist would help him reframe his thoughts. If it's tied to childhood experiences, a psychonamic psychologist would help him explore deeper emotions. If it's about fulfillment, a humanistic psychologist would help him find meaning in his life. Biological, he might need to check his sodium levels or go get a glass of water or something. Evolutionary, well, maybe he just needs to remind his caveman brain that salt is not a rare resource anymore. And if it's cultural, changing his social influences might help shift the habit. So, Doug, my friend, looks like your pickle problem has a lot of possible explanations. And that's exactly why psychology has so many different perspectives. Because human behavior isn't simple and neither is the way we study it. So you might be wondering which of these perspectives is the right one. Well, that depends. Most psychologists don't just stick to one perspective. Instead, they take what is known as an eclectic approach, which means they combine ideas from multiple perspectives in order to get a more complete understanding of behavior. Going back to Doug's pickle problem, well, a psychologist might look at his thoughts, his past experiences, his biology, and even his environment to figure out what's going on because human behavior is complex. And the best way to understand it is to look at the bigger picture. And that's exactly what the biocschosocial model does. This model explains psychological disorders by looking at the interaction of three major factors. biological factors like genetics, brain chemistry, and hormonal imbalances. Psychological factors like thought patterns, emotional responses, and coping skills. And then environmental factors like family life, culture, stress, and life experiences. No single factor works in isolation. Instead, they all influence each other. For example, someone might have a genetic predisposition for depression, but whether they actually develop it could depend on their thought patterns and the level of stress in their environment. It's a dynamic system where biology, psychology, and social influences all play a role in mental health. And speaking of how different factors interact, one way psychologists explain the development of psychological disorders is through something called the diathesis stress model. Deiathesis refers to a predisposition or vulnerability to a disorder. This can be genetic, biological, or even psychological like a family history of depression or certain personality traits that increase risk. Stress, as we know, is the external pressure or life events that can trigger or worsen a disorder. Things like trauma, major life changes, or ongoing stressors. The key idea here is interaction. Someone might have a diiathesis, a genetic risk for anxiety, but if they grow up in a low stress supportive environment, they may never develop an anxiety disorder. On the other hand, someone with a low genetic risk might still develop a disorder if they experience extreme stress in their environment. So, it's not just about nature or nurture, it's how the two work together. This model helps explain why some people develop disorders while others don't, even when they're exposed to similar challenges. So now that we know how psychologists define and diagnose disorders, let's take a closer look at the different categories of psychological disorders. We're going to start with neurodedevelopmental disorders. These are disorders that appear early in life, usually in childhood, and they impact brain development, behavior, and social functioning. One of the most well-known neurodedevelopmental disorders is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD for short. People with ADHD often struggle with inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which can make things like focusing in class, staying organized, or sitting still pretty difficult. Some people mainly have inattention. They get distracted easily, lose track of tasks, or zone out in conversation. Others have hyperactivity and impulsivity. They fidget, interrupt, or act out without thinking. And some have a combination of both. But ADHD isn't just about having too much energy or not paying enough attention. It's linked to differences in brain structures and function, especially in areas that control attention and impulse regulation. Another major neurodedevelopmental disorder is autism spectrum disorder or ASD for short. ASD affects how people communicate, socialize, and process the world around them. Some individuals with ASD may struggle with understanding social cues, while others may have intense focus on specific interests or experience sensory sensitivities like being overwhelmed by loud noises or certain textures. The word spectrum is important here. Some people with ASD need significant support in daily life while others function independently but still experience challenges in social settings. So what exactly causes these neurodedevelopmental disorders such as ADHD and ASD? Well, genetic influences play a big role. Studies show that both ADHD and ASD tend to run in families. Physiological factors are also involved. Brain imaging research has found differences in how certain areas develop in function, especially in regions involved in attention, impulse control, and social processing. And then there's the environment. While things like prenatal exposure to toxins or complications during birth may increase risk, environment alone doesn't cause these disorders. It's the interaction of genetics, brain development, and environmental factors that helps explain why some individuals develop neurodedevelopmental disorders while others do not. Now, neurodedevelopmental disorders affect how the brain develops early in life. But what happens when a disorder dramatically changes a person's perception of reality? That brings us to schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that affects thinking, emotions, and behavior. It can cause distorted perceptions, disorganized thinking, and a disconnect from reality. Some people experience schizophrenia suddenly after a major life event. This is called acute schizophrenia. And with treatment, recovery is more likely. For others, symptoms develop gradually and persist for life. This is called chronic schizophrenia. And while treatment can help, full recovery is less common. Symptoms of schizophrenia are typically divided into positive and negative categories. Positive symptoms are additions to normal experience, things that shouldn't be there but are. One of the most well-known positive symptoms is delusions, which are false beliefs that don't match reality. Someone might believe they're being watched by the government or that they have a special mission to save the world. Then there are the hallucinations, which are false sensory experiences. The most common type, auditory hallucinations, like hearing voices that aren't there. Disorganized speech is another key symptom. A person with schizophrenia might jump from topic to topic with no clear connection or string together words in a way that doesn't necessarily make sense. And we also have disorganized motor behavior which can range from unpredictable movements to something called catatonic excitement where a person may pace frantically or repeat meaningless movements over and over. On the other hand, negative symptoms are things that should be there but aren't. For example, flat effect or a lack of emotional expression. A person may speak in a monotone voice, show little facial emotion, or seem completely indifferent to what's happening around them. Another negative symptom is catatonic stuper, where a person may stay frozen in place for hours, barely moving or speaking. So, what exactly causes all of the symptoms of schizophrenia? Well, there's no single cause, but two major theories do stand out. One possible explanation is the prenatal virus hypothesis. Studies have suggested that exposure to certain viruses in the womb, especially during flu season, can increase the risk of schizophrenia later in life. Another leading explanation is the dopamine hypothesis. Schizophrenia has been linked to excess dopamine activity in the brain. And we have seen that too much dopamine may contribute to hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. This is why many antis-cychotic medications work by reducing dopamine levels, helping to manage symptoms, and restore balance. So, in conclusion, schizophrenia is a very complex disorder that likely results from a mix of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. All right, so next up, we're going to be talking about depressive disorders. A depressive disorder is more than just feeling sad or having a bad day. It's a serious condition that affects mood, thoughts, and daily functioning. People with depressive disorders often experience deep and lasting feelings of emptiness as well as changes in energy, sleep, and motivation. One of the most well-known depressive disorders is major depressive disorder. This disorder is characterized by intense sadness, loss of interest in activities, and physical symptoms that last for at least two weeks. People with major depressive disorder may struggle to get out of bed, find enjoyment in things they used to love, or even complete basic daily tasks like eating or showering. Some experience changes in appetite, either eating too much or too little. Others have difficulty sleeping or feel exhausted no matter how much rest they get. And it's not just about emotions. Depression can affect concentration, decision-m, and even how a person sees the world. But what if those symptoms aren't just temporary or short-lived? This brings us to persistent depressive disorder or PDD. While major depressive disorder is more intense and episodic, persistent depressive disorder is a long-term lower level of depression that lasts for at least 2 years. People with PDD may not feel completely hopeless, but they often experience a chronic sense of sadness, low energy, and low self-esteem. It's like walking through life with a constant weight on your shoulders. So, what exactly is the explanation for the causes of depression? Well, much like other disorder categories, there isn't one single cause. It's going to be a mix of multiple factors. Biologically, it's linked to imbalances in brain chemicals like serotonin and dopamine. Genetically, it tends to run in families, making some people more vulnerable. Social factors such as trauma, stress, or lack of support also play a role. Culture is going to matter, too. Some societies openly discuss mental health while others stigmatize it, making it harder to seek help. Behaviorally, isolation can reinforce depression. If someone stops doing what they enjoy, it deepens the cycle. Cognitively, depression is tied to negative thought patterns, seeing themselves, the world, and the future in a pessimistic way, making it even harder to break free. So depression is a complex disorder that affects millions of people worldwide and understanding it is the first step towards finding the right support and treatment. Now depression isn't the only disorder that affects mood. Brings us to our next topic which are going to be bipolar disorders. Bipolar disorders are mood disorders that involve dramatic shifts between emotional highs and lows. These shifts aren't just normal mood swings. They can completely disrupt daily life and functioning. The highs are referred to as manic episodes. During a manic episode, a person may feel unstoppable, full of energy, talking rapidly, and juggling multiple projects. They might go days without sleep, overspend, quit a job impulsively, or take risky actions without thinking. For some, mania feels exciting, like being on the top of the world. But for others, it can become overwhelming, leading to irritability, aggression, or even losing touch with reality. Then there are the lows or depressive episodes. This phase looks a lot like major depressive disorder. People may feel hopeless, exhausted, and struggle to find motivation. They might withdraw from loved ones, lose interest in activities, and experience significant changes in sleep and appetite. So there are two types of bipolar disorder. You have bipolar one and bipolar 2. And the difference comes down to the severity of the mania. Bipolar one involves full manic episodes that last at least a week or require hospitalization. These episodes are intense and can lead to severe consequences. Bipolar 2, on the other hand, involves something referred to as hypomomanic episodes, which are less extreme than full mania. People with bipolar 2 still experience mood swings, but their high energy states aren't as disruptive, though the depressive episodes can be just as severe. So, what's the cause for this? Biologically, bipolar disorder is linked to imbalances in brain chemicals like dopamine and serotonin, which regulate mood and energy levels. Genetically, bipolar disorder often runs in families, suggesting a strong hereditary link. Social factors such as chronic stress, trauma, or major life changes can trigger or worsen episodes. Culturally, stigma and misunderstanding of mood disorders can impact how people seek help. Behaviorally, unhealthy habits like irregular sleep or substance use can make symptoms harder to manage. Cognitively, distorted thinking patterns like overconfidence and mania and deep self-criticism and depression can intensify the severity of the mood swings. At the end of the day, bipolar disorder is complex, but understanding it is the first step towards managing its symptoms. All right, so there we have bipolar disorder. Next up, we're going to take a look at what happens when a disorder is driven by intense fear and anxiety, which brings us to our anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders are a category of mental disorders that involve excessive fear, nervousness, or worry that interferes with our daily life. Now, let's get one thing straight. Anxiety itself isn't bad. Anxiety is actually an evolutionary trait that helps keep us safe. It's the feeling that tells us to be careful around the edge of a cliff or to prepare for an important exam instead of procrastinating. The problem is when anxiety becomes too intense, too frequent, or too irrational to the point where it disrupts a person's ability to function. One of the most common types of anxiety disorders is specific phobias. A phobia is an intense or irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity. For example, arachnophobia is the fear of spiders. Someone with this phobia might panic just at the sight of a spider, even if it's completely harmless. Acrophobia is the fear of heights. Someone with this phobia might feel dizzy or terrified even when standing on a secure and safe balcony. Then there's agorophobia, which is the fear of situations where escape might be difficult. People with agorophobia often avoid crowded places, public transportation, or open spaces because they fear being trapped or unable to get help if they panic. And speaking of panic, let's talk about panic disorder. People with panic disorder experience sudden and intense panic attacks where their hearts race, they struggle to breathe, and they feel like they're losing control of their body. These attacks can come out of nowhere, making people fear when the next one might happen. In some cultures, similar panic episodes are called deervios, which can include crying, shaking, or feeling disconnected from reality. And I really should have done a little bit more research on that one cuz I'm pretty sure I just butchered the pronunciation. Deervios. So, next we are going to talk about social anxiety disorder, which is an intense fear of being judged, embarrassed, or humiliated in social situations. This goes beyond shyness. People with social anxiety may avoid public speaking, eating in front of others, or even simple interactions like making a phone call. In some cases, social anxiety overlaps with agorophobia since social situations often involve being in public spaces. Cultural differences also shape how anxiety disorders appear. For example, in Japan and Korea, there is tai jin kio, which is a type of social anxiety where people fear offending others by their appearance, body odor, or even their gaze. Haha, look who messed up again. But look, I just want to say this is not a bit. I'm not doing this to be funny or anything. I genuinely keep on messing up the first time I video myself. Always forget one thing or another. But anyways, this time it was generalized anxiety disorder or GAD. So, I figured I'd do it here. Why not? Pretty cool place. Nice and peaceful. Well, except for the whole lack of oxygen thing, but hey, can't win them all. So, GAD is marked by excessive uncontrollable worry about everyday things like work, relationships, or health. Unlike other anxiety disorders that are triggered by specific situations, GAD can leave someone feeling anxious most of the time, even when nothing obvious is wrong. Symptoms often include restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and trouble sleeping. All right. Well, that's G. And honestly, being up here has been kind of well, nice. You know, peaceful, quiet, just me and the Whoa. Uh-oh. So what exactly causes these anxiety disorders? One explanation we have is learned associations. If someone had a traumatic experience with heights or spiders, their brain might link those things to fear causing a phobia to develop. We also have maladaptive thought processes. If someone is constantly fixating on their own negative thoughts or feelings, they may be more prone to developing an anxiety disorder. And finally, anxiety can have biological and genetic roots. Some people are born with a more reactive nervous system that makes them naturally more prone to anxiety. And we see that if anxiety disorders run in a family, someone may have a higher risk of developing one. Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental health conditions, but they are also highly treatable with some of the right strategies. Now, anxiety is all about fear of what might happen. But what about disorders that also include excessive compulsions and intrusive thoughts on top of this anxiety? Well, this brings us to obsessive compulsive and related disorders. These disorders are characterized by persistent intrusive thoughts called obsessions and repetitive actions called compulsions designed to ease the anxiety those thoughts create. Obsessions are unwanted distressing thoughts that a person can't seem to shake. For example, someone might have a intense fear of germs or contamination, constant intrusive worrying about harming themselves or others, or a deep preoccupation with order, symmetry, or things feeling just right. Compulsion, on the other hand, are repetitive behaviors meant to reduce anxiety. But in reality, they only reinforce the cycle. Common compulsions include excessive handwashing or cleaning, arranging objects in precise ways until they feel right, or repeatedly checking things like door locks, stove burners, or hair straighteners. And yes, lady viewers, that was a shout out at you. I wasn't talking about myself. Luckily for me, I was blessed with these beautiful straight locks. So, you know, non-issue for me. No big deal. Can't all be lucky, right? Also, if you do do that, do do anyways if you do do that, please don't go around telling people you have OCD. There is a difference between having an OCD tendency verse actually being diagnosed with OCD. Anywh who, when these obsessions and compulsions become overwhelming, they may point to obsessive compulsive disorder or what we are going to refer to it as OCD. OCD goes beyond simple habits or preferences. It can take over a person's daily life making even basic tasks time-conuming and distressing. Another associated disorder in this category is hoarding disorder. People with hoarding disorder struggle to part with possessions even if those items have little value or are causing problems in their living space. The idea of getting rid of things can cause intense anxiety which leads to clutter that can interfere with daily functioning. So what's the cause for OCD and related disorders? Well, one explanation is learned associations again where a person connects certain thoughts or actions with anxiety relief, reinforcing the cycle of obsessions and compulsions. Cognitive factors also play a role. Maladaptive thinking patterns like believing something terrible will happen if a ritual isn't performed can make symptoms worse. And biologically, research suggests that OCD and related disorders may be linked to overactivity in certain brain regions and genetic factors that make some people more vulnerable. It's important to know that these disorders aren't just about quirks or preferences. They can be deeply distressing and disruptive. For our next category, we have dissociative disorders. Dissociative disorders involve a disconnection from consciousness, memory, or identity, often as a response to trauma or extreme stress. People with these disorders may feel detached from themselves, experience memory loss, or even develop different identities. One example is dissociative amnesia, where a person forgets important personal information, usually after a stressful or traumatic event. In some cases, this amnesia is localized. A person may forget only the event itself. In other cases, it's more generalized, affecting much broader memories. Fugue states involve sudden unexpected travel where a person loses awareness of their identity and may even start a new life somewhere else. When the fugue ends, they may have no memory of what happened. The most well-known dissociative disorder is going to be dissociative identity disorder or DID. You might know it by its old name, multiple personality disorder, but the name has since changed to better reflect our understanding of the disorder. DID isn't just about having separate personalities, but rather a fragmentation of identity. People with DID experience two or more distinct identity states, each with its own way of thinking, behaving, and remembering life events. These identity states often emerge as a coping mechanism for extreme trauma, especially in childhood. Instead of processing overwhelming experiences as oneself, the mind compartmentalizes them into different identities as a form of protection. So what's the cause for these dissociative disorders? Well, unlike other disorders with strong genetic or biological links, dissociative disorders are primarily linked to trauma and stress. Severe abuse, neglect, or life-threatening experiences overwhelm the brain's ability to cope, leading to dissociation as a defense mechanism. These disorders are all about survival. They develop as the mind's way of escaping unbearable experiences. Now, dissociative disorders involve disconnecting from reality to cope with overwhelming experiences. But what happens when a traumatic event stays with a person long after it's over? This is going to bring us to our next category of trauma and stressor related disorders. These disorders develop in response to highly distressing life experiences such as violence, abuse, natural disasters or military combat. Unlike typical stress reactions, these disorders involve long-term emotional, psychological, and physical effects that interfere with daily life. The most well-known trauma related disorder is post-traumatic stress disorder or PTSD. PTSD can develop after someone experiences or witnesses a traumatic event. And it can affect anyone, not just soldiers or first responders. Survivors of accidents, assault, or prolonged stress can also develop PTSD. So, what do the symptoms look like? One of the most common is hypervigilance, a constant state of being on high alert. People with PTSD may feel like danger is everywhere, even in safe situations. Then there's the severe anxiety which is a heightened sense of fear that can make it difficult to relax or concentrate. Another key symptom is flashbacks where a person mentally relives the traumatic event as if it's happening again. These can be triggered by sights, sounds, or even smells related to the trauma. PTSD can also cause insomnia, making it hard to sleep due to nightmares or racing thoughts. And emotionally PTSD can lead to detachment where a person feels numb, disconnected or unable to experience positive emotions. Some individuals also experience hostility or irritability as their nervous system remains stuck in that fightor-flight response. So what increases the risk of developing this disorder? Well, the severity and duration of the trauma. People who endure repeated or prolonged trauma, like abuse or combat, are at much higher risks than those who experience just a single traumatic event. Genetics and brain chemistry come into play. Some people may have a biological predisposition that makes them more vulnerable to PTSD, especially if they have a family history of anxiety or trauma related disorders. Lack of social support. Having a strong relationship after a traumatic event can help people process their emotions. Without that support, PTSD symptoms may become worse. Now, trauma and stressor related disorders show how past experiences can shape mental health. But what happens when psychological distress affects how a person eats and perceives their body? This brings us to our next category of feeding and eating disorders. These disorders involve severe disturbances in eating behavior, often driven by concerns about weight, body image, or control. Unlike occasional dieting or overeating, feeding and eating disorders can have serious physical and psychological consequences. Two of the most well-known eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and extreme food restriction. People with anorexia may see themselves as overweight even when they are dangerously underweight. They often engage in excessive dieting, compulsive exercise, or a variety of other behaviors in order to control their weight. Bulimia nervosa on the other hand involves cycles of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors like vomiting, fasting or excessive exercise. Unlike anorexia, people with bulimia may maintain a normal weight, but their relationship with food is highly distressing. So, what increases the risk of developing an eating disorder? Well, they often run in families, suggesting a genetic predisposition. Brain chemistry, especially serotonin and dopamine, may also play a role. Peer pressure, social media, and the fitness or fashion industries can create unrealistic body standards. Western societies often idealize thinness, fueling disordered eating. Other cultures may value different body types, shaping how eating disorders manifest. Restrictive dieting, excessive exercise, or past criticism about weight can also create a cycle of disordered eating. And distorted thinking like tying self-worth to appearance or believing that weight equals control can also drive disordered behaviors. Feeding and eating disorders are complex conditions influenced by a mix of biological, psychological, and social factors. Mental health conditions like eating disorders affect how people think about themselves and their bodies. But what happens when long-term patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving make it difficult to function in daily life? This is going to bring us to personality disorders. So, personality disorders are enduring patterns of behavior and inner experience that significantly differ from cultural expectations causing distress or difficulty in relationships, work, and daily life. These patterns are usually inflexible and begin in early adulthood. Psychologists categorize personality disorders into three clusters based on common traits. So starting with cluster A, the odd and eccentric cluster. People in this cluster tend to have difficulty with social relationships and display unusual or paranoid thinking. They may come across as detached, suspicious, or behave in ways that seem peculiar to others. Paranoid personality disorder is marked by deep distrust and suspicion of others. People with this disorder often believe that others are out to harm or deceive them, even without evidence. Schizoid personality disorder involves extreme detachment from social relationships and a limited range of emotional expression. People with schizoid personality disorder prefer solitude, rarely showing strong emotions, and have little interest in forming close connections. Schizotypal personality disorder is characterized by eccentric behavior, odd beliefs, and difficulty forming close relationships. Individuals with this disorder may have something called magical thinking. They also have unusual speech patterns or social anxiety that isn't relieved by familiarity. All right, so moving on to cluster B, the dramatic emotional and erratic cluster. These disorders are characterized by intense emotions, impulsivity, and unstable relationships. People in this cluster may struggle with self-image, have difficulty managing their emotions, or seek attention in extreme ways. Antisocial personality disorder is marked by a disregard for the rights of others. People with this disorder may manipulate, deceive, or violate social norms without guilt. They often struggle with empathy and may engage in reckless or unlawful behavior. And a quick side note, antisocial personality disorder does not mean that someone does not like to be around other people or be involved in social situations or is socially awkward. It generally means that they have sociopathic tendencies. Moving on, borderline personality disorder involves intense mood swings, unstable relationships, and a deep fear of abandonment. Individuals with BPD may experience impulsive behaviors, self-destructive tendencies, and rapidly shifting emotions. Hysteric personality disorder is characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior. People with this disorder may be highly dramatic, constantly seeking approval, and uncomfortable when they aren't the center of attention. Narcissistic personality disorder involves a grandiose sense of self-importance, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy. Those with this disorder may exaggerate their achievements, expect special treatment, and struggle with criticism. All right, moving on, we have our final cluster, cluster C, which is the anxious and fearful cluster. These disorders involve chronic anxiety, fear of rejection, or a strong need for control. People with cluster C disorders often experience deep insecurity, excessive dependency on others, or rigid perfectionistic tendencies. Avoidant personality disorder is marked by extreme sensitivity to criticism and a fear of rejection. People with this disorder avoid social situations due to feelings of inadequacy, even though they crave connection. Dependent personality disorder involves an excessive need to be taken care of. Individuals with this disorder rely heavily on others to make decisions, have difficulty being alone, and may tolerate unhealthy relationships to avoid being abandoned. Obsessivempulsive personality disorder or OCPD is characterized by a preoccupation with order, perfectionism, and control. Don't get it confused with obsessivempulsive disorder or OCD, which as we just learned involves unwanted and intrusive thoughts. So, what causes personality disorders? Well, like other psychological disorders, personality disorders develop from a combination of biological, psychological, and social influences. Biologically, genetics play a role as certain personality traits tend to run in families. Brain differences, particularly in areas related to impulse control and emotional regulation, may also contribute. Socially and culturally, early childhood experiences, including neglect, abuse, or inconsistent parenting, can shape the development of these disorders as well. Cultural expectations also influence how personality traits are perceived and whether certain behaviors are seen as problematic. Behaviorally, learned responses from past experiences reinforce maladaptive ways of thinking and interacting with others. If a person has always been rewarded for controlling every detail of their environment, for example, their rigid perfectionism may become deeply ingrained in their personality. Cognitively, distorted thinking patterns such as seeing the world as dangerous or believing they are unworthy of love can shape personality disorders. These deeply held beliefs influence how people interpret social interactions and respond to stress. Ultimately, personality disorders are complex and deeply rooted, making them challenging to treat. However, with therapy, support, and self-awareness, individuals can learn healthier ways to navigate relationships and manage their emotions. All right, now that we understand the different psychological disorders, how about we get into talking about how they are treated? So, there are going to be two main approaches to treatment. We have biological treatments and we have psychotherapy. Biological treatments use medications or medical procedures to manage psychological symptoms. While psychotherapy focuses on changing thoughts, emotions, and behaviors through structured talk therapy. One of the biggest breakthroughs in biological treatment, psychiatric medications. These medications helped manage severe symptoms of disorders like schizophrenia and depression and they eventually led to something called deinstitutionalization. So before these medications, people with severe mental illnesses were often placed in long-term psychiatric hospitals or asylums. But with medication, many could be treated in their communities instead. The shift gave people more independence but also created challenges in making sure they had access to the support they needed which was not always the case unfortunately. On the psychotherapy side, research including large metaanalytical studies shows that therapy is generally effective in improving mental health. Today, mental health professionals rely on evidence-based interventions to develop treatment plans. This just means that they're going to be using therapies backed by scientific research and tailoring them to each person's situation. Another key part of treatment, cultural humility. Therapists need to recognize and respect cultural differences because mental health is influenced by a person's background, beliefs, and social experiences. So, you know, makes sense. And speaking of relationships, a strong therapeutic alliance or the trust between therapist and client is one of the biggest factors in successful treatment. Most modern approaches don't rely on just one method. Instead, therapists often combine both medication and psychotherapy, creating a well-rounded approach to managing mental health. So, now that we know the basics of treatment, let's take a closer look at some specific types of therapy and how they work. We're going to start with psychonamic therapy. Psychonamic therapy is rooted in the ideas of Sigman Freud and it focuses on uncovering unconscious thoughts, feelings, and conflicts that might be shaping a person's behavior. The idea is that unresolved experiences from the past, especially from childhood, can influence our emotions and relationships in the present, even if we're not fully aware of it. One technique used in psychonamic therapy is free association which is just when a person says whatever comes to mind without filtering their thoughts. The idea is that letting thoughts flow freely can reveal hidden emotions and unconscious conflicts. Another technique is dream interpretation. Freud believed that dreams were quote unquote the royal road to the unconscious. So here, therapists are going to analyze dreams, looking for symbols and deeper meanings in order to help clients understand their internal struggles. The goal of psychonamic therapy isn't just symptom relief, but deeper self-awareness and emotional insight. But not every therapy focuses on exploring the past. Some take a more present focused approach, such as cognitive therapy. Cognitive therapy is based on the idea that the way we think influences the way we feel. So negative thought patterns can lead to anxiety, depression, and other mental health struggles. So cognitive therapy helps people identify and change those unhelpful thoughts in order to get better. Because sometimes the way we think about a situation is more of a problem than the actual situation itself. This is also where maladaptive thinking comes in. These are just going to be the patterns or thoughts that are irrational, unhelpful, or just plain wrong. And they can make anxiety, depression, and stress a lot worse. Cognitive therapy works to change these patterns through something called cognitive restructuring, which is the process of identifying negative thoughts, challenging them, and replacing them with more balanced, realistic ones. For example, someone who constantly thinks, "Oh, I'll never be good enough." Well, they might learn to reframe that thought as, "I have strengths and I can always improve." When it comes to treating disorders like anxiety, cognitive therapists often use something called fear hierarchies. This is a structured way to help people face their fears gradually, starting with something mildly uncomfortable and working up to the scariest situations. For example, someone with a fear of public speaking might start by practicing in front of a mirror, then speaking in front of one friend, then a small group until eventually a full audience doesn't seem so terrifying. And while we are on the topic of anxiety and depression, let's take a look at cognitive psychologists Aaron Beck's cognitive triad. So this is just a model that explains how negative thinking fuels depression. So according to Beck, people with depression tend to have three types of negative thoughts. A negative view of themselves, a negative view of the world, and a negative view of the future. For example, someone struggling with depression might think, "I'm a failure. nothing ever works out and things will never get better, which is probably not the case, by the way. Cognitive therapy helps people recognize these distorted thoughts, challenge them, and replace them with healthier perspectives. Now, while cognitive therapy focuses on changing these thoughts, some therapies focus a little bit more on changing actual behaviors. And this is where behavioral therapy comes into play. Behavioral therapy is all about changing behaviors by using principles of learning like reinforcement and conditioning. One major term here is applied behavior analysis or ABA, which focuses on identifying behaviors, understanding what triggers them, and using rewards or consequences to encourage positive changes. One of the most well-known techniques in behavior therapy, exposure therapy. This is just going to be used to treat anxiety and phobias by gradually exposing a person to what they fear in a safe and controlled way. A specific type of exposure therapy is systematic desensitation, which involves pairing relaxation techniques with gradual exposure to the fear until the anxiety response decreases. On the other hand, some therapies work by creating negative associations, which is called aversion therapy. For example, someone struggling with alcoholism might take medication that makes them feel sick if they have a drink, helping them break the habit. Another behavioral strategy is the token economy which is often used in schools, therapy settings or behavior management programs where people earn tokens or points for positive behaviors which they can later exchange for rewards. And finally, there is BOF feedback. This method helps people gain control over involuntary body functions like heart rate or muscle tension by using sensors to monitor their physiological responses and practicing relaxation techniques in order to regulate them. Behavioral therapy is all about action. Instead of just talking about change, it focuses on practicing new behaviors until they stick. Cognitive behavioral therapy or CBT is one of the most widely used and effective therapies today. It combines cognitive therapies, which focuses on changing negative thoughts, and behavioral therapy, which focuses on changing unhelpful behaviors. The idea, well, our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are all connected. Change the way you think and you can change the way how you feel and act. For example, someone with anxiety might think, "Oh man, I am definitely going to fail this test no matter what I do." Well, CBT helps them recognize that thought, challenge it, and replace it with something much more realistic, such as, "I've studied all I can. I think I can handle this." A specific form of CBT, dialectical behavior therapy, or DBT. Originally for borderline personality disorder, DBT helps people regulate emotions, handle distress, and improve relationships. It includes mindfulness techniques to help manage overwhelming emotions. Another variation of CBT is rational emotive behavior therapy or REBT developed by psychologist Albert Ellis. REBT focuses on challenging irrational beliefs. The idea, it's not events that upset us, it's our beliefs about the events. For example, if someone believes I must be perfect or I'm worthless, REBBT helps them reframe it to I can make mistakes and still be valuable. So, CBT, DBT, and REBT all focus on practical strategies to reshape thoughts and behaviors. But some therapies focus less on focusing on our problems and more on personal growth and self-acceptance. And this is where humanistic therapy comes in. Humanistic therapy is all about self-improvement and personal growth. Instead of focusing on what's wrong, it helps clients understand their emotions, develop self-awareness, and make meaningful choices. A well-known form? Well, we have client- centered therapy, which was developed by humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers. This approach emphasizes a supportive, non-judgmental space where clients feel safe to explore their thoughts. One key technique, active listening. This is where therapists fully focus on the client, paraphrase what they say, and respond with empathy. For example, if a client says, "I feel like no one understands me." The therapist might respond, "It sounds like you are feeling really alone right now." Another core principle, unconditional positive regard. No matter what the client says or does, the therapist accepts them without judgment. The goal here to help clients feel valued and supported in order for personal growth. At the end of the day, humanistic therapy is all about meaning, purpose, and self-acceptance. Some alternative approaches to therapy have also shown effectiveness, such as hypnosis. Research suggests that hypnosis can be used to help reduce pain, manage stress, and even ease anxiety. But contrary to popular belief, hypnosis doesn't help retrieve lost memories accurately, and there's no solid evidence that it can make someone regress to an earlier age. Also, you can't like really just be hypnotized against your will like you know I can't just pop around a corner with a little like thing like that and be like you are getting sleepy and then you pass out and I make you bark like a dog or something. I don't know doesn't work that way. All right. So now we are going to shift to biological therapies which are our treatments that focus on the brain and the body. One major approach here is going to be the use of psychiatric medications. So let's take a look at a few. First, we've got anti-depressants like SSRIs or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors which are going to help regulate serotonin levels to improve mood. Some of the side effects here, we have nausea, headaches, and sometimes insomnia. Anti-anxiety medications such as benzoazipines calm the nervous system. They work fast but can be addictive and cause drowsiness or dizziness. Mood stabilizers like lithium help manage the symptoms of bipolar disorder by reducing extreme highs and lows. They do however require careful monitoring as side effects can include weight gain and potential kidney issues. And then we have antiscychotics which are used to treat disorders such as schizophrenia by helping control delusions and hallucinations by regulating dopamine levels in the brain. Antiscychotics unfortunately do come with their own unique set of side effects such as movement issues like tremors and sometimes significant weight gain. So, as you can probably see here, most medications do come with some trade-offs, which is why doctors carefully balance benefits with side effects. And while today's treatments aren't necessarily perfect, we can at least take comfort in the fact that they no longer are performing transorbital labbotoies. You know, back in the day, if you were too anxious, too hyper, or just mildly inconvenient, a doctor might have thought, you know what? Let's just uh scramble this guy's frontal lobe a little. And they did this, by the way, by shocking you unconscious than taking like a long ice pick, putting it up your eyeball, then kind of just like moving it around your frontal lobe. Pretty messed up. Fortunately, we've moved on to much better alternatives to deal with treatment resistant psychological disorders. We have things such as electrocombulsive therapy or ECT, which uses small electrical currents to treat severe depression. the idea that these small electrical shocks will cause a mild seizure in the brain, resetting various synaptic connections in order to remap or rewire the brain to get rid of those depressive thoughts. However, oftentimes with ECT, the benefits only last for a short amount of time, and there is the danger of short-term memory loss through the procedure. Another form of biological treatment is transranial magnetic stimulation or TMS which uses magnetic pulses to stimulate brain activity. This is a non-invasive option for depression that doesn't respond well to medication. And while rare, psychosurgery such as removing or altering brain tissue has been used in extreme cases where no other treatment appears to work. Even with all of these various treatment options and methods, the goal for psychologists is always the same. Helping people manage symptoms and improving their overall quality of life. All right, I think we're done. Officially over. Unit five complete. We've covered everything from stress to coping, disorders to treatment, and even why Doug has an unhealthy obsession with dill picklers. And you know what that means? We've officially wrapped up all the units in AP Psychology. But don't think we're done just yet because next up, our final chapter, the grand finale, the Get Psyched course review video. One last big review to bring it all together before AP test season hits. And you know what the best part is? You now have a fully completed course review guide that follows College Board guidelines. So use that bad boy to study. It's basically your cheat code for the exam. So, I'll see y'all later for that final course review video. Until then, [Music] [Applause] [Music]