Topics Covered: Eye anatomy, eye dissection, overview of the ear.
Additional Topics: Structural neuron types related to special senses, muscles controlling eye movement, cranial nerves associated with eye and ear functions.
Eye Anatomy
Structural Neurons
Special Senses Neurons: Bipolar neurons (e.g., in the eye).
Regular Senses Neurons: Unipolar neurons.
Eye Muscles
Types of Muscles: Skeletal muscles control eye movement.
Muscle Groups: Rectus (parallel with midline) and obliques (angled) muscles.
Rectus Muscles:
Superior, Inferior, Lateral, Medial.
Oblique Muscles:
Superior Oblique runs medially.
Inferior Oblique starts laterally.
Cranial Nerves for Eye Movement
Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor): Controls four eye muscles (medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique).
Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear): Controls the superior oblique muscle.
Cranial Nerve VI (Abducent): Controls lateral rectus muscle.
Eye Structures
Outer Eye Structures:
Sclera: Dense irregular connective tissue, white part.
Cornea: Clear anterior part.
Middle Eye Structures:
Choroid Coat: Vascular layer.
Ciliary Bodies: Control the lens shape and iris.
Iris & Pupil: Colored part and central opening, respectively.
Inner Eye Structures:
Retina: Contains sensory receptors (cones and rods).
Optic Nerve: Cranial Nerve II, sensory nerve.
Eye Chambers
Vitreous Chamber: Filled with vitreous humor.
Anterior Chamber: Between cornea and iris, filled with aqueous humor.
Eye Dissection Observations
Conjunctiva: Membrane covering sclera.
Lacrimal Gland: Produces tears; controlled by cranial nerve VII.
Ear Anatomy
Ear Divisions
Outer Ear:
Pinna (Auricle): Elastic cartilage.
External Auditory Canal.
Middle Ear:
Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum): Vibrates with sound.
Auditory Ossicles:
Malleus: Connects to eardrum.
Incus: Middle bone.
Stapes: Connects to oval window.
Eustachian (Auditory) Tube: Connects to throat.
Inner Ear:
Cochlea: Snail-shaped, hearing organ.
Vestibule & Semicircular Canals: Balance organs.
Cochlea Structure
Membranes:
Basilar Membrane: Supports spiral organ.
Vestibular Membrane.
Spiral Organ (Organ of Corti): Contains hair cells for hearing.
Cochlear Duct (Scala Media): Middle chamber.
Inner Ear Nerves
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII): Splits into vestibular (balance) and cochlear (hearing) branches.
Ear Functionality
Hearing: Cochlea processes sound waves.
Balance:
Static Equilibrium: Vestibule (utricle and saccule).
Dynamic Equilibrium: Semicircular canals detect head movement.
Dissection and Models
Identification of Structures: Utilized various models and diagrams to identify and label parts of the eye and ear.
Additional Study Tips
Use Visual Aids: Diagrams and models are crucial for understanding spatial relationships in anatomy.
Memorization Techniques: Mnemonics for cranial nerves and muscle names can aid retention.
Practical Application: Engage in virtual or in-person dissections to solidify knowledge.