AP World History Review Notes (Units 1-5)

Overview

• Review of Units 1-5 for AP World History exam
• Exam date: May 8th
• Review sessions:
  • Tonight: Units 1-5
  • Tomorrow night: Units 6-9
• Recording will be available post-session

Unit 1: State Building in the Post-Classical Era

Song China

• Confucianism and imperial bureaucracy were key for state building
• Buddhism influenced society and economy
• Use of civil service exams expanded bureaucracy
• Chan Buddhism developed from Buddhism, influenced by Daoism
• Economy prospered due to innovations like Champa rice and Grand Canal

Islamic States

• Abbasid Caliphate crumbled, new states emerged (e.g., Delhi Sultanate, Mamluk Sultanate)
• Rise of Turkic Islamic empires
• Expansion through military and trade
• Intellectual innovations in math and literature

South and Southeast Asia

• Delhi Sultanate: Islamic, struggled with Hindu majority
• Vijayanagara Empire: Hindu, founded by former converts
• Influence of Hinduism and Buddhism through trade

Americas

• Development of states like Aztecs with tribute systems
• Focus on urban centers like Tenochtitlán

Africa

• States like Great Zimbabwe thrived through trade
• Ethiopia: Christian kingdom with unique development

Europe

• Feudalism as a political structure
• Role of the Roman Catholic Church
• Innovations like the three-field system in agriculture

Unit 2: Networks of Exchange

Trade Networks

• Silk Roads: luxury goods, cities like Kashgar and Samarkand grew
• Indian Ocean: diverse goods, technological innovations, spread of Islam
• Trans-Saharan Trade: connected different regions, rise of Mali under Mansa Musa

Cultural Diffusion

• Spread and adaptation of religions like Buddhism and Hinduism
• Ibn Battuta: travels enriched understanding of Dar al-Islam

Environmental and Biological Exchanges

• Spread of crops like bananas and Champa Rice
• Black Death spread through trade routes

Mongol Empire

• Largest land-based empire, facilitated trade and cultural exchange
• Technological and cultural transfers across Eurasia

Unit 3: Land-Based Empires

Expansion and Consolidation

• Use of gunpowder pivotal for expansion of empires like Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, and Qing
• Ottoman Empire: Janissaries and gunpowder weapons
• Mughal Empire: Akbar's expansion, religious tolerance

Rivalries

• Conflicts like Safavid-Mughal due to territorial and religious differences

Legitimizing and Consolidating Power

• Use of bureaucracies, militaries, and religious ideas
• Example: Versailles in France, Sun Temple in Inca Empire
• Tax collection systems like the zamindar in Mughal Empire

Belief Systems

• Protestant Reformation challenged Catholic Church
• Sunni-Shia split intensified
• Emergence of new religions like Sikhism

Unit 4: Maritime Empires

Maritime Technology

• Innovations like astrolabes, compasses, and ship designs
• Emergence of joint-stock companies like the British and Dutch East India Companies

Columbian Exchange

• Exchange of crops, animals, diseases between Old and New Worlds
• Impact on populations and economies

Colonization

• Portuguese in Brazil with sugarcane plantations
• Spanish encomienda and hacienda systems
• Mercantilism driven by economic competition

Resistance and Rebellion

• Examples include Maratha Rebellion and Pueblo Revolt

Unit 5: Revolutions and Industrialization

Enlightenment

• Shift from religious belief to empirical observation
• Ideas like natural rights and social contract

Nationalism and Revolutions

• American, French, and Haitian Revolutions
• Documents like Declaration of Independence showcase Enlightenment thought

Industrial Revolution

• Began in Britain due to resources and labor
• Shift from hand to machine production in factories

Economic Shifts

• Decline in global manufacturing share for Middle Eastern and Asian countries

Technological Advances

• Steam engines, railroads, and telegraphs revolutionized industry and communication

Economic Theories

• Rise of capitalism, influenced by Adam Smith
• Transnational businesses and improved living standards

Reforms

• Labor unions emerged
• Critiques of capitalism by figures like Karl Marx

These notes provide a broad overview of the key points discussed in the lecture. Ensure you understand the major themes and can connect them to broader historical contexts or specific examples as needed.