Overview
This lecture examines the key factors leading to the American victory in the Revolutionary War, focusing on military, political, and diplomatic developments.
Internal Divisions in Colonial Society
- No more than half of colonists supported the patriot cause; others were neutral or loyalists wanting to remain with Britain.
- Loyalist resistance within the colonies posed a significant challenge to independence.
Early Struggles of the Continental Army
- George Washington was appointed as the general of the Continental Army.
- The Continental Army suffered early defeats due to poor training, lack of supplies, and regional loyalties.
- Soldiers often deserted, and military cohesion was weak in the first months.
British Strengths and American Weaknesses
- Britain had the world's most powerful military and support from 60,000 American loyalists.
- The Americans faced disadvantages in manpower, training, and resources.
Shift in War Strategy and Participation
- Washington adopted a war of attrition strategy to exhaust British forces.
- Black Americans, both free and formerly enslaved, fought for the Patriots after both sides offered freedom for military service.
Turning Points and Foreign Assistance
- Washington’s attack on Hessian troops at Trenton in 1776 was a morale-boosting victory.
- The 1777 Battle of Saratoga was a turning point, leading France to ally with the Americans.
- France, followed by Spain and Holland, joined the war against Britain, stretching British resources.
The End of the War and Treaty
- The final major battle at Yorktown (1781) was won with French support, forcing British surrender.
- The 1783 Treaty of Paris ended the war and recognized U.S. independence, setting the Mississippi River as the western boundary.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Patriots — Colonists supporting independence from Britain.
- Loyalists — Colonists loyal to the British crown.
- War of Attrition — Military strategy aimed at wearing down the opponent over time.
- Hessians — German soldiers hired by the British to fight in America.
- Battle of Saratoga — 1777 victory convincing France to ally with the U.S.
- Treaty of Paris (1783) — Agreement ending the war and recognizing American independence.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review Unit 3, Topic 5 of the AP U.S. History curriculum.
- Understand the significance of foreign alliances and internal divisions in the Revolutionary War.