Overview
This lecture explains the scientific method, outlining each step and its importance, using the example of experimenting with popping boba to illustrate the process.
The Scientific Method Steps
- Science often begins with observations that spark questions.
- The scientific method is a logical, systematic way to explore and answer questions.
- The steps include: formulating a question, researching, making a hypothesis, performing an experiment, analyzing data, and communicating results.
Formulating the Question
- The first step is to create a specific, testable scientific question.
- Good scientific questions start with who, what, when, where, why, or how.
- A testable question allows for experimentation, unlike general queries that just require information.
Background Research
- Gather existing information from books, the internet, or experts.
- Learn about the process, equipment, and factors affecting the subject of your experiment.
- Background research helps refine your question and informs the experimental design.
Constructing a Hypothesis
- A hypothesis is an educated, testable guess based on background research.
- It predicts an outcome, often in "If...then..." format.
Designing and Conducting an Experiment
- Identify three types of variables: independent (what you change), dependent (what you measure), and controlled (what you keep constant).
- Develop a clear, step-by-step experimental procedure.
- Repeat the experiment to ensure reproducibility and record all data precisely in a lab notebook.
- Troubleshoot and adjust procedures as needed if the experiment does not work as planned.
Analyzing Data
- Organize and review the data, using averages, graphs, and ensuring data validity.
- Place the independent variable on the x-axis and the dependent variable on the y-axis in graphs.
- Clearly label graphs with appropriate units.
- Draw a conclusion about whether the data supports the hypothesis.
Communicating Results
- Share your findings in a written report or oral presentation.
- Clear communication allows others to understand and potentially replicate your work.
Flexibility in the Scientific Method
- Sometimes, experiments are not possible; models or simulations can be used instead.
- The goal is always to find cause-and-effect relationships by careful questioning and examining evidence.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Scientific Method — A systematic process for investigating questions and finding answers.
- Hypothesis — An educated, testable prediction about the outcome of an experiment.
- Independent Variable — The factor changed in the experiment to test its effect.
- Dependent Variable — The factor measured to see how it responds to changes.
- Controlled Variable — Factors kept the same throughout the experiment.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Practice the scientific method on a hands-on science project.
- Visit www.sciencebuddies.org for additional resources and project ideas.