Notes on Language Acquisition Theory by Stephen Krashen

Introduction

• Importance of understanding language acquisition process.
• Stephen Krashen is a key figure in this field.
• Steve Kaufmann introduces Krashen's theories and materials.

Recommended Reading

• Krashen has published multiple books on language acquisition.
• Suggested to visit his website for free materials about language learning.

Core Hypotheses of Language Acquisition

1. Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis

   • Two independent processes:
     • Language Acquisition: Subconscious, natural language development.
     • Language Learning: Deliberate, formal education approach.
   • Main point: Most language ability develops subconsciously rather than through formal instruction.

2. Natural Order Hypothesis

   • There is a specific order in which languages are acquired that is not tied to simplicity or complexity of the grammar.
   • Example: in English, the progressive form (e.g., "I am going") is learned earlier than the third person singular (e.g., "he goes").
   • Teaching does not necessarily influence the natural order of acquisition.

3. Monitor Hypothesis

   • Knowledge of grammar serves as a 'monitor' for language use.
   • Overthinking rules can inhibit fluent speaking.
   • The monitor contributes minimally to language acquisition.

4. Input or Comprehension Hypothesis

   • Language is acquired through understanding comprehensible input.
   • Emphasizes that engaging with messages we understand is crucial for language learning.
   • "Talking is not practicing"—speaking doesn't equate to acquisition; input is primary.
   • Comprehensible input must be slightly above current knowledge level (i + 1).

5. Total Physical Response (TPR)

   • Classroom method where teachers use gestures and visuals to aid language understanding.
   • Aids learners in gradually acquiring language through simplified content.

Conclusion

• Krashen's theories highlight the importance of exposure and engagement in language learning.
• Continuous exposure leads to gradual improvement.
• Strong recommendation to explore Krashen's works to better understand language learning processes.