Physical therapy, occupational therapy, counseling, education, social work. How do you interact with the people? Why do you be why how reflexive will you be? How sensitive will you be to the person the people's around? Then if you are in business, you can advertise. You can use it in labor relations to make it successful. Management of people, marketing. You know these days we talk about flexible work. erh temporary work h people don't want to people want to jump from one work to the other they want to take contract contract work all those one you have to know how people exist last semester I taught a course on sociology of work and what did we come up with the challenge now at the workplace for management is that how do you deal with people who just come in for contract and leave because in the past when you work for a company you have to be you have to give off yourself your whole self you have to be interested in the organization of the company but these days when we enter companies all we want to go and do is to work get our money finish the contract and move on we don't care what happens to the organization so this is also a very useful area that we can apply sociology to broadcasting. What kind of news do you think people should hear? If you go to the uh Aboriginal community, for example, and start talking about how um how do I put it? How Aboriginals are lazy broadcasting and saying how they are lazy, they have not been able to catch up with the Canadian society and all kinds of things. uh it is going to be very difficult for you to uh to push that message across or that news across because it is not a good thing. H they have a reason why they are where they are at. So even in media communication or the area of media the the career area of media you have to be well equipped as a sociologist. So even if you are learning communication they will bring in the sociological aspect of it. When I started learning uh education uh to become a teacher uh we went to class and they said uh the uh sociology of societ sociology of the community or something like that. Then I was I started thinking I mean education no they said sociology of education. So or educational sociology or topic like that what they want to tell us is that the school is not different from the community. So it is called school and society. How does the school impact the community and how does the community impact the school? These two should work together to have a a more comprehensive approach to educating our young ones in society. Then academia all the discipline we have to bring in sociology in h sorry in the past h we I want to get this away from here well in the past uh disciplines used to be very separated with disciplinary boundaries I'm a sociology I'm an economy nothing should enter but some time ago the American social the president of the American sociological association His name was Emmanuel Wenstein and one of the big sociologist. He came up with this ideas that h we should bring the the disciplines the social sciences together. We should bring the social sciences together because you cannot do anthropology without economics. You cannot do geography without history. You cannot do uh history without information study. So all these things are very important. They come together and when you enter into law, why do we find so many Aboriginal people in the prisons? Why do we find uh immigrants in also in the prisons in their numbers? How do we find the blacks in the prison in their h numbers? So these are very very important to when you want to solve a conflict or resolve a conflict, how do you approach it? These all require a sociology. So the field of sociology is very vast. There are concepts a list of them a number of them which I cannot go through with you but I expect you to understand them. What do we mean by alienation? What do we mean by anomy? What do we mean by the bazi? What do we mean by class conflict? What do we mean by colonization? What do we mean by common sense knowledge? As we go along, we'll be discussing this concept. We will not be able to discuss all but I expect you to understand them because they are relevant. They are relevant because throughout your study of sociology, you will come across this throughout your study. Wherever you are, you'll come across some of these concepts or things. So, I want you to h know them. uh when you read your test you see on the side that they have explained the concept. For example, they will write alienation and explaining by it. Alienation is when uh people who work are removed from the work that they do. They do not have any control over the the work process. So they are detached from it mentally and physically in a way it's it's other people who decide for them what this is. And with when we say anomy it just means society is h is disorganized. There is no pattern way of doing things which is disastrous because you want a pattern way in sociology. There is chaos which is not good because when there is chaos in society it become problematic. How many of us have had to run or there is a long a lockdown because they said they suspect a terrorist somewhere or someone with a gun somewhere or a sexual predator somewhere or h people who have jumped prison and they are jail and they are looking for them. uh it everything becomes chaotic because we are running for our life. We they could lock us up in Ottawa University in the all they say don't go out only the security services go out the other people stay indoor this is a lockdown don't go out until we tell you to go out it's anomic situation because you all get disoriented that is not how you are used to living on campus I will not go through the rest as I said because I want us to finish so like I said again I'm repeating the society and the individual. There is an interplay between the two the structure of society and the a the agency the human beings as agent because human being we are not just sitting down we are not passive uh we are active members of society so we make decisions on our own so for example what we eat sorry what I want to what we eat. You see these things. So when I see them, I want to correct them. For example, what we eat, what we wear, h the schools that we choose, the field of study that we choose, partners that we choose, they are all determined by social forces. and at the same time human agency. Why did I eat what I ate this morning? Why did I wear what I'm wearing now? And you too, why did you choose? Why did you choose to study sociology? Why did do are you going to choose your partners or those of you who already have partner? How did you choose your partner? These are products of social forces. H we do know that uh we tend to choose by when we study the family you will understand we tend to choose people who are from our h ethnic group we want to marry from within because we have similarities but at the same time people are very radical and they will say I'm not going to marry from within my group I'm going to step out of my group h to choose my own partner that is the agency part of the active part of the individual and we do it in all spheres. So if I should ask you what did you eat for breakfast this month today and why did you eat it? Who can tell me what did you eat for breakfast this morning? What did you eat for breakfast? And quick quick quick because if we spend time or what did he eat today? Who did he eat breakfast today? Okay. Why? Uh, two eggs and avocado toast. You are what did you eat breakfast today, Melina? Yeah, I had eggs and avocado toast and blueberries. Okay. Why did you have those? Um, blueberries for fiber, avocado toast for the fats, and eggs for the protein and omegas. Okay. What other options did you have? The other options I had this morning? Mhm. Um, oatmeal, um, a smoothie. Uhhuh. Okay. So, if I Okay, thank you. If I should go down the road, you realize that people had other things and that is and maybe they have all the things you have in the fridge, but they didn't. I had what I had because that was what I had available, the quickest thing I could do to be able to come to class. That was why I I had that. So, the things are there, but that was the quickest I could do. I didn't want to do any hard work. I just want to have something to eat otherwise I'll be too weak by the end of the lecture and uh and also to take my medication I have to eat something so I end apam is it appam or apir um sorry I accidentally raised my hand uh yeah apam uhhu so what did you eat or you accidentally oh no I didn't eat anything today sorry Okay. Okay. Good. H the what about the clothes that you wore today? Why did you wear the clothes? Yes. The clothes that you have. I didn't really change my clothes. I'm still my pajamas. That's a good one. That's a very very good one. And you see, could you have h taken the pajamas to h to the university? Um, if I lived in the campus, probably. Yeah. On campus, you can go to school in pajamas. Well, as long as I have my pajama pants and just my hoodie, I should be fine. Ah, okay. And in the past, that's what would be a no no because when I see students in pajamas, I ask them, why are you here with pajamas? What do you put your clothes on? Your outdoor clothes on that kind of a thing. H So who else? Thank you. Who else? So you know h working behind your computer at home gives you that flexibility to even be in your P PJ and work. Some people even will just put on the top and not wear anything down of it. I've watched someone on the TV before an uncle an uncle anchor who just wore the top very well dressed on the top but when the camera went down the table he was naked down there he just was some his punch and it it went viral so that is it and h what about the clothes that you wear h who else who can tell me why they wear the clothes they wear forget about the pajama inside Malik Mhm. Uhhuh. Go ahead. I was going to say factors that influence your choice of clothes or probably You did what? You did what? Speak louder. I said um probably what's available to you. Okay. What is available to you? Like you know shopping malls, what kind of stores are over there? Like because a lot of people just buy from like big brands like you know H&M, Zara. So probably that. Oh, and comfortable clothes. In winter it gets cold, so you got to be comfortable. Okay, good. A very good answer. And Nathan, uh I think people tend to wear the clothes that they wear also based on the factors of what they can afford. Like so similarly to what Malax said, um because like inflation is another thing that influences people their spending. So a lot of people tend to spend on clothes that are not just comfortable but what they can also afford. So maybe like clothes that they wear could be like um cheaper materials. So maybe clothes from like Walmart or from Joresh. Okay. Thank you. Uh the other thing h okay let me tell you h I watch a documentary recently and the woman said h she went to the mall with her son to do something and by the time she realized when they got to the mall her son disappeared and she kept looking he said where is this boy he couldn't find the son so later on he spotted him somewhere then the son said come come and the mother said she was so furious said why did you disappear then she said it's because of the clothes you are wearing you are my mother and you are wearing this skimpy clothes and I spotted my classmates my friends in the mall they will think that you are my girlfriend because of the sort of clothes you are wearing what does that suggest to us you should wear age appropriate clothes you should wear status appropriate clothes. So as someone who is a mother who is an elderly member of society there are some of the things that we are not supposed to wear according to society but that agency part of the the mother told her oh I can do anything that I want h most of the time you are going out to and your parents will tell you are older than this style don't worry or we are going out as parents and our children will say don't worry this again and if you want to refuse they will say if you wear it I'm not going to follow you because they don't like it they don't want you as their mother or father to be in it and you have to change it happens all the time so social factors influence us and we ourselves have an influ I have vowed that even if I grow old I see old people wearing some kind of colors and texture of fabric and and that I'm never going to go there. So I will tell you that I have the jeans that are ripped despite my age and people see me and say you still wearing this. I said yes because I teach young people and I want to be like them. Why did you choose University of Ottawa for your postsecary education that is also a choice that we can make based on social forces and your agency. Why did you choose here, Seline? Um, so for me personally, it's cuz it was like the only school in Ottawa that has a law school. Okay. And it was the closest one because in Ottawa, we only have like two options whether for universities. It could be like either Carlton or U Ottawa. But it could also be like U Ottawa offers a lot of programs that other universities may not in the in the in the city, right? Yeah. Even like just in Canada like the program I'm in doesn't exist anywhere. Okay. Thank you. H so you took uh many factors into consideration. So which but you had to make the informed decision but of course there are people in who have chosen C. So that is also important. So it depends on what we want to do ourselves and what society offers us. H Asana. Is that it? Yeah, that's right. I chose the University of Ottawa because I like that it's like a really researchbased school and I wanted to move here. Okay, good. That's also a very good example. Hanifeha. Oh, have I missed someone? Who is Omar? Hold on. Omar. Omar. Yeah. Yeah. Were you there beforehand? Okay. Go ahead, Anifa. I'll get back to you. So, I chose it because it's a more research intensive university than the other in Carlton. Uh, also it's more it's more life sciences based as a lot of people would agree and that's kind of the that's kind of the subject that I'm more oriented to. Okay. Yeah. So yeah, it really just came down between this one and Carlton and okay for this and that is the structure of universities. So you chose one that benefits you I chose investor for whatever because I think it was the best university on my program cuz I'm coming from Kina. Okay. Okay. Oh, so you are coming to the the the government city and have have you do you visited Otawa before coming? No search it. Okay, good. These are all Kay. Um, I chose U Ottawa because, um, it had a program that I really liked and I could do French immersion here and I thought all that would help me a lot with um, working in government in the future since it's based in Ottawa and so and also I kind of wanted to take a risk and move somewhere really far away because I'm from closer to Toronto. So, yeah. Oh, okay. Okay. So, you all have different factors. Hi. Um, I chose the University of Ottawa because my program was really good and like the one of the two options which I had was like either University of Toronto Toronto or Ottawa and based on the things which I heard of uft, I didn't want to go there. So I came here instead. So the investing structure is there but you made the decision because not everybody who wants to do your program is here. Then Ashley um I chose your Ottawa because it was my second choice and it had a really good uh sort of like medicine focused programs with their new with their new lease building. Yes. And I have a lot of connections to the hospital which is really great for my program. So I decided to stay in Ottawa. So your decision was based on the structure agency. Then I'm going to call only Aita now because she is the one who hasn't spoken to. Um the reason why I chose Ottawa is because I like the history of Ottawa. Um not necessarily the school itself because I was in a different program starting first year in science, but I really do like the history of Ottawa. Okay. Thank you. And uh I've heard a lot from you and I've h identified with this discussion that or I I I've learned from this discussion that I have people from the life sciences in this class which has always been the case. So that is it origin of sociology. Is there anything else you want to add or your hand is just up? Uh no sorry I want to respond for the other question but it's okay. It's okay. Okay. At times I end it because maybe we are spending time on it. I want us to move. H sociology emerge out of the age of enlightenment. How many of you have heard about the enlightenment and what did you hear about it? Mhm. My life to be honest the actually maybe h you can go because I was going to say I don't know I was just going to guess like educated guess what enlightenment was. Okay. Oh, so you don't want to say anything about it? Okay, honey. Mohammed. Um, sorry, I'm not answering the question, but I have a difficult joining from my phone. Like, if I log out from my laptop, I can't join from my phone. When you log in from your laptop, it it works but not in my phone. Like I want to join from my phone but I can't join from the phone. It only works in when I join in the laptop. Okay. Are you do you come to the university? Sorry. Do you come to the university at times? Do I come? Do you are you on campus at certain times of the week? Yes. Okay. go to it for help and tell them you want to join because they are they are responsible for price and assisting as I go there other professors go there so it you will not be an isolated case so anytime you have problem call them over the phone even they have their phone numbers for you you should have them call them and they will assist you okay at times I want to log on and the first week we met last week I wanted to log on and they say log on with work please I log on they say I didn't have access and then I found another thing they say log on from your browser so I went there that was what I was used to and so I logged on with it now it I I it allowed me to use it then now when I come I think they found out that there is a problem I'm sure they've changed that we should log in with our workplace h what platforms or whatever. So that is what I'm using now. So you have to keep figuring it out because we are not close to the people. Technology is good but it has difficulties at times. Kelly, anything you want to say? Um um well I was just going to uh I thought you wanted to ask about um the age of enlightenment like talking about it. Um I was just going to say that um I believe it's a period of time in which there was a strong focus on um intelle on intellectualism and um and a desire for knowledge about the world like um politics and philosophy and such. Yes. And you have to use reason in everything that you do but be rational and you have to experience what you are seeing. Why is this important? It was because before society was based on dogmatism. This is what it is religion and the kings and the queens the monarchy they were making decisions for you and you couldn't question them and they were exploiting people everybody except the the group and this was particularly evident in France. So that was why the French Revolution took place. Although the French Revolution uh uh was uh after the American Revolution, the French Revolution made a mark because it was very uh what the the consequences were deep. It was violent, very very violent. I'm not saying that the American revolution wasn't violent but the rent revolution what I read about it is that or talked about it is that at times all of us will be in a group this meeting in in a meeting and discussing on how to proceed when you get out from the meeting they will just grab you and go and execute you use the gallon guy cut off your head for what your what your crime is nobody will tell you. So it was it is society became very disorganized anonym before the enlightenment this was what was happening. So when they started using reason uh to understand society then they knew they have to move away from that and like I said there were so many social upheavalss the exploitation of people h o oppression of people especially when industrialization started. You see before industrialization they used they work on farms the feudal farms and so people were under the feudal laws and if you're under the feudal lord and they will take care of your children and yourself and other things but when industrialization setting you have to go to the city and work for yourself based on your skill survival of the fittest so you are in the city and it brought about people to different people together who didn't know themselves so it became problematic And in the meantime, the city that the industries were were growing and so the more people population density became a problem in the 18th century and the 19th century. So the technological development and population growth led to some of these upheavalss and they had to find solutions to them and there was no idea out there to tell people that this is what will be done or that is how you should proceed. So new people now have to start thinking about how to deal with the life that they used to know which no longer existed to be able to solve the problem that were emerging in a society. So sociology is in response to h finding solutions to new social problems emerging social problems. Malik sorry uh I think you answered my question by the time I raise my hand. Can you just repeat your last point? So sociology is a response to new social problems. But yes the the you know when you think about traditional society it was peaceful, quiet, stable, the interaction was minimal and so not too many problem. But when you think about industrialization uh people moving from one place to the other h and so it became problematic you didn't know your neighbor how do you interact because in the village or in the countryside you knew all those people around you and you have skills so you want someone who can exchange you can exchange your skills with to be able to coexist. What about housing? People didn't have housing. People didn't have toilet facilities. People didn't have even source of water. People so many things were happening which they wanted to find solution to. And in particular, even the conflict, human conflict, fighting because you were not known to each other. You didn't know people's way of life. Even let me put it this way. when you came to Otawa, there were things that were new to you and there were things that made you angry because that wasn't how life was in your small community. Usually I ask to them who are from the countryside or who are from small communities and they will tell me that in their communities everybody knew them. Everybody knew the day they were born. They knew when their parents got married. They knew when they started school and they knew when they went to university and they knew when to be getting married, who they are dating. So everything is known about you. But when they came to Otawa, nobody even knows you. Whether you are rich or poor, who cares? All we want to see is someone who is close and come to school, finish to come and study. So population density due to technological development is a factor of the growth of sociology. my luck. Uh so just to recap, so in this slide we're talking about the origin of sociology which is a response to new social problems and we're talking about how sociology started at the age of enlightenment because people were using more critical thinking skills. And then so other big times where sociology was like um really advanced was during industrialization and urbanization because like society changed so drastically. People have to study sociology to like acclimate to those social changes. Yes. Okay. And if we say industrialization, industrialization didn't just pick up at once and succeeded. It started slowly. So those slow changes to call for a a steady of the system to be able to solve the problem. Do you get me? So industrialization didn't just pick up in a day. No, it started gradually and each day you woke up changes are taking place. How do we deal with these changes? So get that too. And ization to didn't start it didn't just pick up in a day. It started slowly slowly. When I came to Otawa, the population wasn't like this and the city hadn't spread around. Even where I live, I met a lady here who said when she bought her house, they were the last uh homes h on my street on the street on which I live and all of a sudden go beyond her house and so she cried but now it has expanded beyond be and beyond. You have no idea. So these are the sort of things sociologist are interested in. Okay. So who are the early thinkers? Uh Europe sociology is of European origin. Although the one we study although Africans and Asians and other people will tell you that we were also doing sociology but we did we did not just name it sociology because we were still studying people. H we were still understanding society not. So but then what we study is from the European origin. So the thinkers were Europeans. August K is very well known in sociology. You cannot mention sociology without August K's name. August K was the uh let me get to that place so that I don't jump. August comes first of all was the person who coined the term sociology. He was the term who coined the term sociology and from what we hear if we say sociology in Latin it means that it means social people coming together being with others. So once you h join others there's bound to be problems and that is what sociology studies. So sociology will want to h take it to a level where one day society will be so peaceful for everybody to be comfortable. That is what is it. Then he said that well let's look at this uh from a a different perspective which we are not going to use the systems that of knowledge that used to exist because if we use that we are not going to be scientific enough because the sciences have grown to a certain stage if we really want to understand sociology we should also use science and that is what he call positivism positivism the scientific approach we use in sociology ology was h given to us by com positivism and so that is what we do. There are two things that have associated with or characterized concian sociology. One is social statics and then social dynamic. When he say social status it means the forces that bring people together. And when he say social dynamic is the forces of change. So he has acknowledged that society is characterized by stability and change. Stability and change. The only difference between them and conflict theories come to conflict theories is that he thought that the change will immediately lead society into equilibrium. So society is always or should always be in equilibrium. doesn't happen all the the time. Yeah. Abraham. Abraham. Um I just want to know uh is this uh slide going to be in the exam by any chance? Why? I'm just asking. Yes, it will be because how can we talk about early thinkers without the roots of sociology without talking about the early thinkers? Okay. Yes. All right. Do you have your textbook? Um, no. um adult I this is not my responsibility as such but I would like you to uh get the textbook even if you are going to group to get it you take in reading the textbook no but I did read the chapter though I just wanted to know this part of the thing is it like it's is it going to be specifically on the exam or this is the core of h the chapter okay who who contributed to the establishment of sociology or sociological ideas this is the core maybe I didn't bring it out like that the early thinkers are very important we call them also the classical thinkers I just um sorry didn't you um said what positive is can I think you are breaking. Uh hello. Uhhuh. Um sorry I didn't catch what you said about positivism. Can you positism is the applica because h society is different from the natural sciences. H we can't apply the scientific method as it is applied to society. So K said our approach h you the scientific approach is known as positivism positivism. So sociologist use positivism. Thank you. Okay. Mala. Hi. Sorry. when Aiden was like on the mic, I think he was asking if like on the exam like these are dates and people you want us to memorize or if you just want us to like know that if you said like for example um August that we knew that his focus was social order like I think we just were wondering um ah okay so you wanted to know this because August come stands h first in the discussion of sociology, the emergence of sociology because he gave us the the concept sociology and he told us the two sides of society, the stability part of the stable part and the change aspect of it. So he used the concept statics and h dynamic social dynamic social statics and social dynamic. So it's important. Then we also have Harriet Martin. She was from H the US sort of and she drew attention to social customs and industrialization and immigration and things that were happening at the time. She wanted to help people in society. And what she also did was that she tried to make the work of K available to in other languages. So she contributed to it. But when I was studying sociology, they never brought out Harriet Martin because sociology with the classical theories was very uh patriarchal. It was male bias. They only brought out male h theoreticians. These days they bring they are gradually bringing in the women just to let you know. Then he stensa h gave us the idea of evolutionism because the just like it's not August Com it's August comp her Spencer was an evolutionary theory because sociologist borrow from the biological sciences. So biology believes in evolution and growth. So come her Spencer tried to explain how sociology grows from one stage to another the changes that take place. Then we can talk about Emil. She he was French. Her Spencer was English. Helm was French and Emil was interested in social solidarity. Social solidarity and social facts. If you want to society to be get to be together h then everybody should be united we should h have a united front and so that is also very important and when he talks about social fact he said when we have the group we can identify how the group feels how the group thinks and how the the group how the group acts. So acting, feeling and thinking they are important. As I teach this class now, you started asking so many questions about uh whether this will be on the slide or on the course material, the test material or not. Quickly I started sensing that you were scared of the dates, you scared of the names, but we cannot avoid it. And so h that is the feeling the acting and uh the thinking of the group. So wherever you are according to that it is because these uh ways of feeling acting and thinking are with a group but external to the individual we are able to talk about group identity group behavior we are able to talk about sociology. So when sociology are looking at society they are looking at social fact how are my students going to think how are they going to act and how are they going to feel that is the contribution of that and social solidarity all these people I've talked about now are about social order social stability so they are known as being conservative they think that things should be the way they are they are idealist in a way because They think that society is how what it is and all the time even if changes has taken place we should be able to restore h it to equilibrium without that society will disintegrate they are not after disintegration but red pardon me oh mute yourself That's not your barber. bad. What's the guy you always? No, bro. He's like gone. Who is that guy? Like some Indian. I can't even identify the person. Hey, come. Okay. Masha or Misha, whatever. Yeah. And what's um so the chapter one and chapter 2 like all the chapters that we're required to read the context in um like all the contests in the chapter are going to be on the midterm and exams correct? Yes. Okay. Thank you. I cannot test you on everything that is there because I'm going to give you about 50 multiplechoice questions. So uh it's not everything that I can test you on but the major things like what is the contribution of come to sociology for sure you'll find something like that h what did Spencer contribute what did contribute and I've read the chapter so I know all these things are there h let me also allay your fears because yesterday some people from last year h in the winter I taugh this course they came to visit me in the it and they were asking me about how the class was going. I say we just started h but this time I'm not posting the uh the slides because of the experiences I had because one to your your test is online and so I I don't want to post it because I said some students who email me h during the exam say on what slide is this uh information because they want to go and copy. So I'm not doing that again. I want you to go and most importantly they told me that not all the information that came in the test was on the slide because how can I reproduce the the chapter one dto d for you so that is why I say read it's not difficult just read I know you are student and when you are in the university the question they ask is what are you reading and you say sociology so please read it will come Omar Yeah, just for clarification, you said Herbert Spencer, he studied evolutionary biology or he studied the evolution of sociology with respect to uh humanity. He he app he he he said he was kind of into the sciences. Then he used he shifted to sociology the study of society and used the evolutionary theory to explain the changes that were taking place in society because he lived during the time of the industrial revolution the pro process of the industrial revolution in a way so he was able and he participated fully and so he was he was self-educated man and so he was able to explain some of the things that were happening But let me tell you something about Spencer because Spencer believed in evolution and also used the organismic model saying that society is made up of various part and each part contributes to the whole. He became so conservative that he said if you don't contribute then you should be left to you should be left to die. You shouldn't but that is not the goal of sociology. So often you not see him come up a lot. But when you want to talk about how sociologist use evolutionary theory then it is penser that apply the scientific evolution theory to h the evolution of society or the change that was taking place in society. Perfect. Thank you. Alas, all Oh, sorry. Sorry. This is my English class. I'm saying uh why we can have the PDFs in Brightpace the what the PDFs the the um profess we had this conversation like a week ago uh if she posts the slides no one shows up to class so it's an ongoing thing but like she's not really willing to do that right now but like we're hoping that professor is going to bless us with the slides before I'm returning Oh, all right. Thank you. Okay. Okay. Then the next one is Kalas conflict and we are spending time in discussing this and so we will be behind but whether we are behind or not the the midterm will cover the chapters that I've indicated in the course. Sorry about that. conflict and social change oriented uh thinkers KMA stands out because he talks about conflict being the character of a a society is a characteristic because human beings have needs and they have to get they cannot satisfy the needs of their own. So they have to get together to satisfy these needs uh in cooperation with others and that is the source of conflict because they have to enter into production. So what kind of method do they use which he calls the mode of production? What is the structure of uh the production and what who has the means of production and who doesn't have it? Because means of production means tools and other instruments of production. If you don't have it, then you have to work for others to be able to survive in that society. And this is the source of conflict. And he said this has been an integral part of all historical epochs. So whichever historical era you find yourself or epoch you find yourself, you find this kind of relationship going on. So history is about production and reproduction of society and it's also about human relations. So whether you like it or not, I've come into contact with you because we are in the process of producing something. And so we have to get together. You satisfy my need, I satisfy your need. If I don't come here today, you will leave. If you don't come here today, I won't be able to teach. So this is how it is. Whether you are in the industry, you are somewhere else, you are in education, wherever you are, you are into conflict with one another because of the relationship h that you have. So we cannot leave that out. Then when we go to KMAD, so according to KMA the economics is very important when we discuss a society economic relation which he calls class relation and those class relations are conflict oriented because some people are exploiting others. Then we can talk about MBA. MBA talks about rationalization that when society changes to a point and the economy develop we have to rationalize this because remember at first we just just doing things religion tells us to do this religion this tells us to do that. So he's resorted to a rational calculation of things and that is why we have bureaucratic organization. Large organization started growing and then we have a we have to rationalize the things we do and bureaucracy came into being. So bureaucracy teaches how to organize society systematically and how to what to do the rules of interaction in the bureaucracy that when we take it too far we kind of are uh dissolution within the system as we go through now I know some of you go through the bureaucratic uh procedures in the university and it's very very frustrating very very frustrating So he is noted for that. Then we can talk about North America. All these people were from Europe and so North America started changing uh United State. Robert P comes out. Robert P was at the Chicago University of Chicago and he started studying rural development but later on went to into urbanization. urbanization. He pointed out that industrialization leads to urbanization and urbanization leads to disintegration in society. But as It is unity, social solidarity that brings them back. Then Wet Duba was a black man and he was in Atlanta and he said that what the blacks he's written a lot but one of the things that stand out about him is that h identify the position of blacks in society and he said the blacks have to have double consciousness and that double consciousness is that you have to know that you are black in the first place and you have to know that you are an American. And you can imagine this kind of thought in a a white dominated society in America. So blacks will have to know because they were lynching them, they were killing them, they were exploiting them. So you have you have to know that you are black. What you don't have to do, you don't do. When I used to give talks at during the black history week, some of the black boys will ask me, h we go out and the the police get us and they harass us. And I said, "Why are you there at that time?" I said, "What time is it?" He said, "3:00 a.m." "Why are you there at 3:00 a.m.?" 3:00 a.m. you are supposed to be in bed. I said, "But the white people are there." And I said, "But you know that when you go, they will get you." And so why do you go? You don't have to go all the time or you find a way around it. So you have to be conscious that you are black and you have to be conscious that you are Canadian but you have to be conscious of the cing system that used to be in place. So take care of yourself rather than thinking that society will take care of you. H Ida H black uh I sorry I well B also was an American who talked about uh the uh the stat statistically proven lynching of black people because in those days they could even come up with a public notice that these people are going to be lynched or going to be executed and they will do all kinds of. So he drew attention to how blacks were suffering in that society. Then h Jane Adams focus on helping or I don't have it here so I'll just uh leave it but when you read you uh find it. Then in Canada we have SD Clark. What did he do? He was in the University of Toronto and he was the first chair of the university, the first chair of sociology department in that university. Before him, we also have the University of Manuel but in the previous book it was there but now it is not. And so in 1925 the magill university was built in h Montreal and the sociology was introduced in a way but this was by K Dawson and Everett Hughes and they did that then SD Clark came in later but I don't know why they dropped them now from this book but brought in retain SD Clark and John Potter. SB Clark like I said became the first year of sociology in H Toronto University and John Potter taught at Caring University taught at Toronto and Harvard. What did she he do? He said that h Canada claims to be multicultural but it's only the British the those of British descent who control everything. So he calls it the fetical mosaic. This was as far back as 1965. has this changed h now no so in terms of John Potter his study was so deep that h the government couldn't ignore it and uh because of that there is a a a lecture series on him in the university of at the counting university most of the time every year annual lectures on him so although sociology started from uh Britain uh sorry from Europe with the classical thinking with time Americans have to respond based on the uh changes that were taking place in society and the realities they face to come up with uh the theories that we have and in our own Canada things also changed for a very long time until recently many of the professors who came to who were in the universities were from America because that was where the universities were. Canada didn't have so many of the professors, the oldtime professor until recently because now they are retiring and new people are coming in they were from other places particularly America. The bookstore was managed by is still managed by America. So the bookstore we have is not a Canadian book store. So questions that I can ask why did these people the sociologist chose what they wanted to do? Why did K or K chose what he wanted to do about science and the definition of sociology? Why denim focus on the social issues that he had at the time? What are some of the social issues in Canada? Now if you want to study Canada what will you study? What are the contributing factors in the perception of identify social issues? How do we perceive those social issues? What are the reason especially it will be social factors and maybe individual experiences. Which of these issue relate to microlevel discussions and macro level discussion? I've told you that at the macro level we are dealing with issues that are kind of intimate at the family level friendship between two people h very micro the the the the minutest nature of relationship two people three people but what of them are at the macro level the macro level is when we get into the institution for example university of towa what is the impact What are the social issues with the University of Ottawa? What impact is it having on the of the student? So you'll be able to h tell me that can we differentiate between common sense knowledge and sociological knowledge or research. Can we do this? And that is the next step I'm going in. But before I do that, I told you that dark that can focus on h stability and change and focus on social solidarity and focus on social how people feel, think and act. And he said that suicide was one of the ways. And suicide when according to him when society is very well integrated you want to die for that society and when it is h also anomic or disorganized then you feel disoriented and you can also kill yourself. Before then they thought that suicide was caused by mental issues and other evil forces. But it was DM who proved that suicide is caused by h the nature social forces the nature of society. Let me take you back to the time some time ago about 5 years ago there were incidents of suicide in the Aboriginal community that caused uphe society that everybody was thinking how do we stop this how especially among the youth and I don't know how that has been dealt with or why they don't publicize it these days too much is because their society is disintegrated they don't have any place to go to h look for help or they have places but it's not working out for them. So that is why let me also find out from you what are some of the pressing social issues in Canada now? What are the social issues pressing in Canada and what kind of theory is it? The h the stable society stable oriented theories that we use or the conflict oriented theories that we use. What are some of the pressing social issues in Canada now? I'm listening. Um like Oh, sorry. Um for like one social issue in Canada that I think of would be um poverty and income inequality where like Canadians are struggling with low wages, food insecurity and they lack financial support. Okay. So who would like to look at this? The theory is that the the thinkers that have identified the classical theory who would like to if you want to look at it which of them will you use which explanation will you use and it's not to the one who answer identify the social program any of you who is willing to do that so who should I call whose hand was up first at times I lose track of the way the malac Uh, so sorry you're asking with what Nathan said, what term we Okay, I think it would count as class conflict, right? Cuz um there's definitely like a system of hierarchy we see financially. And as a society, we could structure ourselves differently so poverty isn't as much of an issue. But because of class conflict, they're definitely like like people with a lot a lot of money and people in power like to keep it that way and aren't willing to I guess compromise. Okay, thank you. Uh Kelly, um well uh well I was just going to suggest unemployment because especially among youth because that's a huge issue um currently. But um I guess that's kind of similar to class inequality. Yes. So it's a macro level issue. H what about um I see a lot of issues with like mental health in our society. Okay. And why the mental health? What do you think? Um I can't really think of anything right now. Okay. Okay. Who will help? Why do we have mental issues? Okay, Hanife, why mental issues? I was having another answer about like social issues that we have in Canada. Mhm. I think cost of living like the housing is very expensive and all this stuff. So what you have identified it's a an issue of it's a macro macro level issue and those were the things the classical theorist talked about in terms of mental health some of most of the mental health issues we have now are from h drug use and why the drug use why are we not able to control access to drugs and that the use has so much assense and they are using it. Why should they be injecting themselves and other things? So we've lost control over those things. So that is a social issue. H seems to be personal by the structure is responsible for making this happen. That is a sociological analysis. which category of people are using the drugs and which like class, race, gender and other thing. Think about it. Those are the things that we use in analyzing society. And before we can arrive at those conclusions, we should be able to say h we have researched into it. If you don't research into it, then you are going to think about it in terms of oh h this is what happened. this person is that that person is that and becomes a problem for us. So let's think about it before we h the two hands are are they for different reasons or the same issue that I raised. I was going to um say one of the social issues that I think is really important um uh like doctors in Canada. Mhm. there are not a lot of doctors and that um affects um there's like a lot of weight times in a hospital especially kids uh like GIO um you know 10hour plus wait times and um um if you want to um get like see your kid to a specialist it takes a lot of times to see them and that is really um that's affecting a lot of families and yeah okay okay you mentioned that even you are talking about 10our wait you can go there for 24 hours 15 hours and even if you want an appointment with a doctor it will take you uh maybe a year or a year and a half and these are chronic h diseases and so if you are to wait for such a long time some of the people just decide to take their life. So society is disorganized in terms around health. Doctors are leaving but we are not getting h replacement for them. Wouldn't that be a pressure on it? But society is supposed to provide it. If I say society, government is supposed to be responsible for these things for us when it comes to common sense. We will get to it next because I don't know the assumptions. So look at the theoretical framework that we will use the functionalist, the conflict, the feminist, the symbolic interaction and the post structural. They are all explained in your book depending on how they approach society. They the functionalist will tell you that society is like an organism. All the parts come together to work for the survival and the whole. If there is a dysfunction on one in one act or institution, it threatens the stability of society. The court will tell you that society is characterized by inequality and there's a constant struggle between people, different classes and is economic struggle or power struggle and the arrangement still exist because it benefits some people. Then the functional the feminists will tell you that well it's a patriarchal system hierarchically array men have more power than women and they have access to resources than women economic and social privileges than women. H some people have power. H maybe I was going to delete that and I forgot but yes some people have power more than others and so this explains why we have gender inequality in society and it keeps being perpetuated because we are not doing anything about it. The symbolic interaction will tell you that it is the sum of the interaction of people and group that makes an understanding of society. How you understand the the system is how you behave. So what you learn from the system is how you you react in the system. How do we interpret my interaction with you so far? How do I communicate with you? How do you understand? How do you make sense of it? That will influence your experiences. I remember one person asked, "Am I going to post this for the class?" And another person said she she doesn't think she's going to because she said the class attendance drops when she does it. And I added that people asked me for this h what the the slide of the question so that they copy. So I said no I'm not doing this again. I'll help you as much as possible to do this. Then the postraalist will tell you that hey everything these people are saying about society the earlier theories is wrong. We have to look at the h inner workings of society because they haven't be able to explain how society exists to us. The the earlier theories talk about the nature of this thing and then they they project it on everybody. It is universal. But then the postr perspective say there's nothing universal about this because you are being essentialist thinking that this is how things are supposed to be. And so uh it is not we have to interrogate and find out what it is. So it's a critical h thought or a critical theory that tries to debunk the whole or to to cut into pieces the previous theories. So I think my time is passed. I will stop here and when we come we will continue. I'm one minute past but I'll be sitting here. Those of you who have questions, please, you are h welcome to ask. Let me see. H some of you said they were coming to see me in the office on uh this is the last slide. They are going to see me in the office yesterday, but they didn't show up. I'm still available because they were coming to give me suggestions on how to make the lecture slides available to them. Yes. Any questions? Mala, are you there? Uhhuh. Kelly, um, when is our first assessment? Check your course outline, please. Okay. Have a good day. I bet you too me.