AP World History: Units 6-9 Review

Introduction

• Tonight's review covers AP World History Units 6 through 9.
• Units 1 through 5 were covered previously.
• Reminder about super chats: shoutouts will be read at the end or between units.

Unit 6 (1750-1900)

Big Idea #1: Ideologies and Imperialism

• Cultural Ideologies: belief in white superiority (e.g., "White Man's Burden"), Social Darwinism, desire to spread Christianity.
• Nationalist Motives: powerful states sought large empires for global dominance.
• Examples: Britain in India, France in Africa, Japan in Korea.

Big Idea #2: Consolidation of Power

• Non-state to State Control: Congo (from Leopold II to Belgian state), India (from British East India Company to British government).
• New Imperial Powers: United States (Philippines post-Spanish-American War), Japan (Korea, parts of China), Russia (Eastern Europe, China).
• Scramble for Africa: Berlin Conference diplomatically divided Africa among European powers, excluding African input.

Big Idea #3: Resistance

• Direct Resistance: Tupac Amaru in Peru, Sepoy Mutiny in India.
• Creation of New States: Balkan nationalism led to new nations (Greece, Serbia).
• Religious Rebellions: Ghost Dance Movement in the U.S., Cattle Killing Movement in South Africa.

Big Idea #4: Economic Impact

• Shift from subsistence to cash crop farming (coffee, rubber, sugar).
• Colonial Economies: Focus was to serve imperial centers rather than local needs.

Big Idea #5: Economic Imperialism

• Economic control over political control.
• Opium Wars: Britain vs. China—resulted in spheres of influence.
• Led to economic advantages for imperial powers.

Big Idea #6: Migration

• Work-Driven Migration: indentured servitude, Asian contract laborers, penal colonies (e.g., Australia).
• Bad Conditions: Poverty in India, Irish Potato Famine.
• Resulted in urbanization and ethnic enclaves.

Unit 7 (1900-Present)

Big Idea #1: Change in Various States

• Russia: Bolshevik Revolution, establishment of the Soviet Union.
• China: Overthrow of Qing dynasty, rise of Sun Yat-sen.
• Mexico: Revolution led by Francisco Madero due to wealth disparity.

Big Idea #2: Causes of World War I

• MAIN: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.
• Spark: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Big Idea #3: World War I Strategies

• Total War: Mobilization of domestic assets, propaganda use.
• New Technologies: Poison gas, machine guns, tanks.

Big Idea #4: Post-World War I Government Roles

• Great Depression Response:
  • U.S.: New Deal under FDR.
  • Germany: Nazi rise to power due to economic ruin.
  • Soviet Union: Five-Year Plans.

Big Idea #5: Causes of World War II

• Treaty of Versailles: War guilt clause, reparations harmed Germany.
• Economic Crisis: Great Depression exacerbated conditions.
• Rise of Fascism: Nazi party exploited nationalism and grievances.

Big Idea #6: World War II Methods

• Total War: Both democratic and totalitarian states used all resources.
• New Tactics: Firebombing, atomic bombs.

Big Idea #7: Genocide and Ethnic Violence

• Nazi Holocaust: Final Solution aimed at Jews.
• Holodomor in Ukraine: Famine due to collectivization.

Unit 8 (1900-Present)

Big Idea #1: Cold War and Decolonization

• Cold War: U.S. vs. Soviet Union; ideological struggle.
• Non-Aligned Movement: States avoiding alignment with Cold War powers.

Big Idea #2: Effects of Cold War

• Arms Race: Nuclear weapons buildup.
• Military Alliances: NATO vs. Warsaw Pact.
• Proxy Wars: Korea, Vietnam, Nicaragua, Angola.

Big Idea #3: Communism in China

• Causes: Grievances over Western influence, civil war.
• Policies: Collectivization, Great Leap Forward.

Big Idea #4: Decolonization

• Negotiated Independence: India.
• Armed Resistance: Algeria.

Big Idea #5: Political Boundaries and Conflict

• Example: Israel-Palestine partition conflict.

Big Idea #6: Economic Role in Independent States

• Example: Nasser's nationalization in Egypt.

Big Idea #7: Movements Against Oppressive Structures

• Nonviolent: Gandhi, MLK, Mandela.
• Violent: Pinochet's Chile.

Big Idea #8: End of Cold War

• U.S. military development, Soviet Afghanistan failure, Gorbachev's reforms.

Unit 9 (1900-Present)

Big Idea #1: Technology and Globalization

• Transportation/Communication Advances: Radio, internet, air travel.
• Energy Technologies: Petroleum, nuclear power.
• Medical Innovations: Vaccines, birth control.

Big Idea #2: Diseases

• Poverty-Associated: Malaria, tuberculosis.
• Pandemics: Ebola, CO 19.
• Old Age Diseases: Heart disease, Alzheimer's.

Big Idea #3: Environmental Problems

• Deforestation, Desertification, Air Quality, Fresh Water, Climate Change.
• Solutions like the Kyoto Protocol.

Big Idea #4: Economic Globalization

• Free Market Economics: Reagan, Thatcher.
• Knowledge Economies: Wealthier countries.
• Multinational Corporations: Nestle, Mahindra.

Big Idea #5: Human Rights Reforms

• Race: Apartheid, Civil Rights Movement.
• Class: Caste reservation in India.
• Gender: UN's Women's Rights.

Big Idea #6: Global Culture

• Music: Reggae, K-pop.
• Movies: Hollywood, Bollywood.

Big Idea #7: Resistance to Globalization

• Example: Protests against WTO, IMF.

Big Idea #8: Interactions Between Nations

• Key Example: Formation of the United Nations, fostering global peace and cooperation.