Hey everybody. Dr. O here. This short video I want to talk about filtration. So, we have two type of filtration we are going to talk about, filtration in the air and filtration in liquids. So first we have. We do have HEPA filtration. So HEPA stands for High-efficiency particulate air filters. Any filter. Any air filter with pore size of .3 micrometers or smaller is a HEPA filter. So that’s. You’ve heard of HEPA filters. Ah when I was in college, they were rare and expensive. Now like our vacuums has them. We have several around the house. So that’s HEPA filtration to removed microbes from air. Very important right? Think about the microbes being filtered in the healthcare environment etc. etc. I want to focus a little more on membrane filtration. So, membrane filtration is a great way to um. To remove microbes from liquids. Now the key here is heat sensitive materials. So, a membrane filter. I have a page. Pictures here just showing how the pore sizes are going to impact what travels through it. So, a membrane filter has to have a pore size of .2 micrometers or smaller. This image is really cooler, you can actually see those pores and see the microbes being captured they can’t travel through. So, this is a way to actually sterilize things that can’t heat up. That. That you can’t um that are heat sensitive. So, I’ve even seen pores now as small as .08 micrometers and I’m sure they’ll keep getting smaller. So, you can actually sterilize, even removing you know bacteria or getting to the point we’re removing viruses and prions and these kinds of things. So, if you need to remove microbes from something without heating it up. Filtration is the way to go. Um so when, what explains would we have here. So, we have a few here. Um vitamins, antibiotics and then any other heat-sensitive components but the main one I want to talk about is vaccines. Right, vaccines at this point. Have to be refrigerated, they cannot be heated up. So, filtration is a great way to quote on quote, you know sterilize a vaccine. Ah without. Without cooking it. So obviously antibiotics are just as important but the reason why I want to talk about vaccines is because this is a huge issue right. Some experts believe that half the vaccines that are inministered around the globe are useless because you couldn’t maintain the cold chain. Which means they didn’t stay refrigerated the entire time. Right, you got um. You have some country have less refrigerators than are, you know, are college campus has or um some country have refrigeration but there is only power um sometimes right and it’s spotty. So, refrigeration is a huge issue in many parts of the world. So, you take these very, very heat-sensitive vaccines and antibiotics and you have them. You know you you travel around countries with them inside Styrofoam coolers. It just doesn’t work. So, we’ll talk about this more with vaccines but in the future. If you were to tell me, what’s the one thing you would do to make vaccines better. Obviously, I want them to be more effective and and less side effects and whatever all cheaper. All these things but um vaccines that do not require refrigeration would be my number one Choice. So, filtration just remember it’s a, it’s a critically important way to control microbial growth when you can’t use heat. Those are two examples HEPA filtration for the air. Membrane filtration for liquids. I hope this helps, have a wonderful day, be blessed.