AP Human Geography Review

Introduction

• The review video is a summary of all seven units of AP Human Geography.
• Goal: Quick review of main concepts before AP test or final exam.
• Detailed topic reviews and the "Ultimate Review Packet" are available for in-depth study resources.

Unit 1: The Nature and Perspectives of Geography

Key Concepts:

• Maps: Thematic, reference maps, and map projections.
  • Map projections often have distortion (shape, area, distance, direction).
  • GIS (Geographic Information Systems) layers data on maps, revealing spatial relationships.
• Research: Qualitative vs. Quantitative.
  • Quantitative uses numerical data (e.g., census).
  • Qualitative assesses attitudes, beliefs, and feelings.
• Spatial Concepts:
  • Technology decreases distance decay, increases connectivity.
  • Environmental determinism vs. possibilism.
• Scale and Scale of Analysis:
  • Scale of analysis (how data is organized) vs. scale (amount of Earth's surface viewed).
• Regions:
  • Functional/nodal, perceptual/vernacular, formal/uniform regions.

Unit 2: Population and Migration

Key Concepts:

• Population Distribution and Density
  • Arithmetic, physiological, and agricultural densities.
• Population Dynamics
  • CBR, CDR, NIR, sex ratios, doubling time, dependency ratios.
  • Population pyramids and Demographic Transition Model (DTM).
• Migration Patterns
  • Push and pull factors (economic, political, social, environmental).
  • Forced vs. voluntary migration.
• Malthus and Neo-Malthusians
  • Concerns about carrying capacity and resource limits.

Unit 3: Cultural Patterns and Processes

Key Concepts:

• Culture and Identity
  • Cultural relativism vs. ethnocentrism.
  • Cultural landscape and societal norms.
• Diffusion
  • Relocation and expansion (hierarchical, contagious, stimulus).
• Globalization and Cultural Resistance
  • Acculturation, assimilation, syncretism, multiculturalism.
• Religions
  • Universalizing vs. ethnic religions; diffusion and cultural impact.
• Language
  • Language families, diffusion, and cultural landscape impact.

Unit 4: Political Organization of Space

Key Concepts:

• Nations and States
  • Nation, state, nation-state, multinational state, stateless nation.
• Political Power and Boundaries
  • Colonialism, imperialism, neocolonialism.
  • Types of boundaries: relic, antecedent, subsequent, consequent, superimposed, geometric.
• Gerrymandering and Electoral Systems
• Unitary vs. Federal States
• State Sovereignty and Supranational Organizations
• Devolution: Transfer of power from national to regional governments.

Unit 5: Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Key Concepts:

• Agricultural Practices
  • Intensive (near population centers) vs. extensive agriculture (farther from population centers).
• Settlement Patterns
  • Clustered, dispersed, linear.
• Agricultural Revolutions
  • First, second, and green revolutions.
• Economic Impacts
  • Commercial vs. subsistence agriculture.
  • Value-added specialty crops.
• Women in Agriculture
• Bid Rent Theory

Unit 6: Cities and Urban Land Use

Key Concepts:

• Urban Models and Theories
  • Concentric zone, sector, multiple nuclei, galactic models.
• Challenges of Urbanization
  • Gentrification, infrastructure, public transportation.
• Sustainable Urban Development
  • Smart growth, new urbanism, urban growth boundaries.

Unit 7: Industrial and Economic Development

Key Concepts:

• Economic Sectors
  • Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary.
• Global Trade and Industry
  • Neoliberal policies, international division of labor.
• Economic Indicators
  • GDP, GNP, GNI, HDI, GII.
• Women in the Economy
• Development Theories
  • Rostow's stages of economic growth, Wallerstein's world system theory.

Conclusion

• Review video aims to prepare students for AP test or final exams.
• Additional resources available for deeper understanding.