Chapter 1
THE EVOLUTION OF PSYCHOLOGY
1.1 Psychology’s Early History
A New Science is Born
The Battle of the “Schools” Begins: Structuralism Versus Functionalism
Freud Brings the Unconscious into the Picture
Watson Alters Psychology’s Course as Behaviorism Makes Its Debut
Skinner Questions Free Will as Behaviorism Flourishes
The Humanistic Revolt
1.2 Psychology’s Modern History
Psychology Comes of Age as a Profession
Psychology Returns to Its Roots: Renewed Interest in Cognition and Physiology
Psychology Broadens Its Horizons: Increased Interest in Cultural Diversity
Psychology Adapts: The Emergence of Evolutionary Psychology
Psychology Moves in a Positive Direction
1.3 Psychology Today: Vigorous and Diversified
Research Areas in Psychology
Professional Specialties in Psychology
1.4 Seven Unifying Themes
Themes Related to Psychology as a Field of Study
Themes Related to Psychology’s Subject Matter
1.5 PERSONAL APPLICATION: Improving Academic Performance
Developing Sound Habits
Improving Your Reading
Getting More out of Lectures
1.6 CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION: Developing Critical Thinking Skills: An
Introduction
The Skills and Attitudes of Critical Thinking
The Need to Teach Critical Thinking
An Example
1.1 Key Learning Goals
* Summarize Wundt’s contributions to psychology, and describe the chief tenets of structuralism and functionalism
* Articulate Freud’s principal ideas and why they inspired controversy.
* Trace the development of behaviorism, and assess Watson’s impact on the evolution of psychology.
* Summarize Skinner’s key insights, and explain the emergence of humanism and its underlying philosophy.
1.2 Key Learning Goals
* Discuss how historical events contributed to the emergence of psychology as a profession.
* Describe two trends emerging in the 1950s-1960s that represented a return to psychology’s intellectual roots.
* Explain why Western psychology has shown an increased interest in cultural variables in recent decades.
* Discuss the emergence and basic ideas of evolutionary psychology and positive psychology.
1.3 Key Learning Goals
* Discuss the growth of psychology, and identify the most common work settings for contemporary psychologists.
* List and describe the major research areas and professional specialties in psychology.
1.4 Key Learning Goals
* Understand the text’s three unifying themes relating to psychology as a field of study.
* Understand the text’s four unifying themes relating to psychology’s subject matter.
1.5 Key Learning Goals
* Discuss some strategies for promoting adequate study, improving reading comprehension, and getting more out of lectures.
1.6 Key Learning Goals
* Explain the nature of critical thinking, and evaluate evolutionary explanations for gender differences in spatial abilities.
COLLEGE BOARD COURSE AND EXAM DESCRIPTION
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
1.A Apply psychological perspectives, theories, concepts, and research findings to a scenario
* Explain how psychological perspectives, theories, concepts, or research findings apply to a scenario.
* Compare and contrast how perspectives or theories explain behavior and mental processes
* Draw logical and objective conclusions about behavior and mental processes
Key Terms
Wilhelm Wundt
Edward Titchener
Structuralism
Introspection
William James
Functionalism
Mary Whiton Calkins
Margaret Floy Washburn
Leta Stetter Hollingsworth
Sigmund Freud
Unconscious
Evolutionary psychology
Positive psychology
Psychometrics
Educational psychology
Health psychology
Psychoanalytic theory
John B. Watson
Behaviorism (behaviorist perspective)
Behavior
B.F. Skinner
Humanism (humanistic perspective)
Carl Rogers
Abraham Maslow
Clinical psychology
Cognition
Cognitive perspective
Biological perspective
Personality
Clinical psychology
Counseling psychology
School psychology
Industrial/organizational psychology
Psychiatry
Empiricism
Theory
Culture
Critical thinking
Psychology
Developmental psychology
Social psychology
Experimental psychology
Physiological psychology
Cognitive psychology