Lecture Notes: Norman Castles

Introduction to Norman Castles

• Norman Castles in England (1066)
  • Synonymous with Norman invasion of England.
  • Key in understanding post-invasion power consolidation.

Main Themes of the Lecture

1. Castles: A New Innovation?

   • Question addressed if Norman castles were a novel concept.

2. Castle Building Evolution

   • Subsequent changes during the Norman period.

3. Purpose of Castles

   • Analysis of why castles were constructed.

Specific Castle Features

• Motte and Bailey Castles
  • Motte: Mound with a keep on top, usually square.
  • Bailey: Enclosed courtyard below the motte.
  • Palisade: Wooden fence around the bailey.
  • Drawbridge & Moat: For defensive purposes.

Anglo-Saxon Fortifications

• Burgs (Burghs):
  • Fortified Anglo-Saxon towns.
  • Similarities with motte and bailey but not termed as "castles."

Evidence of Pre-Norman Castles

• Archaeological finds and Anglo-Saxon Chronicle mention similar structures.
• Some "castles" built before Norman Conquest by Edward the Confessor's Norman affiliates.

Norman Castles in Normandy

• Many castles in Normandy before 1066.
• Example: Dinan as depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry.

Early Norman Castles in England

• Pevensey Castle (1066):

  • Built upon Norman arrival in England.
  • Acted as a defensive fortification.

• Tower of London:

  • Initiated by William the Conqueror.
  • Known for its thick walls, moat, and intimidating presence.

Summary

• Castles were not entirely new, with precedents in Anglo-Saxon fortifications.
• Norman invasion brought significant changes to castle construction.
• Each castle was unique, serving different purposes:
  • Status symbols
  • Military defense
• Sources of evidence include: archaeology, chronicles, and existing remains.