okay in our notes in our packo on page five drawing profiles now unfortunately this picture just doesn't photocopy very well it's almost too hard for for you to to do one of these right now so we have we'll have more practice and this is also not something I can do on the board but let's just start with this now so please pause it and copy these words down a profile is a side view and then in our case this would be a profile this is the map view this is the profile view now we're going to be able to take a contour map like this and you're going to be able to very uh accurately draw what it would look like from the side and it would be that on right which is pretty cool now unfortunately uh the diagram at the bottom of that page you can't really see so I'm going to put in a video here showing how you do this how to draw profiles let's do this okay we're going to draw a profile between uh points B and points C here so what you will need is a pencil and you definitely want to use a pencil and a piece of uh scrap paper I have a small piece of scrap paper and what you want to do is take your scrap paper and line it up along the line right there on a line BC like that okay and then everywhere the you want to Mark I'm sorry you want to Mark B and C B and C okay and then you want to write the value for them so that's a 550 and if you can see on there these are in meters uh and the cont intervals 10 meters you usually will say that and you're going to need that so and then Mark the value there 550 M and 550 and no I'm going downward with it and that's for a reason and then what I'm going to do is every time a contour line crosses my paper I'm going to make a little Mark there and I'm going to Mark the elevation so this you got to determine is this going uphill or is it going downhill that's 550 that's 500 so and they go by tens as it says right here so that's a 550 540 530 520 so this is 540 it is common that people will think it's going uphill and write 560 and uh you know that's that's going to be wrong so you have that and 540 again notice I'm writing it downward the next one's right here uh this is 540 that's downhill 5:30 okay the next one's right there and uh what you want to do sometimes is pull it away and realize that this 530 line goes all the way off and comes back so this Line's also 530 another common mistake is writing 520 on that one so this is 530 as well and then the lines get really close together right there so they have five that's 540 but going back uphill 540 that's 550 okay and then as you next one is C and that's also 550 so what you'll have is a a paper with a bunch of markings like this and then on the bottom here you're going to have this grid and what you want to do is you're going to transfer the points here so you want to line B and C up they should match pretty uh pretty exactly and then you want to transfer points uh at these elevations so you want to go like this slide it up here to about there and then this is 550 and we often use X's X is really the best thing to do dots can be a little tricky um and then you want to slide it down and right there you want to be really accurate with this and then I'm sliding down this is five 30 right there and then this is also 530 so have to slide it down anymore right there and then next one's 540 so I slide it back up X next one is 550 right there and then C is also 550 so now you have a bunch of x's that you've transferred over to your to your grid here now the key thing is you want to connect them now with a line and uh before we do that I want to ask this question in the real world when you see a hill or or a mountain from the side what does it look like does it look like a or does it look like B it looks like B generally that's that's the profile of mountains for the most part um some rare cases looks like that but overall looks like B and that is how you need to connect your point so that is very important and a lot of people uh that's where that's where they get it wrong so what you want to do is you want to go right through all the X's here like this and through this one and now I want to go down I want to go below 530 for the rounded this is like a river valley here or a stream Valley but I don't want to touch 520 because it doesn't go down L go like this make it clear go back up make sure I'm going through my x's and now 550 here equals over 550 a bit doesn't touch 560 and there you go and that's the profile of from B to C that's what this would look like from the side right here if you you were looking here here's that Stream Valley of Woodland Brook and then here's sort of this little um uphill section here rounded Hill so that's how you draw profiles you guys so thanks for watching okay so that's how you do it and you will get some practice there's some additional uh practice ice work that you'll be doing drawing your own profiles definitely a little challenging but doable every year I see kids uh be be able to do it is something you can learn to do kind of fun to do with a pencil scrap paper doing it with your hands is kind of good so skip this right skip on here just because this just didn't photocopy that well but I do want to point out hopefully you can see it in this map I have a better version of it here uh there are there is a depression here okay see the little lines there so uh what's what's the elevation of point a I'll let you think about it interval 10 met it's going to be 10 me it's going to be 10 meters because now we're now we're going we're going down there not up just throw that out there just happen to notice it so here we go pause it and copy these things down please okay so I put this in there inste of a just a sections of the Earth the hydrosphere I think of the word I underline here Hydra what does that mean that means water so the hydrosphere is the water run I think of fire um like fire hydrant for instance you need to hydrate drinking water so uh water covers about 72% of Earth surface and that's really oceans most of the water on Earth is salt water its oceans only a very little bit is rivers and streams uh I do like to point this little fact out the average depth of the ocean is 2 miles deep that's average so there are spes places that are way deeper and and that is about 10,000 ft deep 10,000 ft deep which is really hard to think about average depth of the ocean we don't know a lot about the ocean floor uh it's like the Last Frontier on Earth it is very hard for us to explore 10,000 ft a regular submarine cannot go down uh 10,000 ft it would get crushed by all the water pressure so there's a lot of things about the ocean Florida that we haven't really been able to uh to explore or seek so we can't really get down there so it's like the last front here there's this one fact that that I like to put out it says we know more about we as humans we know more about the surface of the Moon than we do about the ocean Flor what you think of that pretty cool right U lithosphere not a word people are generally used to Litho means Rock lithification means rocks forming lithosphere is the rock layer um on the surface of Earth which we call it the crust of the earth is another way to to call it could be anywhere you know it goes down to somebody say you know 15 miles deep about 25 miles 100 miles deep but this just cross of Earth it's not the lsphere does not go all the way down to the center of Earth the core of Earth and the atmosphere is basically the air overhead and that's something we all learn about the the how the atmosphere changes as you go up up up as you up up up up at some point you start going you out of our atmosphere and you go into space luckily we have our atmosphere and it contains um something very important important to you and I when I go like this what am I breathing in from the atmosphere that my body as a human really needs and that is oxygen gas and that is in our atmosphere and we breathe it and without it we would not be able to live so and it goes up about about a 100 miles it's not that clear of a of a of a real boundary to space but beyond that there's space there's no oxygen in space you can't breathe in space okay so the shape of please copy this down the shape of the earth is not a perfect sphere this is the sort of small detail so the old blade spheroid has a little small small small small bul at the equator very small bulge at the equator now once I say this kids usually get this question wrong but the Bulge is so so slight it is really really slight therefore which is the best model of Earth if you shrink it down to this side which is really small on your paper which would be the best model of Earth answer is two and then often times I had kids say Well Mr G you said there was a bolt at the equator all my teachers there was a bol at the equ yeah it's so small you can't even notice it especially if it's that small that know it next up we're going talk about the uh looking at like a globe and Earth and we need a system to determine where we are so what they've come up with is this sort of gridlike system um and there are called latitude lines and longitude lines so the ones that go like this they're called latitude lines and they go around Earth you can't see the other side there but it goes all the way around there that is a latitude line and there's a whole bunch of that one that one that one that one that one no notice my hand is staying real flat like that flat lat lat flat that's way most students have had remember it um as opposed to going up and down our longitude lines so please write those in longitude lines go up and down like this and so that's a longitude line all of these are longitude lines the primary radiant is a line of longitude it's Zero longitude so um let's do a little more on this so for instance and the way we often draw that's a North Pole north south east west we have yellow is uh my question is is that a latitude line or a longitude line it's a latitude line it is flat and I don't have any numbers on this because we want to have the numbers in the north southeast west I'll do some examples of that so oh did that happen did that happen like that W I'm going to skip to this okay okay so I apologize for that as I do that so this is one way to help what I wanted to do is isolate them out please copy this all right so latitude of flat lines parallel to the equator remember this this really helps I found lat two lines flat notice how they rhyme and I drew them just on there so get that in your brain lattitude lines like that next up longitude lines I don't have a trick for that you got know that's the other one up and down and they look like this they actually go all the way around the earth they actually um they all meet at the North Pole and the South Pole the international um Prime Meridian is zero longitude but let's not worry too much about that make sure you have those down we're going to put them into practice right here by doing some examples so um AB c and d and you should have these on there as well yes I added them into your pages so what we have here see you don't see the whole earth so you don't see the zeros so you see 30 45 60 75 it's going up as you go this way so zero would be over there and then oh you see Zero this is the equator here and then you see Zero and then we're going that direction from it so what would be the longitude of a so first of all what's the f is is the longitude this line or this line think about that uh longitude is this line so we want the so so what I put in there is I put the north south east west right so it would be 90 but the compass direction is really that's the hard part that is really the hard part now how do you know it's 90 degrees west well you can't see the zero so zero would be here and then if this is north south east west if zero is way off the map then you're going this way what direction is it from zero it is west of zero therefore 90 degrees west this gives kids trouble every year so if you're having some trouble with that concept just work through it U kids do get it so next up La latitude of B the latitude of B is 30 and that's pretty straightforward as long as you know that that is the latitude line but is it north south east or west well that's zero right there so what direction is it from zero it is south from the equator so it is therefore 30° South hope this is making some sense the longitude of D so where's d d is right here longitude line is this line I have to know that longitud goes up and down it's 30 and again where is zero zero would be over here so what direction is it from zero use the compass rows here it is west that is going to be 30 degrees west I've had hundreds upon kids hundreds of kids in my career we'll just write 30 and and it'll be wrong um it'll be wrong because you need to have the compass Direction because there there is on a map there's 30° West 30° north 30° South 30° East so you got to be very clear latitude of f where's F now this one the number you got to kind of estimate maybe 43 44 I don't care about the number so much but so yeah 42 43 44 if that's 45 and from zero so that's south of zero so it should be I put 43 degrees south maybe you put 42 44 that's fine but hopefully getting the sense of the north southeast west because that is really the more challenging part that I really want to put forth here we go on that same page I put a compass rose on here you may not have that on yours um but I have it up here so latitude of G this is a totally different map so we got to figure out where we are so uh 30 40 50 I don't see Zero here and I don't see Zero of the latitude so we have to figure that out latitude of g g is here you have to know that that's the longitude and that's the latitude so it's going to be 72° now question is it 70° 72° north south east or west so we're going to compare it to zero which latitude that is the equator right now where would zero be we're High we're in the 80s 7672 zero would be down here off the screen down at the floor I you can't see me now but I'm at the floor zero would be probably past the floor in this room so what direction would it be if Zero's way down here from the the equator it would be north of the equator therefore G is 72° North all right see how that works what else longitude of H so longitude of H you got to know that that's the longitude line 40 it's not 64 that's Latitude 40 degrees and again I see 50 40 where would zero be zero is the primary radian zero is a uh zero is um 0 degrees longitude would be over here what direction is that from zero it is west of zero therefore longitude of a will be 40 degrees west 40 degrees west longitude of J is 30 also 30 Dees West and then latitude of K very similar 76 degrees north so hopefully you just kind of see how that goes that's my point here uh what do we got here yeah so I got this order out of whack so this we'll see this this is in a reference table this is the great state of New New York okay so long island here New York City here Buffalo Rochester Syracuse ader a Albany cat scills and this also has numbers on the side maybe a little hard to see and I'm going to put this in so this right here in green hopefully you can see that that line represents think about yourself is that a latitude line or longitude line it's a latitude line it's actually 43° latitude 4 43° latitude and then this line here the red one that I put in that is 76° um longitude as what I didn't do here is uh let's go back to this 43° it's 43 degrees north because that's 42 that's 44 zero would again be lower than the floor as you what direction would it be from zero it's north of zero there's the compass rows right there it's in the corner it's hard for you to see I I understand that um and then another example here back to the longitude is 76 that's 75 that's 74 zero would be way over there way off the screen so what direction is that from zero it is west so 76 degrees west everything in York state is west longitude just wanted to throw that out there this page here which is page number nine maybe yeah page number N9 we're going to skip it trust me you're going to be happy that we skip it because this with the minutes is pretty confusing we don't really need to know that very much anymore so that's kind of helping us out that we can skip it