hello and welcome back to the fifth and final installment of the superpower relations topic ranging from 1943 to 72 for the nxl IGCSE history course and we're looking at the Thor and move towards data from 1963 to 72. I'll be looking at two effects of everything listed in the specification so that you can nail question B and it will certainly help you push and see with question a as well let's begin with Hotline there are quite a few things you need to know for this section but a lot of them have a similar effect of um of the relationship between the Soviets and America de-escalating um and so this will be this will recur a lot throughout all of these things so it's a lot easier to remember so the first fact of hotline was that there were decreased tensions between the US and the Soviet Union so they established a hotline in 1963 putting Washington the White House and Moscow which meant that future conflicts could be avoided by direct communication this came after the Cuban Missile Crisis where there was a lack of clear communication um so this could make sure there was Clarity and the bow ties could discuss with each other very very easily um this was led to less fear of nuclear war breaking out and to decrease in the production of nuclear warheads because the world have been so close to nuclear war Cuba this represented part of the decline um of the production of nuclear warheads as both sides realized how just how dangerous nuclear war would be the second effect was that it showed a four in the Cold War so having this hotline meant that there was increased cooperation between America and the Soviets um and this led to even more cooperation for example in ending the nuclear arms race so as we'll see in the next few slides um the signing of the test Pantry to the outer space treaty the nuclear non-proliferation treaty all of this showed that they had a common goal of easing tensions of reducing um their use of nuclear weapons and ending this competitiveness that the nuclear arms race sort of embodied and it also showed an increased awareness um of the environmental dangers of for example nuclear war um so radiation uh and the killing of of animals trees people there are a lot of things that would go wrong with nuclear war and so they're backing away from the crevice they're seeing how how awful it would really be then onto the Test Ban Treaty so again the first effect is that it decreased tensions between the US and the USSR so they signed this treaty in 1963 again um and both sides agreed not test weapons underwater or in the atmosphere that's nuclear weapons um the only way that they could now test them was underground but this was very very expensive and so fewer weapons were tested and therefore fewer weapons were produced so the nuclear arms race began winding down again shows they were the dangers nuclear war after Cuba and how close they were to nuclear war then um and they wanted to decrease tensions second effect is that it showed an increased knowledge of the environmental dangers so there have been a lot of scientific research here um and so both sides began to understand the dangers of radio to Fallout the damage radiation does the environment to animals and to people obviously and with over a hundred countries also later signing it it showed the world itself moving away from nuclear weapons and realizing how destructive and awful they are and it just shows a Thor in the Cold War countries abandoned their nuclear weapons programs or at least write them down put less funding into it um and there was there was more cooperation on reaching an end to these increased tensions which we'd seen over the past decade or so the outer space treaty then again decreased tensions between the US and the USSR as a first effect so this treaty was signed in 1967 and both sides agreed not to place nuclear weapons in space I.E so that it could go above for example the Soviet Union and you could easily find nuclear weapons directly on top of it so this stopped the nuclear arms race going any further for example them both competing to see who could first put nuclear weapons into space um and so it decreased the competition between America and the Soviet Union this led again to less nuclear weapons being produced um nuclear arms programs being wound down and so nuclear war looked less likely the second effect is that it led to a thought in the Cold War so States um when they signed this they accepted responsibility for any damage caused by their own objects in space um so this just just showed an increased awareness of environmental damage um and making sure that we we take care of the earth um and showed again just awareness of the danger of nuclear weapons could you imagine um the Havoc that because if if they if radiation got into the atmosphere um and 112 countries later signed it nuclear war just looked a lot less likely as countries were now abstaining from um trying to advance nuclear nuclear warfare into space and so it just showed the world coming back from such a Reliance on nuclear weapons the next thing to look at then is a nuclear non-proliferation treaty just like before the first effect is that it decreased tensions between America and the Soviet Union so this treaty was signed in 1968 and all sides agreed to work together towards disarmament so they would work together to reduce nuclear weapons worldwide so to to stop storing and reducing as many of them and this meant that the likelihood of nuclear war decreased there was less production of weapons less funding put into making more of them um and fewer were kept uh just in case so therefore that the what was just moving away from from you to get weapons completely there was a decrease in tensions a Thor in the Cold War and the arms race had really stopped not only were they Banning certain parts but they were saying well we are going to completely put an end to nuclear weapons hopefully in the future the second effect was that nuclear weapons would not be shared so many countries also signed this including Britain including China they agreed not to share nuclear weapons with other states and this meant that they couldn't for example 400 hands of terrorists um or countries where there were leaders who who could potentially misuse them so this showed that they'd learned lessons from Cuba where obviously the Soviets had shared nuclear weapons with Castro um because they they didn't want tensions to increase with countries fearing um nuclear weapons being right next to them uh and showed that they were aware of the responsibility um that that had in in having nuclear weapons and the damages it could do if if they were misused according to the environment from Fallout Financial pressures as well um nuclear weapons programs really did cause a huge uh drain um on on how much on on different countries uh so so they showed a move away from them worldwide so now looking at reasons for detaunt um basically just an easing of tensions between the two sides so firstly Nixon became president of America and he promised to end the Vietnam War which it caused a lot of Havoc um and many many American soldiers been killed 60 000 soldiers in total people have become Fed Up of this constant military action um America being worn the second world war in in Korea um there'd been a lot involvement in Cuba for example that really escalated tensions and other in Vietnam people were fed up of of all these wars and so he vowed to put an end to it if he became president 170 billion dollars was spent on the war in Vietnam so there was a real need to decrease defense spending um and to focus on things at home like reducing inequality um like spending that money on things that people needed in America Nixon also wanted to be friendlier with China um as they weren't getting on well with the Soviets so there was still an enmity between America and the Soviet Union uh and so what Nixon wanted to do was take advantage of this and as the accent goes the enemy of my enemy is my friend he wanted to try to to get friendly with China so that the USSR would have two enemies the Soviets spent in looking at the Soviets now the Soviets spent 30 of their GDP on defense spending and obviously they too would prefer to spend it on better living standards um there was still a long way to go before they would be completely recovered from the cold war and also from the Second World War World War really there was still a lot of damage um so they wanted to spend their money on their home soil as well Mao a leader of China he disliked the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia he had openly criticized it and so he became friendlier with um America and Nixon visited China for example in February 1972 they got on quite well together and now wasn't getting on well with big Soviets because of their harsh action which was um represented in Czech Slovakia which we saw in the last video and finally there was a need for better relations um across Europe between the capitalists and the Communists it wasn't working having such a huge divide across Europe and so people generally wanted just an easing of tensions of their us politic you can look up that a bit more it's not needed for the for the course but that just shows this um this idea that there there were a lot of tensions across the world and people just wanted a cooling down of them there had been so much money and time and effort um spent on the Cold War and also on violence just in general since the second world war that people wanted to turn that down and countries needed to to focus on their own issues and so there was a general move towards this easing of tensions towards this Thor in the Cold War towards Dayton the final main thing you need to look at is the salt treaties the first effect of this was guess what it reduced tensions between America and the Soviets so um these treaties um one of them was signed in May of 1972 And it showed that there was increased cooperation between the two sides and it listed many things so for example both sides limited themselves to 100 um missiles it's a nuclear war less likely they were storing less um nuclear weapons Now with an aim to to uh to stall even less in the future it showed them its awareness of the dangers posed by nuclear weapons to the environment to people they were making efforts to move away from nuclear weapons and to avoid nuclear war they'd learned their lessons from Cuba they were very very wary of nuclear weapons now the second effect was that that it limited the nuclear weapons programs of both countries so the number of Submarine launch missiles was limited to 740 for example so the arms race was slowing down um icbm's intercontinental ballistic missiles were limited relevant to the number of bombers each side possessed so this although it sounds a bit wordy but it was crucial because it showed that both sides were making concessions so America had more bombers um and so they said that they'd have less into con intercontinental ballistic missiles because they had um it was easier for them to to get short-rangement missiles across the world easily whereas the Soviets could store more intercontinental ballistic missiles because it was harder for them to um move across the world because they had less bomber planes so therefore the Soviets actually had more icbms and they showed that America saying all right you can have that um and will take less so that they were working cooperatively they were working together uh Nixon and Brezhnev um lead with the Soviet Union became a lot closer they even visited each other's countries and this led just to further talks and further cooperation including um assault II in 1979. so the final thing you need to know is about the extent of detonte in 1972 which is when super power relations um as a topic finishes this is not going to be a big question but it could well be a c question um just exploring to to what extent it was good [Music] um so here's some positive negatives both sides did still have enough nuclear weapons to begin a war and nuclear programs hadn't stopped completely they were still ongoing there were still developments of nuclear weapons to production of nuclear weapons um so they they were still storing um them and there was enough to destroy the world still uh so you could argue that if tensions had increased significantly from then on nuclear war with silicone ahead and what has happened previously wouldn't have made much of a difference but there was such an increase in diplomacy for example the hotline um it was a better awareness of nuclear dangers there were more treaties to limit the use and testing of certain uh weapons so if this came up you could reference The Test Ban Treaty the outer space treaty the nuclear non-proliferation treaty and there was an increase in Friendly relationships between these countries for example them visiting each other's countries these leaders getting friendlier together and there's an image of Mao and Nixon shaking hands and that is the end of this series of all you need notes for the super perilations topic for Edexcel IGCSE history and we've now finished the thought moves towards daytont from 1963 to 72. I hope this is has really helped you um yes it is quite long and there's a lot of information you need to know but hopefully that's helped um and if it has also check out the series for Germany um and then move towards dictatorship and I'll also soon be posting videos on how to answer each question for paper one and if it has helped you um please do like and subscribe as well it keeps me going um and helps me produce more videos so thank you very much goodbye