hello children in this video we are going to learn about the lesson india in the 18th century this is the history lesson 4 for the class 8 icse ford the mughal empire had began to show signs of decay during the reign of aurangazepa after his death in 1707 the empire declined rapidly the king who ruled after aurangazeb were called the later muhal so what is who are the later mughals the kings who ruled after aurangazeb were called later muhammad it was during muhammad shah's reign that nadisha invaded india later ahamasha abdali also invaded india the mughal's empire would never recover from the devastating effects of these invasions while the empire tried to retain a token of its earthquake glory many region regional kingdoms arose to challenge the mughal's authority in the 18th century the french and the english trading companies too joined the regional kingdoms in their struggle for power in this lesson india in the 18th century we have three main parts the first part decline of mughal empire second part regional kingdoms and the third part is the marathas in the decline of mughal affair some factors for the downfall of the empire are revoltary among the nobles next is jahidari crisis then mansabdari crisis weak military administration wars of succession aurangazeb's policies foreign innovation and weak successes are some of the reasons let's see the rivalry among the nobles there was a constant struggle for power among the nobility which comprised the taurani's iranis and hindustanis they acted the king maker and became direct contenders for power deposing and raising princes to the throne to further their own interest peter rivalries and jealousies hamburg the smooth functioning of the empire next is jahidari crisis the mughals had introduced the jakhitari system under the system democracy paid their offices jahis in layu of their services by the end of the 17th century there was a scramble for a few remaining jahil a lot of crown land was converted into jockey land this decreased the rule as a share of revenue and the consequently his power declined further months of dhari crisis under the of dairy credit system the month served there was required to maintain the fixed cost of troops every month up there was assigned as taxes from which equal to his salary the month after was expected to collect the revenue from his jackie and with the money collector maintained his household and pay his troops the mantha 3 system faced a crisis in later half of the 17th century the number of months of thus increased rapidly due to shortage of profitable jaw heaps and the gradual weakening of the centralized control the month of dusk grew lags in maintaining the number of troops that was required of them this affected the military strength of the empire weak military administration the failure on the part of the month of days to maintain the required number of troops and the inability of the mughals to adopt new wire fire technology undermined the military might of the empire not only was the equipment outdated the artillery wing of the army was also neglected further little effort was made to develop a navy in the wake of foreign invasion the empire failed to defend itself next year wars of succession the mughals followed no clear rules of success every prince considered himself to be a next ruler the death of an empire emperor therefore was almost always followed by the war of successor this was not only caused a financial train on the empire but also invariably led to a loss of men and equipment moreover a quick succession of rulers added to the political instability of the empire next aurangazeb's policies aurangazeb's prolonged decant campaign and his numerous wars with the sikh and the marathas left him with little time to attend administrative means of the empire in such a scenario the empire tortured towards decline foreign invasions the invention of nadisha the ruler of persia in 1739 shook the mughal empire he took away the famous kohinoor diamond and the pika throne of shah between 1748 and 1767 ahmed shah abdullah invaded northern india several times he defeated the marathas in the third battle of panipat it was happened in the year 1761 and it destroyed the maratha ambition of becoming the supreme power of the india as a result of these innovations the already torturing mughal empire reached the verge of collapse it was increasingly confined to the area in and around delhi big successes the successes of our regime were weak none had the personality or the administrative acumen of the great muslim being inept the name later mughals left the affair of the empire in the hands of their nobles and governors many of these governors established independent kingdoms these regional kingdoms emerged a rival centers of power the mughal dynasty continued till 1858 when the british removed mahadusha jaffa the reigning mughal emperor from the throne and brought the end of empire next part regional kingdoms on the ruins of the mughal empire there arose many regional kingdoms three of the largest provinces to become independent where bengal abarth and hyderabad and some other regions are rohil and bharatpur under the jars the rajputs pancho panda sikhs and maizur let's see about bengal murshid kulikan was made the governor of bengal in 1770 taking advantage of a weak sender he began to rule independently he made murshidabad his capital in 1727 he was succeeded by such a hudi who ruled till 1739. after him ali verdi khan and then siraj udava ruled bengal the rulers of bengal improved the administration they encouraged agriculture industry and trade poor farmers were given loans strict control was maintained over the collection of custom duties in the 18th century bengal became one of the most prosperous regions of india it was this prosperity that attracted the british to it the historic battle of classy that was happened in the year 1757 and the battle of baghdad that was happened in the year 1764 firmly established british power in the region next avatar in 1722 muhammad shah appointed sardar khan as the governor of awadh the jaminda safar rose the rebellion and refused to pay taxes on time sadaqah suffers to the rebellious jamindas and reformed with the revenue system he held the combined office of zupada that is political head fausta that is the military hand and the demand head of the revenue he virtually ruled out about as an independent ruler he was succeeded in 1739 by jeff dutcher jefferson and his successors were able administrators people of our birth experienced a period of peace and prosperity under the navaps lucknow the capital was a major center of art and culture hyderabad chin kulich khan was a powerful noble in the court of arukshire and mohammed shah he was awarded the title of nizamul mulk as of ja and given the responsibility of governing that account provinces he carved out the states of hyderabad in 1724 which he ruled as an independent ruler he appointed mansur mansabdas and granted them jahis without seeking permission from the muhammad shah who was powerless to stop him he had to accept the decisions made by ching village khan the successes of nizam ulmark were known as muslims rohil khan the rohillas and afghan tribe were concentrated in the moradabath barilli region taking advantage of nardisha's impression ali muhammad khan established control over this region it later came to be known as rohil khan the regulars often clashed with the neighboring kingdoms of avar and delhi and with the jars and the marathas the charts were farmers who lived around delhi madra and agra they founded the independent kingdom of bharatpur shuraman badan singh and suraj mal were powerful jar chiefs after the tata suraj mall in 1763 the power of the jazz declined the area under their control was divided among the small subaida the rajputs most of the rajput kings since the rain of agba had been allies of the mughals however many of them revolted during the reign of aurangazeb by the early 18th century most of the rajput states had become independent the most renowned rajput ruler of this period was savaira raja jaisin of amber he encouraged the teaching and learning of science he founded the city of jaipur and made it is eating his capital he was also interested in astronomy and built many observatories in delhi jaipur madras banaras now that is the banner is called varnasi one job under the sikhs the sikh's head became powerful under guru gobind singh after his death the leadership passed into the hands of ubuntu he continued to fight against the mughals in the second half of the 18th century the sikhs were organized into political groups called missiles then these were 12 missiles in all each missile had its own leader who controlled the specific area and found against the other missiles towards the end of the 18th century maharaja ranjitsi the leader of sugar chakra methyl united all the missiles under and established the kingdom of punjab became the powerful kingdom under hyder hyderali he started his career as a food soldier and gradually rose through the ranks to become the ruler of maizur in 1761. as a ruler he controlled the rebellious jamindas and improved the conditions of the farmers he also modernized the army with the help of the french he established the modern art panel at syndical in 1769 hyderally defeated the british forces in the first anglo-mysore war tipu sultan after hyderalis death in 1782 his son tipu sultan popularly called the tiger of the mysore continued his fight with the british the post deeply influenced by the idea of a french revolution he introduced modern weapons in the army and made a force to build the modern navy he also realized the importance of trade and industry and tried to modernize the industries of his kingdom he died defending his capital serena pertinent against the british in 1799 the marathas the marathas had a humble origin till the early 17th century they were minor chief times serving in the kingdoms of ahmad nafar bijapur and kolpanda when these kingdoms became weak the marathas declared themselves independent it was siwaji who carved out the powerful kingdom in the konkan region shivaji was followed by weak successor in the 18th century power passed into the hands of the peshwas it was under them that the marathas became the dominant regional power rise of the veswas from 1713 to 1761 the peshwas control the maratha empire in 1713 shivaji's grandson shahu appointed balaji vishwanath as his peshwa or chief minister he was an able administrator and helped shahu control the maratha chiefs in course of time the peshwa became the real decision maker balaji vishwanath his period was 1713-1720 balaji vishwanath took advantages of the weakness of the later mughals and captured more territories he forced farook sierra to return all the territories which had been under shivaji besides this maratha also got the right to collect chaos and sartesh mukhi that is the type of taxes from six provinces in the decca bajirao won his period 1720 to 1740. bajirao once succeeded balaji vishwanathan he conquered malwa southern gujarat and the parts of bundle khan towards the south he defeated the nizam of hyderabad and got the right to collect taxes from some provinces of the decca he also captured sulset and the basin from the portuguese he is known as the fighting beshwa as he spent more of his life fighting wars balaji bhajirao his period was 1740 to 1761. balaji bajirao was the next peshwa after the death of sago in 1749 he became the head of the marathas he shifted the capital from satara to puna during his reign the maratha armies reached as far as pancha and rajasthan in the north and bengal and orisha in the east the kingdoms of maizur and hyderabad were forced to see the territories and pay tribute to the mother marathas under balaji bajirao maratha power was at its greatest the third battle of panipat the year 1761. balaji bajirao's expansion towards the north brought the marathas in conflict with ahmad shabdali the leader of afghan forces the two armies met in panipat in year 1761. while nazim uddawla and rohil of roshikar and suja dawla of awar helped the afghans the marathas had no life as a result the marathas were easily defeated several factors were responsible for the failure of marathas to establish an holiday embark let's see all the factors one by one the maratha chiefs lacked unity they fought amongst themselves the five groups that is the peshwas of puna cake words of paroda boneless of nagpur whole cast of indore and cynthia's of gwalior were enmeshed in pretty delicious and failed to unite for a common cause the marathas alimected other rulers by riding their kingdoms and leaving taxes and tributes the marathas made no attempts to improve the administration of the territories under them as a result they would not gain the loyalty of the people next to the marathas neglected trade and industry known did they encourage science and technology they also failed to develop a modern army and did not adopt modern european techniques of the warfare the defeat in panipat entered the possibility of the marathas establishing an all india empire various maratha chiefs broke away from the empire and started ruling over small kingdoms the third battle of panipat gave the english east india company an opportunity to consolidate its power in india you