EDXL GCSE Biology Paper One Overview
Key Topics Covered
- Cells and Control
- Genetics
- Natural Selection and Genetic Modification
- Health, Disease, and Medicines
Key Concepts
Cells
- Types of Cells:
- Eukaryotic Cells: Have a nucleus (e.g., plant and animal cells)
- Prokaryotic Cells: Do not have a nucleus
- Both contain organelles such as ribosomes, mitochondria, etc.
- Microscopy:
- Light microscopes vs. Electron microscopes
- Calculating cell size: magnification = image size / object size
- Cell Structures:
- Cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, chloroplasts, and vacuoles
Enzymes
- Function as biological catalysts
- Types of Enzymes:
- Amylase: Breaks down starch into glucose
- Proteases: Break down proteins into amino acids
- Lipases: Break down fats into glycerol and fatty acids
- Enzyme Activity:
- Lock and key model
- Affected by temperature and pH
Biological Processes
- Diffusion and Osmosis:
- Movement from high to low concentration
- Osmosis: Specific to water
- Active Transport:
- Uses energy to move substances against their concentration gradient
Cell Division
- Mitosis: Cell division for growth and repair
- Meiosis: Cell division for producing gametes
- Specialized and Stem Cells:
- Stem cells can differentiate into specific cell types
Genetics
- DNA and Chromosomes:
- DNA stored in chromosomes; humans have 23 pairs
- Diploid vs. Haploid cells
- Genetic Variation and Inheritance:
- Sexual vs. Asexual reproduction
- Genetic Engineering:
- Altering genetic material in organisms
Nervous System
- Components:
- Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Reflex arcs and conscious decision-making
- Brain Functionality:
- Cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata
Evolution and Natural Selection
- Darwin's Theory: Survival of the fittest
- Lamarckism and Epigenetics
- Antibiotic Resistance
Health and Disease
- Communicable vs Non-Communicable Diseases
- Pathogens: Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protists
- Vaccines and Immunity
- How vaccines work to prevent diseases
Medicines and Treatments
- Antibiotics: Specifically target bacteria
- Drug Development and Trials
- The process of testing drugs for efficacy and safety
Advanced Topics (Triple Only)
- Monoclonal Antibodies: Used for treatment and diagnosis
- Cloning and Genetic Modification
These notes summarize the essential information from the EDXL GCSE biology paper one, covering key concepts in cells, genetics, health, and evolution. Use these notes to review and understand the fundamental topics covered in the exam.