Lecture Notes: The Medici Family and the Renaissance

Introduction to the Medici Family

• The Medici family ruled Florence for over a century.
• They were a central part of the Florentine Renaissance.
• Two cousins, Giovanni and Giulio de Medici, sought to regain the family’s power after a revolution.

Michelangelo and Art in Florence

• Michelangelo Buonarroti, a dedicated artist, began working on a 13-foot block of marble in 1501.
  • Known for his workaholic nature and dedication.
  • Developed techniques to handle marble and reduce dust.
• Michelangelo was originally associated with the Medici family.
• The sculpture, David, became a symbol of resistance against Medici power.

Political Turmoil and the Medici Return

• Florence experienced a civil war, leading to the Medici's exile.
• Giovanni became a Cardinal; Giulio became a Priest.
• The Medici aimed to return to power with papal support.
• Michelangelo distanced from the Medici during their absence.

Michelangelo’s David

• Initially meant for the Cathedral, it was moved to a public space.
• Became a symbol of Florentine independence and resistance.

The Medici in Rome

• Giovanni and Giulio de Medici played significant roles in Rome.
• Giovanni became Pope Leo X, bringing prestige back to Florence.
  • Practiced nepotism, promoting family members to powerful positions.

Papal Extravagance and Financial Troubles

• Leo X indulged in lavish lifestyles, leading to financial strain.
• Indulgences were sold to raise money, leading to Martin Luther's protest.
  • Luther’s 95 Theses criticized the church and indulgence sales.
  • Initiated the Protestant Reformation.

Martin Luther and the Reformation

• Luther’s manifesto spread rapidly, questioning church practices.
• Leo X excommunicated Luther, deepening the division in Christianity.

Pope Clement VII and the Sack of Rome

• Giulio de Medici became Pope Clement VII, inheriting a Europe in crisis.
• Rome was sacked in 1527 by Lutheran forces.
• Clement fled and later escaped to Florence.

Florence and the Medici’s End

• Florence experienced rebellion against Medici rule.
• Michelangelo sought refuge during the revolt.
• The Medici’s only legitimate heir, Catherine, played a crucial political role.

Catherine de Medici’s Impact

• Married into French royalty, spreading Medici influence to France.

Michelangelo’s Last Judgement

• Commissioned by Clement, reflecting the tumult of the time.
• Depicted a dramatic and expressive view of the Last Judgement.

Conclusion

• The Medici Popes’ reign ended with Clement VII's death.
• The Medici dynasty’s influence remained through art and politics.
• Set the stage for future scientific advancements in the Renaissance.