Lecture Notes: Sulfonamides and Their Effects

Introduction to Sulfonamides

• Also known as sulfa drugs.
• Recognizable by the "sulfa" prefix in their names.
• Not to be confused with sulfonylureas (diabetic drugs).
• Examples: sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine.

Mechanism of Action

• Antibiotic properties: Kill bacteria (not effective against viruses or fungi).
• Work by blocking the synthesis of folic acid needed for bacterial growth.

Mnemonic Symbol

• Sulfur-smelling hot spring: Represents sulfonamides due to the "sulfa" prefix.
• Hand sanitizer: Symbolizes antibacterial action.

Side and Adverse Effects

• Sulfa Allergies:

  • Common allergic reactions; monitor patients closely (especially first-time users).
  • Avoid all sulfa derivative drugs if allergic (e.g., sulfonylureas, thiazide diuretics).

• Crystal Urea:

  • Crystals in urine; can lead to kidney stones and damage.
  • Hydration is crucial: Patients should consume 2 liters of fluid daily.

• Photosensitivity:

  • Increased risk of sunburn; advise the use of sunscreen and protective clothing.

• Folate Deficiency:

  • Folate synthesis blockage can affect body's folic acid supply.
  • Patients may require folic acid supplements.

• Teratogenic Effects:

  • Teratogenic tarantula symbolizes this effect.
  • Can cause neural tube defects in fetuses; avoid in pregnant women.

Summary

• Sulfonamides treat a wide range of bacterial infections and are known for their distinctive "sulfa" prefix.
• They have multiple side effects including allergies, crystal urea, photosensitivity, folate deficiency, and teratogenicity.
• Important considerations include hydration, sun protection, and avoiding use in pregnancy.

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