foreign [Music] State University in this video I'm going to share with you various psychological perspectives on the understanding of the nature of self previously we explored different philosophical and sociological perspectives and now we borrow viewpoints we borrow theories from the field of psychology and let's see how psychology understands or frames the nature of self-fold as a beginner to introduce you know let's ask these questions how do you think psychological theories might explain the self differently no differently from philosophical and sociological theories second can you think of an instance where your behavior was influenced by external factors for example rewards given by your teachers parents or friends or even punishments no so for example um was there ever a time when um you don't feel like coming to school because your teacher humiliated you in class no or you don't feel like following orders of your parents because your parents didn't give something that you want no third how do you think your upbringing and social environment have shaped your personality and self-concept hate you now as a map this are the topics that we will cover in this lecture video first we will have the psychodynamic perspective of Sigmund Freud and then behaviorist perspectives of Ivan Pavlov and Skinner cognitive perspectives of Jean Piaget and Levi gotsky Albert Pandora social cognitive perspective humanistic perspectives of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow and finally by Richard Ryan and Edward Desi's self-determination Theory or the organismic dialectical perspective so so yeah this is the map essentially so that you won't be confused know that both Pavlov and Skinner uh they're both behaviorists uh PHA and balogotsky they're both cognitivists and Rogers and Maslow they're both humanists humanist psychologists so let's begin our exploration of the psychological perspectives with Sigmund Freud psychodynamic perspective so here as you can see that the psychodynamic perspective is a perspective in Psychology that emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind which was something that was unexplored in the past no because there were efforts to understand um certain maladies mental disorders before and then explanation explanation before I let's say let's say depression or let's say yeah generally if someone was suffering from a mental disorder um some people would offer an explanation and they would blame bad spirits possessing the person but it became um there was a point in the history of humanity where Sigmund Freud came in and offered his unique perspective of the cells and he said that whenever there are problems whenever the person has issues with the self it can be tied to it can be it can be because of some issues um regarding his or her unconscious mind no I said earning unconscious mind according to Sigmund Freud our human mind has actually three levels conscious mind this is where our awareness is like perceptions no um which is the here and now and same on consciousness the preconscious level of Mind contains all the information that you could potentially bring into conscious awareness as you can see in the image peace includes memories which again can be readily recalled can be readily remembered no back to your conscious mind okay also for example when you take a quiz take an exam you know you try to recall you try to remember with the effort using Clues certain information that they learned in the past so after the information store according to Sigmund Freud in the pre-conscious mind okay so in short our memory now this is the most intriguing part the unconscious mind according to Sigmund Freud not the unconscious mind these are not these are not readily available as a conscious mind conscious mind this is a reservoir of dark feelings or ugly emotions fears violent motives immoral urges irrational wishes and acceptable sexual desires selfish needs shameful experiences again these are outside our Consciousness but unconsciousness Sigmund Freud these thoughts these mental processes influence our present Behavior influence our present emotion okay and in fact engineer ing fluency no so unconscious motives for everything that we do in only Sigmund Freud manga Trace back to the unconscious mind further Sigmund Freud divided the Mind into three fundamental Parts three provinces of the mind no no ego and superego Eid is the part of your brain part of your mind you know which operates on the Pleasure Principle seeking immediate gratification of desires and take note this is entirely unconscious as you can see in the figure no in the image the Eid is submerged you want this you want that selfish desires my shameful experiences among unacceptable sexual urges [Music] and so on okay second the ego ego operates on the reality Principle as you can see pre-con shoes so the ashay access both the conscious mind and unconscious mind and reality principles will feel because a young job see how part of the mind that aims to satisfy The eid's Desires in a socially acceptable manner okay mediator so if your Aid wants to do some sexual advances a person let's say Crush so it's desire in a manner that is acceptable in the community no again that's ego and then lastly we have super ego superego incorporates the values and morals of society and serves as an internal moral compass this part of the mind is [Music] it strives for Perfection which can provide us feelings of pride and or guilt no if the ego Okay so Dynamics provinces of Mind ego superego is essentially the reason for our everyday Behavior okay so imagine [Music] alarms and then is obligations ego jobs okay so yoga foreign okay so you might find a lot of instances where [Music] um and again take note these are the motivations these are the reasons behind our actions okay Sigmund Freud [Music] defense mechanisms these are strategies that again employees and ego to manage conflict between the Eid and the superego and you can find them here repression denial projection displacement regression and sublimation you can read the descriptions and the examples one of my favorites here is this sublimation no and sublimation is when your ego attempts to satisfy an Impulse this is a wish of the Eid no with a substitute object in a socially acceptable way so for example um let's say England c e let's say you suffer from you know you're having a bad day foreign [Music] [Music] foreign [Music] okay that is sublimation finding a substitute object para manage no and demands knee need you have here regression morning repression is an unconscious mechanism now you keep disturbing thoughts threatening thoughts from becoming conscious no it's like forcing yourself to forget stressful things no so for example no let's say victims of child abuse every day is a person that can be you know but can cause a lot of ugly emotions and unconscious mind is unconscious mind Para forcefully so we don't really forget these things these are only repressed okay so you can read other examples here denial projection displacement and regression and of course not by other defense mechanisms so in a nutshell this perspective psychodynamic perspective suggests that our actions scanning Behavior self is driven by unconscious thoughts thoughts that are not accessible by our conscious mind and that understanding these hidden forces can lead to Greater self-awareness and ultimately self-actualization now let's move on to another perspective the behaviorist perspective but this time we'll examine two Ivan Pavlov and BF Skinner and behaviorist perspective is a perspective in Psychology that focuses on observable behaviors and how the environment affects or shapes these observable behaviors so this is different from the psychodynamic perspective because psychodynamic perspective attribute and present behaviors unconscious mind this one Gina attribute an observable Behavior rewards and punishment or any observable event in the environment okay environmental stimuli and consequences now we have two seminal figures in the development of behaviorism within psychology and let's start with Ivan Pablo essentially Ivan Pablo is learning by association this is also called classical conditioning he was able to establish this Theory when he did his famous experiment um with a dog love bear the sound of a bell with the presentation of food to a dog eventually the dog began to salivate merrily at the sound of the Bell even when food was not presented key terminologies unconditioned stimulus in the figure that you can see here that is a stimulus that naturally emphasis on naturally it's a stimulus that naturally triggers response so as you can see here chambray if you present the food to a hungry dog salivation is a natural response but to the unconditioned stimulus you can see here that's the UR or unconditioned response image this one no so when we present food to a hungry dog so naturally okay and then that's a neutral stimulus that's neutral because that illicits no response from the dog okay classical conditioning process Ivan Pavlov learned simultaneously represents unconditioned stimulus and neutral stimulus so in this case during conditioning there is a scanning bottom right now and a bottom left now image so as you can see here during conditioning the present name of food together with the Bell so again food being the unconditioned stimulus and the bell being the neutral stimulus is if you present the Bell without the food it can now elicit a conditioned response CR condition response the Learned response to the condition stimulus now again previously before that exposure that kind of condition cunning the cunning Bell no no used to be a neutral stimulus [Music] understanding of human behavior and personality so for example not a lightning no that was slightening would usually come with getting thunder and then boom no connections how [Music] so my other example nah yeah I'm sure you can think of um other examples no no application of classical conditioning Theory so Pablo's work suggests that many of our emotional and physiological responses are conditioned reactions to environmental stimuli and um [Music] unconscious mind in fact see Ivan Pablo it was natural for a behaviorist psychologist to really dismiss the role of the unconscious mind or the role of an unconscious mental processes in shaping our behavioral reactions okay now another [Music] psychologist now behaviorist young theory is called operant conditioning BF Skinner na um perspective is this the behavior is shaped by reinforcement and Punishment environment so the classical conditioning pairing of unconditional stimulus and neutral stimulus to produce a conditioned response there is operant conditioning is [Music] [Music] a consequence can be favorable that is reward in this sense consequence point is undesirable that is in this context punishment [Music] behavior and we have punishers or punishments these are consequences not unfavorable decrease the likelihood of doing the same behavior again okay so he also found this through an experiment so um for example [Music] the same behavior but on the other hand what if every time that is an unpleasant consequence a young Behavior delete punishment and Rewards so to complicate things a little bit depending operant conditioning again I2 outcomes two kinds of outcomes at home Behavior cutting reinforcement increase Behavior now there are two types of reinforcements and also two types of punishments positive reinforcement negative reinforcement positive punishment and negative punishment is when there is an introduction of a pleasant stimulus reward or removal oven and blessed and stimulus reward again when there is an introduction provide the food not provide something pleasant life person that is positive reinforcement okay so for example Gold Star Sticker for correct answers that's it positive reinforcement the intention there is to reward the behavior by introducing something that is you know Pleasant to the person on the other hand can a negative reinforcement negative Zia because you remove an unfavorable stimulus to increase Behavior so for example turning off around turning off a loud alarm when a question is answered correctly so imagine so [Music] by removing something that is unpleasant or uncomfortable so again in both situations it's either you introduce something pleasant or you remove something unnecessary that is similar there is a positive and negative punishment so again word punishment you try to reduce you try to reduce the behavior you decrease the chances of uh the behavior being performed again in the future positive punishment you add an unpleasant stimulus for example you assign extra homework for talking out of there classes [Music] classmates so in that sense okay on the other hand negative punishment you remove a favorable stimulus okay so again the word negative is you remove something so in this case because punishment Manchester you remove something nice you remove something good you remove something favorable Parma punishment person so let's say confiscating a cell phone for using it during class you know so that's essentially it apparent conditioning perspectively BF scanner so here is another figure paramakita positive reinforcement you add stimulus um positive punishment you add aversive stimulus no adding negative reinforcement you remove aversive stimulus and negative punishment you remove Pleasant stimulus Skinner's Theory suggests that much of human behavior including aspects of the self can be understood in terms of responses to environmental stimuli for example motor rewards and punishments okay so essentially the same [Music] love no connections behaviorists because again once again and difference behaviorist perspective from the psychodynamic perspective attribute Behavior or the self is an environment environmental events consequences a behavior conditioning psychodynamic the unconscious mind okay now let's go to another perspective cognitive perspective and this time we also have two psychologists John Piaget and Lev vygotsky now the cognitive psychology emerged in the mid-20th century as a reaction against behaviorism so psychologists [Music] observable consequences of behaviors a cognitive perspective they wanted to bring a renewed focus on internal mental processes so essentially getting a perspective examines how we process information how we understand how we think how we remember and how we learn memory attention once I roll now you know adaptation assimilation through the mind you know we have two influential figures within cognitive psychology and we and these are Jean Piaget and pegotsky Jean biaget his main assumption is that uncanning mental process developed through a series of stages each stage is characterized by distinct cognitive abilities okay so essentially cognitive developmental Theory but no it was John Piaget who made people understand there were stages in the development of our capacity to think and understand okay so particularly yeah uh we go through four stages sensory motor first two years of life and then play operational stage from two to seven Elementary School years I know preschool sorry preschool and then concrete operational stage Elementary School age most of our years Sato Elementary School stage and then it's a formal operational stage grade 6 pataas no so distinct characteristics and you can read them here so for example the sensory motor stage infants they only learn through sensory experiences and motor actions so limited to Here and Now experiences ra so they just process or they just straight up to what they feel what they perceive what they see you know what they hear okay again sensory experiences senses that is zero to two my sense okay on the other hand canning prayer operational stage the use of symbols and language preschool years during a case um uh preschool children are now capable of performing certain behaviors not because of not entirely because of sensory experiences but because they're able to use symbols and language so you see there's a difference there Behavior process different symbols bug process language so because preschool children are already capable of understanding basic symbols used in communication that might perform a behavior so again and cognitivist okay okay again it's a behaviorist behavior is because of certain stimuli no consequences as early as two to seven years of age we are capable of doing something responding to our environment because we're able to use symbols and language further there is a concrete operational stage logical thought emerges but is limited to concrete objects so in this case elementary school children they're capable of Performing logical problem solving among exercises [Music] abstract like peace democracy justice so later no capability to understand things abstract reasoning formal operational stage okay so essentially the AJ's Theory provides a framework for understanding how cognitive abilities evolve over time and how these cognitive abilities shape us in our manner of interacting with the world okay now we interact with our external environment through information processing through use of symbols through use of language entirely because of rewards and punishments or something unconscious okay now we have another cognitive psychologist by the cunning sea level is called social cultural theory of cognition essentially on difference Nila nijan Piaget is Young emphasize and role of social interaction and culture okay so a key Concept in his theory is the zone of proximal development which is the range of tasks that a learner can perform with the help of a more knowledgeable other but cannot yet perform independently okay so essentially skills motor skills or behaviors actions no no we need the help of others concept of scaffolding is providing assistance to enable the person to move through zpd essentially Opera atoma gets so this is the illustration of zpd and Scaffolding together so keep that down so an output die Nano and these are these abilities are mental abilities behavioral capabilities so [Music] as a blue what I can learn what I can perform on my own skills now I'm a problems tasks that are beyond our reach external Circle what we can learn when we receive assistance and help help from more knowledgeable more skilled others okay so I'm owning knowledgeable others and also technology technological tools okay so inside implications is there are certain information and behaviors when we are mediated by other people okay so absence adding role of other people so see mediation of other social mediation [Music] no from an adult [Music] of self so they suggest that when we develop our capacities to understand and perform certain behaviors it is deeply embedded in Social contexts that is we don't develop we don't learn all by ourselves but we learn we acquire skills through the help of other people okay so here's a comparison of the two cognitivists so see Jean Piaget and Levi gotsky so again I'm focused nijan Piaget individual cognitive stages while sea level cognitive development within social contexts within um carrying cultural contexts language is it's a result of cognitive development payroll for Levi gotsky it's a tool for cognitive development through language we are able to communicate with others from them and then yeah you can read this further now this time let's go to social cognitive perspectively Albert bandura so connection Albert mandura introduced a paradigm shift in Psychology by integrating both behaviorism and cognitive psychology okay if you are monitoring the flow of informations planning a lecture video again [Music] [Music] behaviorist perspective and cognitive perspective okay so this perspective posits that learning occurs in a social context and involves a dynamic interplay between the person observable behavior consequences a young behavior and cunning environment okay so later on we'll explore that so cunning self-efficacy is a central Concept in social cognitive perspective self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to execute behaviors necessary to produce performance attainments essentially on keyword is belief in our ability on our self-efficacy Albert bandura and behavior motivated is foreign [Music] this time is attributable to how we perceive our own competence okay Behavior or daily if someone has high levels of self-efficacy beliefs It's associated with greater motivation perseverance and ultimately success of self-efficacy academic self-efficacy which refers to a student's belief in his or her capability to successfully perform academic tasks and Achieve educational goals say new for example how on-site estimation abilities program no let's say rate your capability to succeed in a scale of 0 to 100 percent 50 50. uh I think that is self-efficacy belief okay okay compared to someone 50 percent okay now there were a lot of research studies conducted on self-efficacy for example I forgot us on context but they found out that I high levels of academics of efficacy perform well in school foreign [Music] performance okay now there was also a research in 2022 just a recent research now as you can see here you can say author that's me Raymond Espanola Surigao Del Norte State University in this research I found that academic self-efficacy positive forms of help from classmates okay um situation is adaptive forms of help from classmates through the help of your classmates research so um implications help from others so you see Power and self-efficacy Behavior okay now enhance self-efficacy there are a lot of factors but in this video I will only share two we have Mastery experiences the most powerful source of self-efficacy is cunning direct experience with mastery so successfully completing a task or solving a problem can significantly boost one's self-efficacy practice let's say um honor student CS High School Master experience in the past seven point implication and we need practice we need rehearsal but uh we need direct experiences with Mastery we need to experience now we can Master a certain skill no parama increasing atom self-efficacy and another cunning observational learning so bandura emphasized the role of observational learning also known as imitation or modeling now when we observe other people especially highly skilled strategies games [Music] so if you can observe these things positive adaptive behaviors from others self-efficacy okay now here's core element core of social cognitive theory in the Albert Pandora reciprocal determinism this proposition suggests that an atom personal factors cunning mental processes examining personal factors Orange internal competencies cognitive emotional and physical competencies and environmental influences so diploma so it's rewards punishments together with behavior cleaning actions and decisions they influence and interact with each other by-directionally okay interactions [Music] behavior is because of both the environment rewards punishments laws and internal competencies mental processes motives no appealing unconscious okay internal competencies mental processes perform and caning environment can change dependencies and how you process information so let's say how you believe in your competencies you can change your environment so for example boarding house self-efficacy you feel you think a subject foreign our mental processes we are in charge we are agents active agents of our Behavior It Is Us who make decisions okay in essence scanning a perspective emphasizes the interplay between the individual mental processes emotions behaviors actions and environmental factors including rewards and punishments okay and the concept of self-efficacy in particular has direct implications for how we understand ourselves no now the emphasis also on reciprocal determinism suggests that the self is a product and a producer of social systems and experiences okay now let's go to humanistic perspectives sneak Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow so this is um see [Music] I think they'll not see Carl Rogers wait long let me okay Carl Rogers uh never mind you just ignore the image that is their crime from the previous one hola that's also okay never mind um ignore the pictures okay that's in the older kind humanistic perspective humanistic perspective emerged in the mid 20th century as a response to limitations of behaviorism and psychoanalysts so Kung SI Albert Pandora psychodynamic perspective and behaviorism tradition psychologists perspective focuses on our inherent goodness and our inherent capacities for growth self-actualization and the Fulfillment of human potential we have two figures here are my leaders humanistic perspective Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow Rogers so according to Carl Rogers three conditions necessary for a growth promoting climate because he believed he believed in the natural tendency for growth we are capable of goodness and cunning goodness growth promoting environment and what are these factors or conditions first unconditional positive regard acceptance and love from others regardless of how you perform what your motives are what your behaviors are there is walleye condition unconditional positive regard okay so if this is experienced by someone this can be you know a start nah will grow or develop a potential another empathy the ability to understand and share the feelings of another and lastly congruence that is the congruence of your emotions and thoughts authenticity or genuineness in one's interactions together this can be again select setting ground parama fulfill um inner potentials oh okay without this so an atom Behavior delete it might change adaptive stressed no so actually gonna advocate for Nicole Rogers relationships let's say my Skins are classmates or between teachers and students or within the family it's a householding it provide empathy congruence and unconditional positive regard parama grow [Music] um okay Rogers also introduced the concept of self-concept when we say self-concept it's how you perceive yourself no um relative to your characteristics and values attached to those characteristics not a self-image so according to law relatedness self-concept how you see yourself that's your self-image self-esteem how you feel about yourself and your ideal self how one wishes to be possibly the same self-image self-esteem no for example complexion skin [Music] [Music] someone else might have a different self-esteem um complexion I am appreciated I experience unconditional positive regard and I should feel good about myself when we provide these things when we provide or when we allow people to experience these conditions for growth unconditional positive regard empathy and congruence true nature and that our true nature is goodness okay let's say deviant behaviors appearance teachers they must admit on time or let's say cheaters and so on Carl Rogers would say it's possible that in the past experience Annie unconditional positive regard no or let's say can incongruence emotions okay so again if we provide these things will experience mental health and well-being positive self-concept okay so in essence Carl Rogers suggests that the self is inherently good and oriented towards growth now we are capable of goodness conditions for growth okay now another humanistic perspective Abraham Maslow Abraham Maslow and other psychologists best known for his hierarchy of needs a motivational theory comprising five levels of human needs Abraham Maslow catapult were capable of goodness we are capable of growth [Music] the top most level is self-actualization cutting self-actualization is when someone is able to realize and develop his or her um true potential and that potential is capable of changing the world no capable of leadership capable of transformation capable of goodness positives amount of self-actualization okay we are positive individuals we are capable of goodness automatically obstacles lower level needs so we need to experience food shelter and warmth physiological we also need to experience security good health bonus safety and we also need to feel love to feel love and to experience being loved not to have connections which are authentic connections with our love and belongingness needs and then Steam and you are able to uh feel that you are respected that your dignity is acknowledged in your social interactions so in this case four conditions hierarchy we are able to actualize ourselves talents [Music] okay so this framework is important okay it represents the ultimate realization of the self depends on lower levels needs okay now last one organismic dialectical perspective of Ryan and Desi again just ignore the picture that is a milder crime that's not Ryan and Desi Ryan and this is self-determination Theory this perspective organismic dialectical perspective primarily developed by psychologists Richard Ryan and Edward Desi is rooted in sdt self-determination Theory in essence the theory or this perspective offers a new one's understanding of human motivation okay various psychological traditions including humanistic cognitive behavioral theorists to provide a holistic view of the self okay and in fact this is my current favorite within psychology self-determination Theory unlike other psychological perspectives Rewards or Focus lungs unconscious mind or Focus like some Minds subconscious a development of mind this one focus on a lot of things essentially assumption is every person psychological needs natural innate psychological needs a psychological needs basic psychological needs of well-being and optimal development needs foreign and again this is these needs are Universal this is true to everybody that is relatedness our need to feel connected to others autonomy our need to have freedom of choice and lastly competence our need to master the world around us um we become happy we become satisfied um we are able to pursue our Ambitions in life while I support for competence well I support for autonomy and relatedness um we become depressed we suffer so essentially moaning so let's say it's autonomy so when can we say in our need for autonomy is satisfied and when can we say that our need is frustrated so can in case autonomy that is freedom of choice no the need to experience self-determination the need to experience um voluntary actions so when you are ex when you experience a sense of relation and self-determination in your actions that's when you can say that you are satisfied in that need pero if you are being controlled by others controlled by your parents teachers and friends or let's say your partner in life husband say my wife when you are being manipulated you are frustrated you are an among need for autonomy is so arted or frustrated you must satisfy okay control is the enemy of autonomy okay now another when it comes to competence we can say that there is psychological needs satisfaction when you feel effective you feel capable in interactions with the environment you know when you have that sense of self-efficacy you can do these things because you also possess the right levels of competencies but you are thwarted or frustrated in that particular need for competence when you feel ineffective you feel inadequate and you feel like you are a failure no and then lastly cutting relatedness you are satisfied in that need when you feel connected to others in a meaningful way experiencing a sense of belonging and emotional support but on the other hand when you feel isolated rejected and disconnected from others you don't have any satisfaction or people are preventing you from experiencing relatedness you don't feel like seen you don't feel like you are hurt no so psychological needs satisfaction cutting satisfactions that's associated with greater psychological well-being higher self-esteem life satisfaction and positive mood psychological need frustration lower levels of well-being stress anxious must depressed this is a way for you to understand for example let's say suicide foreign they feel suicidal because relatedness No Satisfaction they don't feel connected at all while concerned for them or yes existing relationships uh certain family members but not in meaningful ways remember unsigning relatedness when you feel connected to others in a meaningful way [Music] yes yes family but I'm not a valuable member of the family I don't feel like I'm important so that can be a reason of feeling of isolation no no or let's say feeling rejected or another autonomy no freedom of choice so possibility Korean artists is something that he or she really wants foreign or okay so Aaron if you are happy I'm sure you can diagnose yourself you experience relatedness autonomy and competence but you're happy you're sad because emotions expectations Etc and then you don't feel like acknowledged foreign experiencing satisfaction in these three needs okay actually there's a research that I did last 2023 it was my dissertation project and dissertation is final requirement for a PhD degree and when I did my dissertation for my PhD degree in the LaSalle University I did a study that is a study that was anchored on self-determination Theory findings was this I found that cartoon pandemic pandemic Iran flexible learning many college students reported poor levels of motivation [Music] enjoyed yes cheating plagiarism not submitting outputs on time [Music] psychological needs instructors plus so imagine teacher is parents or any family member Choice unhelpful classmates okay classmates you don't feel connected meaningfully to others pandemic era flexible learning foreign offers a comprehensive framework for understanding the complexities of the self within a social context it suggests that the Fulfillment of basic psychological needs crucial press and wellnessa [Music] from someone to experience competence relatedness and autonomy Edition natural tendencies towards self-actualization okay so these are so yeah that's it what are our takeaways here that the nature of self is multifaceted the gay factors also Dynamic interplay of external and internal factors development and self-efficacy and motivation and psychological needs three psychological needs so in conclusion this episode serves as a pivotal juncture in our multi-disciplinary explanation of the self offering a rich tapestry of perspectives that complement and deepen our insights gained from various philosophical and sociological lenses covered in previous episodes I leave you with these questions you can do these things after in your free time no how do you think your behavior is influenced by your thoughts your social environment and personal beliefs think about the time when you felt really confident about doing something and you feel like your school environment allows you to make choices succeed in tasks and connect with others and that's it for this lecture video thank you so much for watching