the species of organism that we are going to talk today has many uh biovars and cerro bars and this is referred to as salmonella and tarika over 2500 different species that are broken up by group now you must you most commonly associate salmonella with raw chicken or egg products however when we're talking about salmonella with regards to young children getting infected or illness it's commonly associated with exotic pets in the household so lizards snakes birds etc so salmonella is one of two species uh enterica and bon gori and the member of the entero bacteria c family salmonella enterica is divided into six subspecies and these subspecies have a variety of different animal human or exotic pet sources regardless of source all species of salmonella can infect humans so there are 2 610 different serotypes that are known um i often say over 2500 different stereotypes uh the most common are type e paratype enteritis typomerium and the one that uh kohler i can never say this one uh this affects the gallbladder mostly the serovars are characterized by three surface antigens on the flagella flagellar h antigens and the o polysaccharide or oligosaccharide the o antigen in the lps or the lipopolysaccharide uh salmonella enterica is facultatively anaerobic it's gram-negative modal non-sporing rod so salmonella and terrica can cause four different clinical manifestations of gastroenteritis enteric fever and an asymptomatic carrier state now the problem with this asymptomatic carrier state is often the organism is found colonized in the gallbladder and it can survive the ph of the gallbladder and just live there if you're in this asymptomatic carrier state there's no amount of drugs that can remove the organism from your system you will continue to shed salmonella for the rest of your life and it's only a small percentage of people that are capable of doing that um when we look at reported cases we see that uh children under the age of five and usually 70 years or older patients are the ones that are most often recorded now notice i didn't include this the 20 to 30 year olds it's because these are less often reported you have your two peaks in the under five and the over 70. it's because the under five and the over 70 are more likely to get dehydrated as a result of infection so it's not that they get it any less often or more often it's just they're more likely to require hospitalization which triggers a test and that triggers a report most people in 20 or 30 years old are healthy enough to survive salmonella and they're just gonna push through the discomfort because there's no real treatment for it uh often causes food poisoning uh diarrhea cramps headache fever etc uh the symptoms last between five and seven days it's fairly long the incubation period actually is quite short so when we look at the incubation period it can be as little as six hours whereas something like campylobacter which we're going to talk about later has a much longer incubation period so when we look at the infections worldwide they offer everywhere we have seasonal outbreaks of salmonella which means that cases are always higher in summer months because people are barbecuing outside and food handling practices at things like family get-togethers and celebrations are not as good as they should be and so we see the diseases peak in summer and fall and mostly in children from that cross-contamination situation or handling of pets uh for host range for serotypes causing non-typhoidal salmonellosis the pros the primary hosts are domestic animals so cattle swine poultry wild birds etc the cerro prevalence or the commonness in like cattle swine and poultry is almost 100 so every animal is considered to have some salmonella in their foods and that's why cooking and food practices are important um the infectious dose varies based on serotypes so anywhere from three thousand so ten to the three basili are i'm sorry one thousand with three significant factors um can be can cause it patients with uh depressed cell immediate immunity or elderly will get infected with lower infectious doses and human infection occurs from consuming contaminated foods water or contact with infected feces as well as contact with infected animals sometimes even humans can get infected by their dogs when their dogs slick or eat or snack on something that has salmonella and then they get it and then you go to pick up the dog feces but you don't wash your hands appropriately you can get it in that way as well there's a variety of different ways you can get salmonella it's often food associated but i'm telling you right now that more often than not it's an animal in the household and they don't even realize it like a bird lizard snake etc humans can spread the disease as long as they shed it in their feces certain carriers shed bacteria for years even decades and five percent of recovering uh from non-typoidal salmonellas salmonellosis can shed the bacteria for up to 20 weeks animals can have a latent or carrier state where they excrete the organism briefly intermittently or persistently the reservoir for non-typhoidal remember typhoidal is only a human pathogen whereas non-typhoidal can be in a variety of different animal posts so domestic animals wild animals even flies can carry the organism they don't aren't necessarily colonized with it but they land on feces that's infected land on your food that's enough to give you contamination uh zoonosis yes transmission between animal and human will occur can occur from their feces or cross-contaminated foods uh flies are a possible indirect vector uh and they transmit the bacterium from food when they land on it so it is susceptible to chloramphenicol cipro amoxicillin all of these um some resistance to chloramphenicol have has been noted but these are rarely used in the treatment of salmonella it has to be a fairly severe case that required hospitalization or treatment