you now tuned in to the network the youtube channel that takes complex networking topics and dumbs it down to a more simple language and today's topic is routers this is the first topic in the cisco ccna exam blueprint let's go ahead and take a look at the exam blueprint to see where we came from and where we are headed well i kind of jumped around on this um blueprint here we started off with some wireless stuff but anyways this is the first topic if you're new to this channel go ahead and hit me with that subscribe button hit me with the like button it helps uh with the youtube algorithm and you know gets me more views and stuff like that and also kind of motivates me to keep doing these videos but anyways explain the role and function of networking components so when we say explain we only got to explain it we ain't got to really do any kind of configuring but guess what we are going to do some configuring i'm going to pull out a router show y'all what a real router looks like and stuff like that and we'll also play with the simulator if you in case you don't have a hard you know hardware like i so what is a router router is basically a device that takes packets or you know pieces of information from one network and send it off to another network why does it do that why do we need to do that well that's basically what the internet is about it's a bunch of routers that takes information from one network sends it off to another this is what typically what you may see in a small home or as they call it a soho network small office home office you'll see this at home a lynx is router small something small like this but if you are studying for like the cisco cc and exam most likely you're going to be running into a something that looks like this which is a corporate router you know something has got a little bit more a couple more interfaces and it's more designed for corporate environment you know you've got these these empty ports right here in case you want to do some more expansion and stuff like that in case your network grows it's a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks which is basically what i said right routers perform the traffic directing functions on the internet so it's kind of like a traffic cop takes all the information and sends it off to another network directing all the traffic and that's what routers do data is sent through the internet such as a web page or email is in the form of data packets like i mentioned so all the information that are sent in little like it's kind of like little envelopes but we're not going to get too deep into it today we're just going to do a basic you know high level overview of what packets are and and you know and what routers do with them right so a packet is typically forward forwarded from one router to another router through the networks that constitute an internetwork or the internet routers there's several there's hundreds thousands of routers millions of routers on the internet that basically takes traffic and sends it off to another network and that's what the internet is until it reaches destination node so when you're watching this youtube video right here right you're from your pc you're you know watching this video stream on some google server that youtube owned that youtube has and all that information is sent right back to you on your home computer and that's what's amazing about the internet and how data flows through the package that's you know that's that's why i love this stuff before we talk about exactly how the routers do we need to talk about the difference between a lan or local area network and a when or wide area network a local area network is a network infrastructure that provides access to users and devices in a small geographical area so basically like a school or you know like a small little campus or a little corporate office or something like that this will be your local area network all your end devices like your pcs your phones your users like this guy right here with a purple shirt i don't know if you're at home where here or here at school right here they're all connected to this local area network right we got a server right here this would be a switch and this little hockey puck looking thing is not a hockey puck this would represent a router that is what a router would look like on a network topology or a network map this is the logical view of what a router looks like actually this is what the physical view this is how it look like but when you're looking at these network topologies you're going to see they look like this little hockey puck looking thing right here and they typically sit at the edge of your network as you can see right here this is the boundary of the network right and then the router sits at the edge and we got this little red line right here that takes us out to the wide area network right so this is the wide area network right so the local area network will be somewhere on this side of the router now notice we've got two hockey pucks right so we've got a closer view of the wide area network this could be the internet or it could be another wide area network that takes you to maybe another remote corporate office or something like that but either way it's not in your local area network it's not within your campus or your school or whatever the case may be right wide in that wide area network is a network infrastructure that provides access to other networks over a wide geographical area so a city a continent that would be the wide area network a county that would be considered your wide area network it's larger than local area network it just constitutes of hundreds of routers and you know millions of routers that would be considered a wide area network and typically on in a network topology or logical view you will see that the wide area network is indicated by this little lightning bolt looking thing right here this could be indicating that it's a serial line or some sort of leased line from your isp such as century link or a spectrum or whatever the case may be right and that's how you that's how your information would travel over the wide area network or the internet right but this is just a small small view of the wide area network now we take these two concepts together right we got our local area network or land and our wind right here which will take us to another land right although there are benefits to using a land or a wind most individuals need to communicate with resources on another network so you are on your local area network right this is you right here in the local area network and we need to cut like let's say we need to watch this video stream of me on youtube my pretty little face and my beard nice beard most individuals need to communicate with resources on another network outside of the local area network within the home campus or organization this is done using the internet so the internet would be like kind of like a wide area network connected to another wide area network so on and so forth till you get to the local area network which like in this case would be the youtube server and then you watch the video stream and all those packets will come back to you while you're watching the video stream right so take this concept the lands and the winds and we have the internet the internet is basically a combination of a whole bunch of lands and winds put together and it's just like this is just a like i said this is like a piece of the internet the internet is even larger than this just millions of millions of lands and winds put together this is why i love networking this is why i'm so passionate about it because i just think i just think it's just so amazing how you can watch a video stream like this or you know download a video on your computer or your phone or something like that or download an app and do anything on the internet it's done by a combination of lands and wands and sent back to your computer obviously it gets a little deeper than that with ip addressing and routing and stuff like that but how do the packets that i mentioned right the small pieces of information travel through the internet right this is done with ip routing right so and that's what routers do they route packets ip packets ip routing refers to the process of taking a packet from one host or one pc and sending it off to a different network so we've got host a or computer a right here we've got computer b right here remember the hockey puck is the router right he's there in the middle he's known as r1 when we need to take a packet from this pc and talk to this pc we are routing the packets right and that's what a router does that's why they call it a router the routing process is usually done by devices called routers like we've mentioned a million times right so host a has this ip address right 182 168 5.5 right this he's in the 5.0 network right we'll get deeper into you know ip addressing and stuff like that and subnetting in another video right he wants to communicate to the pc with the ip address 100.5 that's this guy right here right well the packet or small piece of information will travel across this network cable into the ingress interface or ingress port known as fast ethernet zero zero f a zero zero right the router one will see that packet right and he has what's called a routing table it's just a list of information that has all the routers and what interfaces or what ports they lie on so that way he knows okay if i need to send a p a packet to this computer i need to send it out to this interface or this egress interface the packet that exits out the interface so in this case he knows he sees the pac packet come in from that pc and he says okay it needs to go to the 10 network because that's where the tc host b lies on his ip address is 100.5 and that's on the fa-01 interface or f801 port or fast ethernet port and then he sends it out to this egress interface out to that pc now it gets a little deeper than that you know i didn't explain anything about arping or mac addresses and stuff and stuff like that this is just a brief high level overview of what routers do and that's basically what they do this is what ip writing is all about and that's how it forwards information y'all know what it is when y'all see this little girl if you know about this channel or if you're new to this channel you'll know we do hands-on stuff right we talk about the theory and then we get our hands dirty and talk about this stuff and actually play with it now i'm gonna pull out my router right here this is a hard this is actual hardware right here right this is a cisco 1841 router you can get this on ebay it's like uh i think i got it for like actually no i got it from this website called uh it's called certificationkids.com like years ago you can get it much cheaper online on ebay for like you know 30 or 40 bucks and piece your you know equipment together maybe i'll do a video on my lab and stuff like that but anyways this is 1841 router it's one of my favorite routers it's pretty quiet it's got we've got two ports right here we've got our console port right here this is what we use to connect to it and actually see the you know the command line and stuff like that and program it and we've got our on off button right here we've got our power cord right here uh this is the fast ethernet that i was mentioning before this is f a zero one and this is f a zero zero not sure if y'all can see that or not you know and if you can't afford hardware or if you don't got time to be you know collecting old equipment like this there's also a simulator called packet tracer if you don't know about it i'll leave a link in the description below we'll be able to do the same thing we do on that on this router right here not the same exact thing but most of the things we can do on that router on the simulator and it's guess what it's free you just need to uh join the cisco academy and create an account stuff like that and maybe i'll do a video on show you how to do that but it's pretty simple again i'll leave a link in description below for that application and also leave a link in the description below for this lab right here and what we're going to do we're going to configure initial router settings let's go ahead and fire up pekka tracer and play with a router so this is the lab right here configure initial router settings right we have three steps here or three parts right here we're going to verify the default router configuration uh we're going to configure and verify the initial router configuration and then we are going to save the running configuration or save our work right in this activity you will perform basic router functions will allow you a secure access to the cli or command line interface basically like the text and stuff like that and console port using encrypted and plain text passwords basically encrypted meaning hiding the password and plain text password so passwords you can actually see and read right you will also configure messages for users logging into the router these banners also warn unauthorized users that access is prohibited finally you will verify and save your configuration just like we said so part one we're going to verify the default configuration how do we do that we're going to establish a console connection to router run choose a console cable how do we do that the console cable is usually a light blue cable just like this here's a physical one right here we've got our usb we've got our serial port like this right it'll connect to the um the other end of it well normally a pc is not going to have a serial port like that but newer computers have a usb port so you're going to connect this to a usb port right and of your laptop right and the other end of this cable will go to the actual router the console port right just like this it's an rj45 port it's a network cable right and you would connect that into the router uh maybe i'll do you know yeah i'll show you that right now so we connect this is the router connected with the console cable just like that this end will go to the pc but if your pc does not have a serial port like this you need to get a serial to usb connection and then from the usb it'll connect to your laptop just like that right so uh we'll do that in the simulator again if you don't have hardware you can do this there's no excuse here we can fire up packet trace and do the same exact thing so we're gonna take the console cable we're gonna connect it to click select pc click pca select rs232 which is known as serial serial port we're gonna connect that to the router router one which port we connected to is it auxiliary gig zero zero zero one serial serial fast ethernets or the console port think about it aren't we back we connected to the console port good guess right so we do that and now we have got a connection and also our completion is 16 out of 80. this is another reason why i love packet tracer you can grade your assessments and stuff like that and it tells you you know whether you're doing something wrong or if you're missing anything like that right we could also check our results click this button right here and it'll tell us hey we're missing some stuff here but we're not gonna do that right now i'm not gonna click this tab and that'll that'll give us a clue on what we're missing right so that's the first step we had to do we clicked on router one select console that was the answer here there i guess we're gonna click pca desktop tab in a terminal so we're going to pca we're going to go to the desktop tab and then we're going to go to terminal which is right here we go to the terminal and we're going to leave these settings as default right just remember these settings and memorize these it's the same thing as logging in to see secure crt and stuff like that i'll do a maybe a separate video on how to connect to a uh physical console cable but i know most of my new subscribers and new viewers are probably not gonna have hardware so just remember these settings these are default right here but when you're actually doing hardware you might have to set this up manually 9600 bits per second um that's that's also known as the baud rate right here uh eight data bits none for parity one for stop bits and none for flow control you ain't got a memory you know what these exactly are right now but for the sake of the ccna exam just know that those are default click okay and now we are in the console of the terminal session we've opened up the terminal session of the router so when you plug up to the router this is what you're going to see by default we power it on we've got our uh bootstrap messages here we've got our post which stands for power on self-test uh decompressing the image and so on and so forth right i'm going to scroll down tells us we've got four ethernet uh fast ethernet interfaces two gigabit ethernet and another thing i love about packet tracer if you click the router this is the logical view remember the hockey puck click that guy and this is a 1941 router we zoom in and you can actually see in case you don't have hardware you could actually see the hardware as well right so this is the um the actual the 1900 1941 series router here's our on off button we've got our fast ethernet port similar to my 1800 series router uh we are going to configure router one right we go back to the terminal session desktop right we press enter and now this is our default setting right here you can access all the router commands from privileged exec mode however because many of the privileged commands configure operating parameters privileged access should be password protected to prevent unauthorized use so no right now we are in when you see this symbol right here the greater than symbol this lets you know you are in user exact mode when you log on to a router by default you'll be in user exact mode there's not much you can do here i push question mark there's not very many options right so you need to like get into like a mode that's going to let you do more stuff which is privileged exact mode right the way we do that is by typing enable as you can see here enable press enter but you could also do just ena and then press tab it'll type the rest of the commands and press enter and it'll put you in enable mode you know you're in enable mode when you see this hashtag right lab every day if you don't know about this community right here just go on twitter or even facebook and do lab every day it's a community of like-minded uh individuals that uh like to lab and you know are passionate about networking stuff like that right notice that the prompt changed to configurations into the configuration to reflect the privileged exact mode so now we're in privileged exact mode we move from user exact mode that doesn't allow us to do much to privilege exact mode we press uh question mark you see we've got way more options right so these are the user exact mode options and these are the privileges exact mode notice there's more options here we can do more stuff in this mode here right enter the show running configuration command all right we do show running i'm gonna press tab and do you remember you ain't got to type everything if you just do let's just they do show run and tab it'll type the rest of it press enter and you can see the running configuration will push i gotta press space to do more to see more things right and you can see all the interfaces we've got default configuration basically here answer the following questions what is the router host name what basically the friendly name for the router we scroll up back to there and we see the host name is router so it's just simply named router how many fast ethernet interfaces does the router have well we can go to we can go to the physical view or check the running configuration so we scroll down we'll scroll down we've got he said fast ethernet interface how many we've got scroll down scroll down we've got one we've got two we've got three and we've got four interfaces the fast ethernet how many gigabit interfaces let's scroll back up and see they were right there that's serial we've got one two how many serial interfaces scroll down and we see the rest of them there's zero one two what is the range of the values shown for the vty lines vty lines are virtual terminal of virtual terminal lines which are basically the lines that allow you to virtually log on to the router so it could be remote somewhere like in china or something like that or you know in egypt and you can virtually log on to the router you don't have to physically be there to log on to it that's what that's what those who are called virtual lines how do we know that how many there are we scroll down to the bottom they're normally at the bottom and it says right there line vty zero through four how many do you see there's actually five even though it says four there you count the zero line so there's line v t y zero one two three four and there's five right there so zero one two three four is five v t y lines display the current contents of nvram what's nvram non-volatile random access memory basically the memory or the information that is stored onto the memory so if you power off the router um you can see what's actually stored on it when you power it back on that's the envy ram right we do that by viewing it by typing show startup config as opposed to show running config so don't get them too confused now there's running config that's actually running right that look the configuration that's running when you power it on right and then there's the startup config when you actually boot up the router and the configuration that actually boots up that was stored in the memory right so we type in show start up hyphen config enter it says here startup config is not present why does the router respond with startup config is not present message well it's because we booted up and it was just like it's just like we took it out the box we ordered it from cisco or ebay or they wiped it and there's no startup configuration right so part two configure and verify the initial router configuration to configure parameters on a router you may be required to move between various modes right so remember i said there's the user exact mode which is indicated by the greater than symbol doesn't allow you to do much right and then there's the privileged exec mode that does you allow you to do a little bit more but there's also the configuration mode it allows you to do anything on a router right so notice how the prompt changes as you navigate through the router right so how do we go to configuration mode how do we know we're in configuration mode first we need to type in basically it don't tell you there you type in configure just like that space terminal right press enter and that's how we know we are in configuration mode it's indicated by open bracket config close bracket hashtag that lets you know you okay you can do anything on this router now you can you can change ip address and you can you know change routing information you can you can manipulate it however you want so there's remember you review user exact mode privileges exact mode allows you to do more in configuration you can do anything with that router right so it says here they want us to change remember the name of the router is just router they want us to change it to r1 how do we do that we type in hostname space r1 press enter notice we've got 24 out of 80 complete use the following passwords console so now they want to set a console password console meaning uh remember the console cable they want us to set a password for that right so we're gonna do line console zero and the configuration for the console will be located there on the startup or running config right there line console when we get to it there's only one console port so it's zero we press enter that lets us know we are in line configuration mode you'll also notice there's several different other configuration modes but those are the three you really need to know user exec mode privilege exec mode configuration mode right they want to set the password for the console as let me in so we're going to do password space let me in press enter we've got 32 out of 80 complete now they wanted to set a privileged exec password remember how to get in a privileged exec mode right it's enabled and that lets us go on but they want us to set a password there remember when we got into those different modes it didn't ask us for a password now we're going to make it ask us for password unencrypted is cisco right so another thing i want to show y'all if we go back to the startup configuration go up uh you'll see there is no password here right normally the password would be somewhere in there you'll see enabled in a password so we're going to do that right now we need to get out of this my bad get out of this now we're going to uh put in the password enable and then password and then cisco right that sets the enable password but i want to show you something real quick right i'm getting out of that mode show running config right we do that and now it saved our password our enable password is cisco problem here is it's unencrypted and you can see it it's in plain text we need to also do an encrypted password and they said for a privileged exact mode say it and set it as it's a secret so we press we're going to go back into configuration mode right config we could also shorten it by configure t or config t and do enable secret and then it's a c crit that is how you set the encrypted password right we press enter notice we've got 40 out of 80 so we're almost complete we're halfway there y'all if we do a show running config again and you see now we've got uh enable password which was just cisco but you can see it and we also got an enable secret password which is the encrypted password and it was and it's a secret right but notice you can't see it here why because it's encrypted so that's why i just got these jumbled passwords looking here right here i'm going to explain y'all now we've got two different passwords how do we know which one is going to use we'll explain that in a second they also want us to encrypt all plain text passwords so we've only got one plain text password they wanted to encrypt it how do we do that what's going on with my mariah carey voice here we are going to go back to configuration terminal mode they want us to encrypt the password with service and its password encryption so service password hyphen encryption this encrypts all the passwords no matter what you got on there we press enter right and now we do a show running configuration again show running config and notice the cisco is now jumbled with some numbers right here we've got some numbers right here but notice there's a five and a seven here the five lets us know it's encrypted and i believe md hat the md5 hash i believe i can't remember i'll leave in the description below i'm on the explanation for that and we've also got seven which is not as strong as a five so this number right here you could still you can go to a website and actually crack this password so it's like good in a pinch if you just want to hide password real quick but if you want uh you know a really good encrypted password you do an enable secret password right so remember we've got to enable secret and enable password two passwords here but one will trump the other it's the enable secret i'll explain more on that a little bit so we've got the message of the day text basically if we want when somebody logs on to our router they're gonna see this banner message how do we do that we go back to configure terminal mode which has allowed us to do everything remember we do banner space mo td which stands for message of the date and then we need to put in the delimiter a delimiter is telling the computer okay start here this is what my banner message of the day is going to be i like to use quotation marks as a delimiter so we do quotation right here and he says he wants us to type in unauthorized access is strictly prohibited so i'm just going to copy and paste it so that way i don't have no uh typos and press paste right here y'all know copy c right and then we're going to do our delimiter again to let it let the compute let the router know okay stop here what's befo what's that what's before this delimiter is my banner message of the day i press enter right oh i forgot to put my delimiter press enter right here that is my delimiter right so now verify the initial settings by viewing the configuration for router one what command did you use well we verify our initial settings with show running hyphen config i'm going to remember that command right there press enter and we see what we got we've got our house name that we created we got our enable secret password right we've got our enable password right there what else we press space to see more we've got uh this other stuff is default we didn't do any ip addressing or modify these interfaces right here press space space we didn't change our cdp turn it off or anything we've got our banner motd i believe i kind of messed that up right there let's get rid of that guy let's get rid of that i'll definitely mess that up we can do configure terminal right we're going to say no banner motd that's going to erase everything i did right there right and we're going to get rid of that right i'm going to get back out of this do show running config now i've got no banner so we need to do that banner again because i kind of messed that up configure terminal right against banner space motd delimiter right and then we're going to paste our message again paste and then the close our other delimiter that's going to let it come let the router know this is the message that's why i like to use quotation marks press enter we're going to get out of this again show running configuration hyphen config press enter i run in config 100 miles of running all this typo and this is why i like to just do you can just shortcut it with show run right space space we've got our interfaces right here and there is our banner that looks better right there and notice the grading change to 64 out of 80 right uh exit the current console session until you see the following this right here so we do that with exit right and now we've exited right we press enter and notice we've got here router console 1 is available press return to get started i pressed return and now you can see the banner message of the date right there right press enter until you see the following right so i press enter oh it says here i should have got a password why didn't i get that it says why should every router will explain that a bit why should every router have a message of the day banner well for legal reasons in case somebody log on to a router you it'll you know it's unless people know hey you know stay off this router or whatever the case may be or unauthorized access and stuff like that it could be for bureaucracy for you know any kind of organization rules and regulations and stuff like that that's why you need to have a message of the day banner if you are not prompted for a password what console line command did you forget to enter well the command we forgot to enter was login so we're going to go back into enable press enter now in enable mode notice it's asking us for a password but what password is it going to ask us for the cisco or the it's a secret pause and think about it it's going to use the secret password and remember what the secret password was it was it's a secret now show y'all we type in cisco c-i-s-c-o enter and notice it didn't let us in it's asking us for the password again we type in it's a secret i might i might have messed that up let me type that again i t s a s e c r e t enter and now we're in privileged exec mode so remember we set two passwords but one trumps the other it is the secret password remember the secret password is going to trump the enable password if you've got two of them enter the passwords necessary to return to privileged exec mode oh we didn't get uh we didn't get prompted for a login password so let's do that we're gonna go to console i'm gonna configure terminal we're gonna do line console zero right remember it did not prompt us for a password at the very beginning when we logged on to the router so we do that by typing just log in like that press login i'm gonna get out of this by doing control z and that's gonna take us all the way out of the beginning of the router right control z that's a shortcut y'all wanna remember too right we press enter actually we need to exit out of this now we're in privilege exact mode exit right so it'll be just like if you took the console cable plugged it in where you press enter it's going to take you here console 0 is available press enter and now it's asking us for a password we got the banner message of the date user access verification now we gotta type in the password we type in i believe it was what was the console password y'all remember it was let me in right and not it's a secret remember there's a enable password or you uh privileges exact password and there's also the console password which we use to console in to the router it timed us out password was let me in press enter and now we're in privilege exact mode right we've got 72 out of 80. sorry to talk y'all air off real quick let's go ahead and get this done enter the password is necessary to return to privileges exec mode we do that with enter or enable press enter and now it's going to ask us for the privileged exec mode password which was it was it's a secret there's so many damn passwords it's uh see crit and now we're in privileged exec mode if you configure any more passwords on the router are they displayed in a configuration file or plain text in a encrypted form explain well we can do that by we can see the configuration file with show running config right press enter we see all the passwords are encrypted right how do we do that with this command right here service password encryption we encrypted all our passwords by doing that right save the config file to envy ram remember nvram is non-volatile random access memory so basically if you turn off the router you turn it back on we're going to lose our work so we need to save our work here right you have configured initial settings for router 1. now backup running config to the nvram which is also known as the startup configuration to ensure that the changes made are not lost in the system if the router is rebooted or loses power what command did you enter to save the configuration to nvram we do that with copy right tab and then running config to startup config so we're going to copy the running configuration what's currently running on the router to the startup config so that way when we turn it off and turn it back on and it starts up it's going to use the configuration that we saved from before so it's like just like hitting the save button when you got a word file or you know an excel spreadsheet or something like that so copy running configuration startup configuration you want to memorize that and there's also an abbreviated form what is the shortest unambiguous version of this command it's copy run start so in case you can't remember all this you just type in copy space run space start that's the shortcut for that right we press enter there and it says destination file name startup config so you want to do you want to save it as that that's the default you can change it however you want you could put like router 1 settings or something like that but if you just press enter there it's going to save us so we press enter building configuration okay and now we saved all of our work basically which command displays the contents of the envy ram that's a tricky one right there remember the nv ram is the non-volatile random access memory basically what's um stored in the memory like in when you turn it off and turn it back on the command that command is show startup configuration not not to be confused with show running configuration again running this configuration is when it's currently running you make some changes and uh if you turn it off and turn it back on you're not going to save the stuff that's saved that's in the running configuration is not saved it may ask you before you you know uh reboot or whatever but if you turn it off like like unplug it or whatever you're not gonna be able to save it so we need to do if we need to view it it's show startup or short start for sure so start up hyphen config press enter and now we can see our startup configuration remember before it says show start it said startup configuration is not present you can also click the check results in the instruction window and as you can see here we've got completion 80 of 80. optional bonus we can save the startup config to the flash which we could do uh i'll leave that i'll leave that up to y'all if you don't want to uh do that you know just run this video came we went a little longer than i expected but that's pretty much it we've completed this lab i'll leave a link in the description below that is all i got for y'all today if y'all like this video and you like my teaching style please please please hit me with that subscribe button hit that like button that's going to help with the youtube algorithm make it pop up in other people's fees and stuff like that i'll be doing more videos like this if y'all like them for the ccna exam i'm currently studying for the ccnp exam and stuff like that but you know i like to spread knowledge lab every day if you want to learn this stuff that's what you need to do 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