all right so in today's lesson we will learn uh extractions of metal yeah we will learn how to extract the metal how are we going to get pure metal yeah all right so the first concept that you must understand is this okay so metal normally exists as compound when we first discover them yeah so when we first discover the metal the metal normally come in a compound form okay just like this okay okay just look at this diagram okay so most of the metal they are found in the earth crust okay they are found in the earth crust most of the metal yeah they are found underground in most of the metal we found them underground okay so for example today if we want to get magnesium so this is a person so this person tried to dig a hole okay try to make the hole yeah so if this person dig and dig and make a hole okay just imagine this person keep on digging and then make a hole already so in this hole there is no way this person can find magnesium mg directly no way you don't expect you you like open the hole and then when you get the magnesium it's already in mg form no way you won't get mg okay same thing when you dig the hole you want to get aluminium you don't expect you will get al aluminium directly no you want why because most of the metal they always always exist as compound compound means what the metal normally combined with other thing when we first discovered them yeah when we first discovered the metal normally they combine with other normally combined with other things for example aluminium when you first discover the aluminium aluminium always exist naturally as aluminium oxide so when you dig a hole you won't get aluminium directly but you will get aluminium oxide yeah when you dig a hole you get aluminium oxide not aluminium yeah you will get aluminium oxide so love to combine with other things so you can see in this case the aluminium combined with oxygen yeah all right so one more okay so let's say when we first discover the iron the iron will combine with oxygen to form iron three oxide yeah so when we first discover we will discover iron three oxide okay so iron three oxide so when we open the hole you will get fe2o3 so this is iron three oxide yeah we get iron three oxide naturally you are not getting iron fe directly no you cannot get the metal directly one most of the metal they will combine with other substance okay most of the metal they will combine with other substance to form compound okay one more concept so today if you want to get a zinc today if you want to get a zinc you dig the hole you dig the hole you are not getting the zinc directly you won't get zinc the end directly yeah you won't get zinc directly no so zing when you get it the zinc will combine with sulphur to form zinc sulfide okay so zinc they will combine with sulfur to form zinc sulfide so when we dig the hole in the earth grass so we will get zinc sulfide okay so what is the very important concept that i want to tell you here okay so most of the metal we found them in the earth crust most of the matter we found we found them underground in the earth crust when we found the metal the metal normally combined with other things normally the metal combined with other things to form a compound okay so just like when we first discovered magnesium the magnesium combine with oxygen to form magnesium oxide when we dig the hole we will see that the zinc will combine with sulfur to form zinc sulfide when we dig the hole in the earth grass so we will see that aluminium will combine with oxygen to form aluminium oxide yeah so this is a very very important concept that you need to know okay so let me write a side note here okay so i'll just write the side notes here hopefully you all can get the idea okay so the side notes that you need to know is this okay so moles okay of the metals okay most of the metals we found them in the earth crust it moves off the metal we found them they are in the earth crust okay so this is the first concept okay so another concept that you need to know is this okay so the metal normally okay they will combine with other substitute when we first found the metal they normally combine with okay are the substance of metal normally combined with other substance okay so metal normally combined with other substance okay to form compound okay so most of the metal they they will combine with other substances to form compound okay when we first discover okay when we first these covered up okay so let me write the word discard okay will be first this cover them okay so today when you dig the hole when you first discover the metal the metal normally combine with other substances aluminum combined with oxygen you get aluminium oxide iron combine with oxygen you get iron iii oxide zinc will combine with sulphur to form zinc sulfide do you need to memorize all the thing here nope you don't need that so you don't need to memorize all the things here no need okay you just need to understand that metal normally will combine with other substance when we first discover them okay when we first discover the metal they combine with other substance okay all right so we have a special case so the special case here it's silver and gold silver and gold so silver and gold when we first discover them they exist as element element means one species naturally so which means that today if you dig the hole when you found the silver the silver is ag it's not combined with other thing it's not ag2o no it's not agcl no we first discover the silver the silver okay exists in element 4k in element for one species so go also same thing go is not in your syllabus but it's good to know go the formula is au gold is called aurum which you don't need to know lah it's not in your city biscuit it's not really in the syllabus you i mean you don't need to purposely memorize okay so so aurum is your goal so when we first dig the hole we will found a goal without combined with other substance so the goal can stand alone without combined with other substance okay so here you must understand only silver and gold they can exist as element element means they are stand alone they stand alone they not combined with other things naturally so magnesium will combine with other things naturally magnesium oxide aluminium will combine with oxygen naturally aluminium oxide iron will come up with oxygen naturally iron iii oxide zinc will combine with sulfur when we found it naturally zinc sulfide silver when we found it it exists as element naturally gold when we discovered it it exists as element naturally okay so this is what you need to know okay so most of the metal they will appear or exist as compound okay except gold and silver okay except gold and silver okay so here let me right here so you will get magnesium oxide you are not getting pure magnesium directly you will get aluminium oxide at first you are not getting aluminium element directly you are getting iron iii oxide initially you are not getting iron directly when you dig the hole you will get silver directly yeah silver will exist as element directly okay so same thing go a you you will get it directly as well okay so this is the first concept that you must understand all right so now the next thing is this so now you need to learn another words okay so the next words that you need to learn is called metal or o-r-e or so what do we mean by or in this sub-topic in the extractions of metal you will keep on seeing the word or so the word or stand for origin is stand for origin okay or in another word we call it as raw material okay we call it as raw material so what is all or is the raw material that we use to extract the metal so metal or is the raw material that we use to get the metal we want okay all right so let me further explain them there are two very popular method that you need to know in spm in spm when you come to extractions of metal in spm if you want to extract the metal you want to get the metal they always ask you two metals the first method is aluminium the second method is it okay they always ask you to extract the aluminum and extract the iron okay they won't ask you to extract magnesium they won't ask you to extract calcium no normally they always ask you all to extract aluminium or iron aluminum or iron okay right so this is a very important table that you must know what this is a very important table that you must know okay so um you need to understand that okay like what i say there are two methods that we always always want to extract the first metal is called alu medium okay the next metal it's called iron okay so in spm we need to know how to extract aluminium and how to extract the iron okay now you must know what is the or the origin so how to get the aluminium what is the raw material for us to get the aluminium so we will get aluminium from aluminium oxide yeah we will get aluminium from something we call it as aluminium oxide okay so the formula for aluminium oxide is al2o3 so you don't need to purposely memorize the formula you can predict the formula using the using what you learned in your form for chapter three from four chapter three we can get the formula if you know the charge aluminium the charge is a l three plus oxide the charge is o two minus okay so that the charge is different so we will do a cross method so the three will come to here the two will come to here so in the end as you can see aluminium you have two so a l two oxygen you have three o three so this is how you predict the formula for aluminium oxide okay rather than memorizing so you don't need to memorize the formula for aluminum oxide you can predict yourself you can predict on your own okay so this is the one so remember or means the origin the raw material so to get aluminium if we want to get aluminium the raw material we must use aluminium oxide okay aluminium oxide has a nickname aluminium oxide has a nickname the nickname of aluminium oxide you must know this this is called boxy b-a-u-x-i-t-e boxing some of the some of the people pronounced as box site some people they pronounced as box site it doesn't matter it doesn't matter it's box seed or box it's okay because you don't have any oral tester you don't have any oral test so you don't need to know how to pronounce it it's okay as long as you can spell the name correctly is it is good enough so this is very important this one must know okay they always ask you the nickname for aluminium oxide which is called boxy okay so let's go for another one another popular metal that we need to extract it's called iron so what is the or the ori the raw material to get the iron so the raw material to get iron is called iron tree oxide okay the raw material to get iron it's called iron three oxide so iron3 oxide what is the formula you can predict yourself iron3 the formula is fe3 plus oxide the formula is o2 minus so the charge is different you do a cross so when you do a cross the formula it is f e 2 o 3 okay fe 203 is the formula for your iron iii oxide yeah so what is the nickname iron3 oxide the nickname it's called hematite h e m a t i t e hematite yeah so make sure you know that box seed it is aluminium oxide and hematite it is iron three oxide so you must know this okay you must know this uh all right so this aluminium oxide and iron three oxide this is the this part is the uh what we call it these are the proper name the iupac name so this is the iu name the proper name for it okay so the proper name is called aluminium oxide the proper name is called iron three oxide okay so box seed and hemotype this is called common name okay we call it as common name okay or i call it as nickname okay all right so make sure everyone know this up okay so now you should know already there are two methods that we will extract in spm one is aluminium another one is iron to get aluminium we need to know what is the ore what is the raw material to get aluminium so we will get aluminium from aluminium oxide aluminium oxide also can call box c we will get iron from iron three oxide okay we will get iron from iron iii oxide iron three oxide also called hammer type okay that's it okay next one okay so you must understand that if we want to extract the metal okay they are total two methods okay we have two methods for us to extract metal yeah if we want to extract metal there are total two method we can use okay so the first method it's something that we learned recently it's called electrolysis okay the first method that we can use to extract metal is called electrolysis the second method to extract the metal is called reduction by carbon okay this is called reduction by carbon okay so we have total two method one is electrolysis another one is reduction by carbon okay and you must know when to use electrolysis and when to use reduction by carbon okay so i will explain more about that i'll explain more on that in a short while but now let me give you some rough idea first okay i just give you some basic idea later i'll explain out and i'll teach you how to know when should we use electrolysis when we should use reduction by carbon okay all right so electrolysis electrolysis is a method electrolysis is a method for us to extract reactive metal so we use electrolysis in order to extract reactive metal okay so we will we will discuss what is reactive metal in a short while okay so for now you just didn't know that electrolysis is the method that we use to extract reactive metal yeah so meanwhile reduction by carbon is the method for us to extract less reactive metal so use the word less reactive don't use the word unreactive cannot unreactive means there's no chemical reaction at all okay unreactive means there's no chemical reaction at all so cannot you have to use the word less reactive okay so if we want to extract we if we use the reduction by carbon if we want to extract the less reactive metal okay now how to know the metal is reactive or less reactive how to know so if you want to know the method is reactive or less reactive you need to refer to a very special table this table is called re vt series okay you need to refer to a table this table is called reactivity c okay so what is reactivity series okay so let me show you another concept okay so in sbm in sbm there are total two series that we learned so far okay there are total two series that we learned so far okay the first series is something that we learned recently here the first series is something that we learned recently where we cover the concept of metal displacement okay so when we cover the concept of metal displacement we learn about one series okay so the first series okay the first series is called okay the first series is called um electrochemical series okay so electro chemical series okay so if you forget what is electrochemical series please refer back to the metal displacement lesson that we learned yeah please refer back to the metal displacement lesson that we learned okay electrochemical series we also can call it as e c s okay the e stands for electro the c stands for chemical the s stands for series electrochemical series okay the second series is something that we will learn today which is called reactivity series okay so reactivity series is another series that we will learn today yeah so please make sure you aware you must aware that there are total two series in your spf okay all right so now let me show you how to get the reactivity series okay all right so don't memorize your reactivity series don't memorize your reactivity series many school teacher will ask you all to memorize the reactivity series you don't need to do that yeah you don't need to memorize the reactivity series so what you should do i can give you a tips okay so what you can do here but in a simple way yeah so the tips is this so you can actually more define okay you can actually more d fight okay you can modify the sorry yeah you can modify the ecs electrochemical series okay in order to get your re dvt series okay so i'll teach you how to modify okay i'll teach you how to do the modification okay all right so let me start with the first one so the first one it is your electrochemical series okay so let's start with electro chemical series okay which is your ecs okay so this is electro chemical series okay versus the re activity series okay so i'll teach you some simple magic that you can use to change the electrochemical series to become reactivity series okay so remember what how to how we memorize the the electrochemical series previously okay so we memorize it by using the the letter galao fantastic okay so we learned about this in metal displacement okay i hope everyone still remember lah okay so what should we do we use this to help us to memorize the first one kala k is for daisy second one not n a n a it's sodium if we learn in bm they call natriumla ka is calcium but there's no formula called kaa calcium need to modified a bit calcium the formula is ca so that m is magnesium mg the a is aluminium al the z is zinc the formula zn fantastic that f the f is f e i n so the s is s n s n is t s n is t okay so the p papa the p is p b p b is called length in bm they call blum in bm they call it as plumber okay so the h sorry the h here is hydrogen the cu tutu cucu is copper the last one ana the a here sorry the a here ana a is a g silver okay so this is our electro electrochemical series uh this is our electrochemical series okay so now okay how to modify to get your reactivity series okay so you just need to copy the whole thing you just copy the whole electrochemical series just copied it so copy k copy n a copy c a copy mg copy a l copy that n copy f e s n p b copy the h copy the c u copy the a g just copy the whole thing here you copy the whole thing then you go to find the substance called zinc go to find the zinc you go to find the zinger before the zinc before the zinc here you go to put in a carbon put c c stand for carbon okay ah so that's the difference okay electrochemical series don't have carbon reactivity series got carbon that's the difference yeah reactivity series got carbon where to put the carbon before the zinc so just copy your electrochemical series find the zinc before the zinc put in a carbon then you already get your reactivity series so you don't need to memorize two table no need okay you just need to memorize the ecs by using the kalanakawi you memorize the ecs and you modify the ecs to get your reactivity series okay so this is an easier way for you to do it again this is a easier way for you to do it so you don't need to memorize everything yeah okay now you need to know what is the difference between electrochemical series and reactivity series because many people they don't know why why we need to learn two table why not we using one table will do okay why not we just use one table why we need to learn two tables okay because these two tables will tell you different thing okay electrochemical series is related with electro electro means electron electron so in electrochemical series in electrochemical series it tells you who love to donate electronic electrochemical series tell us who love to donate electron the higher you are in the ecs the higher you are in the cecs you are more and more keen you love to donate electron okay so in ecs the higher the the substance you love to donate electron okay so in ecs tell you who love to donate electron reactivity series reactivity series tell you about react reaction reaction with what oxygen so in reactivity series in reactivity series the higher the substance it love to react with oxygen okay so the higher the substance it will love to react with oxygen uh so that is the difference okay so let's say uh if today we have electrochemical series so you simply choose to substitute magnesium and iron so magnesium is higher than iron in the electrochemical series so magnesium is more keen to donate or lose electron than iron okay that's it so electrochemical series tell us who love to donate electron again electrochemical series tell us who love to donate electron yeah okay what about reactivity series so let's say reactivity series i choose calcium and copper calcium is higher than copper in reactivity series so means what so reactivity series must react so calcium love to react with oxygen calcium love to react with oxygen then copper so calcium love to rear with oxygen more than copper react with oxygen you get it so make sure you know uh there are total two series here and you must know each series what actually they they represent what they tell you okay you must know what they tell you okay so this is a quick summary okay so let's do a quick summary here so electro chemical sorry electro chemical series will actually tell us okay who love or hope keen who is more keen to donate or you can use the word release or you can use the word lose electron yeah so re at the vt series okay so if we have reactivity series it's another thing so reactivity series will actually tell us okay reactivity series will actually tell us who is more reactive toward oxygen who love to react with oxygen yeah so it's not very hard to memorize because you can see electrochemical series electro relate with electron okay reactivity series re it is react okay react with oxygen okay so this is a simple summary that you need to know yeah this is a summary that you need to know okay right so now once we know how to modify the ecs to get the reactivity series and once we know the difference between the ecs and reactivity series now go back to the very important things here okay all right so just now i say we have two methods we have two methods for us to extract the metal so how are we going to use the reactivity series okay so now we need to know how to use the reactivity series to choose okay the proper method how to use the reactivity series to choose the proper method to extract the metal remember the main focus for today lesson is extract metal yeah so how are we going to use the reactivity series to choose the proper method to extract the method okay so let me teach you a simple thing all right so let's look at this okay so this is so let me draw the reactivity series versa so i need to put the reactivity series first okay okay okay so when you come to reactivity series the most important thing it's carbon the most important thing is carbon okay so i will draw two lines here i'll draw one line on top and one line at the bottom yeah all right so all the metals all the metals that is higher than carbon all the metals higher than carbon we call them as reactive metal okay we call them as reactive metal okay and all the metal which is lower than carbon all the metal lower than carbon we call them as less reactive metals okay so you need to know this uh so by refer to reactivity series okay we will know which one is reactive metal and which one is less reactive metal okay so then what is the next thing so if we have reactive metal okay for those metal who is higher than carbon for those metal who are higher than carbon they are reactive metal so we need to use e lag throw lysis okay we will use electrolysis method okay to extract the metal okay so today if you want to extract aluminium you have to use electrolysis method if you want to extract magnesium you have to use electrolysis method okay all right for those metals who are lower than carbon okay for those metals who are lower than carbon they are less reactive so for less reactive so we will go to use a method this method is called reduction by carbon okay we will use a reduction by carbon method okay which i will explain more later okay i'll explain more what is reduction by carbon later yeah so we'll use the reduction by carbon method okay to extract the metal okay so i hope now everyone know okay now everyone know which method to use and how to design okay we just use reactivity series to help us to choose the method to extract metal yeah so that is the one okay so the next thing we will learn in detail about two okay like what i say in spm they will ask you how to extract aluminium and they will ask you how to extract i n okay we just focus on these two method we do yeah we just focus on these two method that is good enough already yeah okay so uh the total two method we will extract so the first one we will start with aloo minima okay so let's start with this okay so the first case that we will learn is extraction of aluminium okay so we want to extract aluminium okay so first of all we must know what is the ores of aluminium all right so we we learned earlier on today so the all the raw material the all the raw material for the aluminium it's aloo medium oxide okay so we will use aluminium oxide and we will try to get the aluminium from it okay we want to extract the aluminium from the aluminium oxide okay so aluminium oxide also known as boxy okay aluminium oxide also known as boxing okay so the method that we will use is this okay so we learned already so to extract the aluminium aluminium if you check the reactivity series aluminium is higher than carbon so aluminium is reactive metal so we have to use electro lysis method okay so the method we will use is electro lysis okay so we will use electrolysis method to extract the aloo minima okay so let me show you how to do that okay i'll show you how to do that okay and also what are the common or popular question in your spm for this okay all right so first of all i will draw a diagram here i'll draw a diagrammer okay so first we will start with drawing a diagrammer okay so this is the diagram to extract aluminium okay so you don't need to memorize the diagram yeah don't need to memorize here so here you need to know is this okay so here we will have a container okay so this is a container okay so this is a container here okay so this container is something like this okay here here here open the bit okay all right so you don't need to know how to draw this diagram now you don't need to purposely memorize this diagram only this diagram will be given in your example okay so this whole container is connect to a negative power source okay and this container is made of carbon okay so this whole container is made of carbon okay so this is a carbon container okay and this container is connected to a negative power source so this whole container is your cat dot okay so the whole container is cat so on top here okay on top here we have many many electrode so here we have a few pieces of electrode okay and all the electrode here is connect to a positive power source okay all the all the electrode is connected to positive power source so what it is so this is your car this is made of carbon and all of them okay all of them this one this one this one this one this one all of them connect to a paucity power source so when you connect the porcity power source they are and not so this is actually a not because you have more than one you have more than one so all of them are anodes okay so this is carbon and nodes so this is something new one is something new for you because previously when we learned electrolysis previously when we learned electrolysis we used battery but now we want to extract the aluminium this extract aluminium is happened in industry when you want to extract aluminium this whole process is happened in industry so when we have industry we cannot use battery because why the electric is too little the electric is very lethal so we don't use a battery we use a proper power source this one and this one yeah next one previously we learned about one and not and one cathode only so previously we only have one anode and one cathode okay but if you want to do this in industry you want to do this in the gila in the factory one anode and one cathode is too slow very very slow yeah if you have only one anode and one cathode so what happened is that you can see now we have many and knots we have many anodes and the cathode that we have is not one road only now the whole container is the anode okay the whole container is the anode okay so when we come to factory we want the process to be fast so to make the process fast so we will have many many anod and also the cathode so this is something that you must understand okay all right so now i hope you can understand this diagram so re so please don't need to memorize the diagram okay you don't need to memorize the diagram you just need to know how it works okay so now inside the inside the what we call that the the container we have the liquid okay inside the container we have the liquid okay so the liquid inside here is two things there are two things inside the liquid here the first one it is molten okay the first one it is molten okay it is molten aluminium oxide so we have molten aluminium oxide all right another one that you need to know it is this okay so the molten aluminium oxide you need to add with a special material here you need to add with a special material here okay so the special material you need to know it is c r y o l i t e c r y l c r y o c-r-y-o-l-i-t-e okay this is cryolite okay cryolite so in spm one of the popular question they can ask is this one of the popular question they can ask you is they will they will give you a diagram then they will ask you so if inside here you have molten aluminium oxide and with a substance x so they will ask you what is substance so substance is cryolite okay so make sure you know what the molten aluminium oxide need to add with a special ingredient you need to add with a special substance this special substance is called molten aluminium oxide okay this special substance is called molten aluminium oxide i said molten cryo-like sorry this special substance is molten so it's cryo-liking sorry i keep on making mistakes here i repeat that they always ask you the molten aluminium oxide need to act with a special substance the special substance is cryo-like it's like okay so in sbm there are a few popular questions they can ask you here so there are a few popular questions they can ask you one so there are total three popular questions they can ask okay so i'll show you one by one uh so these are the popular or we call common question okay this is the common question okay in spm okay so there are total three common question that you need to know for extractions of aluminium so if you know these three question if you know these three questions you shouldn't have any problem to answer this okay so the first popular question they love to ask you is this what is the function what is the function of cryolite okay so why we add cryo like it why we add cryolite into the molten aluminum oxide why so let me tell you some story here versa i'll tell you a story then only we continue okay for your information for your information we know the word molten we learned before molten stand for melted okay we learned before molten stand for melted so we need to melt aluminium oxide so and you know when you want to melt a substance when you want to melt a substance you need to you need to heat it yeah when you want to melt a substance you need to heat it okay all right so for your information aluminium oxide has a very very high melting point okay aluminium oxide has a very very high melting point okay which is about 2 000 degrees celsius do you need to know the 2000 no need no you don't need to know the 2000 here okay you just you just need to understand that aluminium oxide has to be melted in order to get molten form so aluminium oxide has a super high melting point yeah so when aluminium oxide has a high melting point you need to use a lot of heat we need to use a lot of heat then only can melt it so when you use a lot of heat so your you need to spend a lot of money because the heat is not free runner you have to buy the energy we have we have to buy the energy so the cost is very very high because we need to spend a lot of money to buy the energy to heat the substance okay so now when we add in cryolite the whole things can be solved cryolite is a special ingredient that will have two important function okay cryolite have two important function the first function is this cryolite can help us to lower the melting point okay cryolite can lower the melting point of the aluminium oxide cryolite can lower the melting point of aluminium oxide so when you add the cryolite when you add in the cryolite the melting point will decrease okay when you add the cryolite inside okay the melting point will decrease from 2000 become let's say 900 okay so when the melting point is lower we will use lesser heat okay we will use less heat to melt the aluminum oxide when we use the lag when we use less heat we don't need to buy so many energy so the cost also lower yeah so that's it so you must understand that aluminium oxide has a very high melting point so we need to use a lot of heat to melt it yeah so if you put in cryolite the melting point can be lower now when the melting point is lower okay so we can save a lot of money now okay so another one function of cryolite is this cryolite can also help us to increase the electric conductivity okay cryolite also can increase electric conductivity okay so why we want to increase electric conductivity so remember what we are doing now we are doing electrolysis what is electrolysis all about electrolysis we want to use electricity to break down a compound yeah we want to use electricity to break down the chemical compound so if you want to use the electric so when we have increased electric conductivity if the electric can be conducted very well if you have a very good electric conductivity your electrolysis can be very easy yeah uh so the better the electric conductivity the easier we do the electrolysis okay the easier for us to do the electrolysis yeah that's it okay so these are the two reasons why we put in the cryolite okay in sbm if they ask you to give two functions then you go to write both if they only ask you for one function they only ask you what is give me one function or cry like if they only ask you for one function please write this okay please write this one lower the melting point of aluminium oxide why because in spm marking schema in spm marking scheme if they ask for one answer normally this is the only answer in the marking scheme normally this one they don't put in the marking scheme so if you put this one maybe the examiner will give you wrong yeah so if they only ask for one answer make sure you write the first one lower the melting point of aluminium oxide okay that's the first question they can ask you the second question they can ask you is this okay they will ask you to write the half equation okay they can ask you to write half the half equation okay they ask you to write the half equations at n and also cat okay they can ask you to write the half equation at the n naught and also at the cathode so this one not very hard okay this one not very hard we can try to do it together okay so how to write the half equation at n and cathode okay so we know that when you come to electrolysis positive it's not a positive is and not negative is cathode okay all right so first of all we need to know what ion is present molten aluminium oxide molten aluminium oxide we have aluminium ion which is al3 plus oxide ion is o2 minus okay so we don't have h plus and o h minus uh because molten stand for melted melted don't have water okay you only have h plus and o h minus whenever we have a course or solution okay when you use the word aqueous or solution then only we go to put h plus and o h minus so now don't have a okay so we only have two ions so very simple we know ion will move to opposite charged electrode okay so anode is positive electrode positive electrode attract negative ion so we can write this uh so underneath here we can write so another so naught is your positive electrode you will attract negative io2 minus will come over so let's let us complete this half equation so we know all the ions go to anode and cathode because they want to discharge okay all the ion they go to anode they go to cathode because they want to discharge they want to be neutral discharge means that they want to throw the charge to become neotro so let's do it o2 minus if you throw the charge away you will get neutral o but you never see o will come alone o cannot come alone one again so if the o is neutral it will be o two okay or two one so now we need to balance the quantity two o on the right one o on the left so we can put the 2 to balance it we can put a 2 to balance it yeah so then don't forget half equation need electron half equation electron electron we need to check the total charge we need to check the total charger left hand side the total charge two minus times two so total charge is minus four right hand side the total charge nothing zero so negative 4 and 0 the difference is 4 so we need to use 4 electron we need to use 4 electron so where to put the electron always put the electron to the more positive side so 0 is more positive than the negative 4 so you put the 4 electron on the right hand side so now we already get the half equation yeah for naught so what about the cathode k what about the catalog here okay so let's look at the catalan so what about the cathode so cathode it is negative electrode cathode is negative electrode negative electro attract positive ion so negative electrode attract positive ion which is al 3 plus which is al3 plus okay so al3 plus will go to the cathode and all the ion they want to discharge so when al-3 plus go to cathode it will discharge to become neutral a ela al-3 plus throw away the charge to become neutral a-l yeah become neutral al okay so now we need to balance the electron okay so the total charge on the left hand side is positive 3 the total charge on the right hand side is zero positive three and zero the difference is three so we need to use three electron so always put the electron to the more positive side which is the left hand side so we put three electrons to the left-hand side okay so by doing that we already get the half equation here we already get the half equation yeah all right so all done so this is the second question they can ask us another question which they love to ask is this okay so they can also ask us okay they also can ask us another common question here okay so another popular question they can ask is this okay they can ask you why uh the carbon and not why do those carbon anodes need to be replaced why we want to replace or change the carbon and not in the regular okay regularly okay so why the carbon and not need to be replaced regularly okay what do we mean it means that after a while let's say after three months after three months these carbon and not need to change to something new we need to change the carbon and with something new okay we need to change all the carbon anodes after a while okay why okay this is a very very good question okay this is a very very good question so why we need to change the carbon and not okay so let me show you why okay so all the anode here they are made of carbon or the anode here they made of carbon so and then what is the product that we produce at the carbon at the end of just now just now the anode produce oxygen okay and not produce oxygen so when we have oxygen so we have bubble so these are some bubbles here at the end okay at the anode here we have oxygen gas so what happened is this imagine is a imagine this so if this is the carbon enough okay this is the anode and it's carbon and here we have the bubble which is oxygen when carbon they meet with oxygen they react when carbon and oxygen meet together they react carbon and oxygen can react to form carbon dioxide okay the c and o can combine together to form co2 so when carbon react with something carbon is reacted now when carbon react with something carbon is reactant and when carbon react carbon will become lesser and lesser okay just like this initially the carbon here has 10 gram so some of the carbon react with the oxygen so maybe now you left 4 gram so when the carbon is lesser and lesser you will see your n naught here will become lesser also ah so you see initially your a naught is like this after a while the anode become this so if you look at this diagram if you look at this diagram imagine initially you have many many and not like this okay after a while the n naught become lesser the n naught now become lesser yeah okay so when the not become lesser so you need to change with a new one yeah you need to change with the new one so this is why okay this is why the carbon enough you need to change or replace regularly so how are we going to write the answer here okay so the answer is this the carbon and not will react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide okay the carbon anode can react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide okay c plus o2 become co2 so when the carbon they react carbon will become lesser and lesser so carbon and not will okay carbon and not will use up use up means no more okay use up means that running out of supply no more uh so when the carbon and not keep on react with the oxygen to form co2 the carbon anode will become lesser and lesser the carbon and will become lesser and lesser so sooner or later there's no more okay there is no more carbon at the anode when no more carbon at the anode then in the end we need to change with the new one okay we need to change with the new one okay so this is why we need to replace the carbon and not okay regularly okay this is a very popular question okay okay now why they open a hole here why they open the hole here they won't ask why but it's good to know because as you can see this is your cathode so what is the product at cathode your cathode the final product it is aluminium the final product is aluminium so by right all the aluminium there should be something here these are this is the cathode these are all the cathode so the cathode here produce the aluminium so the red color is the aluminium so normally aluminium should be a gray color solid normally aluminium should be a gray solid but remember now when we want to get a molten aluminium oxide we are heating the whole thing when we keep heating the whole thing we heat the whole thing so this aluminium oxide they will melt okay this aluminum oxide will melt so you become molten form you become molten liquid by right aluminium should be grey solid but because this whole process we keep on heating when we keep on heating the gray solid melted so when a gray solid melted we will get molten liquid so the molten liquid which is the red color aluminium the red color aluminium they will flow out to here this hole is to let all the molten aluminium go up so the molten aluminium go up from here so you see at the end of the day so we already get the aluminium that we want okay we already get the aluminium we want by using electrolysis okay we use the electrolysis to split the aluminum and oxygen and we only get the aluminium okay as here so this is what happened okay this is what happened okay all right so this question is very unlikely to be tested but it's always good to know okay it's always good to know what is happening yeah all right so let me clean this thing first okay okay so i want you all to know the red color thing is the aluminium that we want to get okay the red color thing is the aluminium that we want okay so i let the red color to go up from here okay and let the red color to flow up okay from here okay so the one going out here is your molten aluminium okay so this is everything that you need to know okay for extractions of aluminium yeah this is everything that you need to know for extractions of aluminium okay so now we will continue with the next one okay all right so which is extractions of iron okay so the next part we will learn on extractions of iron okay extractions of iron okay so for the extractions of iron as usual you need to know what is the or or means original so where we will get the irk so what is the raw material for us to get the so the ore is called okay iron3 oxide okay we call it as iron 3 oxide okay we use the iron iii oxide to get the al to get the inf so iron3 oxide has the nickname okay we can call it as hematite yeah we can call it as hemotype hematite is another name for iron three oxide okay hematite okay so which method that we should use in order to extract the ink to extract the iron which method we should use okay so look at the reactivity series so if you look at the reactivity series you can see the iron is lower than the carbon the iron is lower than the carbon okay so all the metal lower than the carbon we use reduction by carbon method yeah we will use reduction by carbon method okay so the method is reduction by carbon okay so let's start okay so same thing we will start with a digrammer we will start the whole thing with a diagram okay so this diagram you don't need to memorize don't need to memorize the diagram so i just want to i just show you what is the diagram all about yeah okay all right so this is the one so this is the diagram okay so your diagram you have something like this okay so so you don't need to memorize the diagram here okay so then you can go down okay and then here you can have open go in okay then here you can have here this thing go down here all right okay you don't need to memorize the diagram okay so this whole thing is called a blast furnace they call it a blast furnace this whole thing they call it a blast furnace okay okay we call this whole thing as a blast furnace okay so blast furnace it's the name of the whole device so this whole uh setup they call it as a blast furnace okay so i should put it here pointing here so this is a blast furnace so in spm whenever you see the word blast furnace you must able to relate with reduction by covered okay whenever you see blasphemous the question is reduction by carbon okay so here this is the one so this is the tips okay so when you see the word blast furnace all right you always relate with reduction by carbon okay reduction by carbon so in spm whenever you see they write the word blasphemous you know that the question actually want to test you on reduction by carbon already okay so now first of all you need to know lisa so on top here you need to put in the raw material okay we need to put in the raw material to go in okay so let us put in the raw material first okay so there are total three raw material they will put in okay we will put in the raw material there are total tree raw material that they will put in okay and i'll tell you one by one what it is huh okay so the first raw material they will put in is actually okay the iron ore okay the iron ore okay which is the iron three oxide okay they'll put in the iron ore which is the iron three oxide we put in the iron three oxide later we will get the iron so the next thing that we need to put in is this they will go to put in a substance called coke c-o-k-e coke okay so you must understand that coke coke in chemistry is not coca-cola it's not the soft drink it's not the soft drink coca-cola coke is actually carbon so in chemistry coke is carbon okay so this is another dip sir you must know coke is exactly the same as carbon okay so when i say coke i'm referring to carbon okay yep okay that's it i wanna all right so why we need carbon because remember we are doing reduction by carbon we need a carbon so carbon has a fuel name so now you should know already up until now carbon you can also call it as graphite okay when you learn electrolysis in electrolysis okay carbon can also call graphite carbon can also call coke okay uh so there's a few name for the carbon okay which can be a bit confusing like sometimes uh sometimes it can be a bit confusing okay all right so we have iron ore and coke and then we have to put another one more substance this substance you have to put in something called limestone okay we have to put limestone okay what is limestone we learned this in form four chapter six ah form four chapter six we learned this before okay so this is another tips okay another important reminder you must know this okay so maybe i put it on the on the right hand side here better okay put on the right hand side here so lime stone when you see the word limestone okay so limestone is actually referred to calcium carbonate yeah if you see the word limestone [Music] okay so limestone is referred to calcium carbonate yeah formula for calcium carbonate is ca co3 yeah the formula is caco3 yeah you'll learn this in your form for chapter six okay okay all right so we have three things here so iron orbs coke and limestone these are the three raw material that we put in okay so now at the in the middle here in the middle here we will pump in some air okay we'll will pump in some hot air okay so you will let the hot air to go in here okay and you also will let the hot air to go in here okay so in the middle we will put in the hot a yeah all right so now i will explain step by step what is happening okay i will explain step by step what is happening all right so you don't need to memorize the diagram no need no but you need to know what is happening you need to know what is happening okay so first of all we will focus on the coke the carbon okay first of all we will focus on the coke the carbon okay so imagine we put in so the carbon fall down to here okay the carbon come to here okay so the carbon fall down and then all right so the carbon will react with the hot air so inside the air we have oxygen inside the air we have oxygen so the carbon will burn in the hot air okay it will burn in the hot air all right to produce carbon dioxide okay so the first thing uh so we have step by step here okay step by step okay so let's look at it so step number one so what happened is that the carbon will actually react okay the carbon will actually react with the oxygen so where the oxygen coming from in the hot air okay you'll react with the oxygen in the hot air so when they react so you will actually produce carbon dioxide so when the carbon react with oxygen so it will form carbon dioxide okay so the equation is c plus o2 so the carbon reacts with the oxygen in the hot air so you will form c o two okay and you also need to know this reaction when the carbon react with oxygen so it is combustion when carbon react with oxygen is combustion is burning it's burning burning always produce a lot of heat so when carbon it's burning it produce a lot of heat so when carbon produce a lot of heat it makes the whole furnace to become hot okay it make the whole furnace to become hot okay so you can write this uh okay so this reaction okay this reaction will actually produce a lot of heat okay so when the carbon burn in oxygen it produces a lot of heat okay to increase the temperature of the furnace so now the phones will become hot already okay the furnace now become hot already because the carbon burn in oxygen to form carbon dioxide so when carbon burn burning produce a lot of heat so now inside the whole furnace is very very hot already yeah it's very hot inside the furnace okay so this is the first step okay so now let's look at step number two okay step number two okay so the co2 will have two places to go you have two places to go okay so just now we already produced co2 so some of the co2 go out from the furnace some of the co2 run away they go out from the furnace so where they go up here and here so some of the co2 get up from here some of the co2 get out from here okay so here i use different color i use the blue color so this one is the waste gas okay waist gas waste gas is the co2 okay some of the co2 and also some of the hot air that you don't use will come up with okay some of the hot air that you don't use will get out from here also yeah so here this is the waste gas and here also you have the waste gas okay so i want to repeat one more time so what is the waste gas it can be some of the hot air that you don't use you go down and it also can be some of the co2 get up okay all right so if the co2 get out not all the co2 will get out to these two so there you still have some co2 state inside here let's say you have 100 kilogram of co2 maybe 40 kilogram of co2 will get up so you still have another 60 kilograms stay inside here okay so the co2 that stayed inside will continue to react with the coke so the coke keep coming in okay the coke the carbon keep coming in so now what happened is that the carbon will react with the co2 okay the carbon will react with the co2 okay so let's do it so step two uh okay so the carbon or you can say the coke you can use the word carbon or you can use the word coke so the carbon will actually react with carbon dioxide okay the carbon will react with carbon dioxide so the c will react with co2 then you will form a substance the substance you will form is called carbon monoxide so what is carbon monoxide here okay the word monoxide here mono stand for one so okay so mono stand for one so you have carbon you have mono one oxide is oxygen so you have carbon and one oxygen co carbon monoxide okay so let us balance the equation uh one carbon here one carbon here two carbon put a two here yeah so two oxygen here two oxygen here so it is balanced already yeah so the c will react with the co2 to form co1 so you see yeah co2 inside here react with the coke that coming in to form co okay so now what we have okay now what we have now as you can see inside the furnace we will have see some co2 some co that is produced and also some coke the carbon that coming in okay so this is what we have in the furnace now okay all right so step two all done step two all done so let's look at step three so step three is the most important step okay step three is the most important step now okay so now what we want to do is this okay so we have iron or iron or is iron three oxide so the iron ore is actually iron three oxide which is fe2o3 so we have fe2o3 but what we want in the end our main purpose is to extract iron so we only want iron we want it f e only we only want f e we don't want fe2o3 so what should we do we need to remove the oxygen okay we we need to rock the oxygen okay we need to rock the oxygen take the oxygen away so how to take the oxygen away so we can use two things okay we can use carbon or carbon monoxide so the carbon that we put in here this is the carbon the coke and the carbon monoxide co1 the carbon and carbon monoxide okay they can help us to remove the oxygen they can remove the oxygen okay from the iron tree oxide okay they can remove the oxygen from iron three oxide okay so let me show you okay how to write this equation now so let's say we have this carbon react with iron tree oxide okay what will happen so when iron reacts with the iron three oxide okay so what will happen here so the carbon will go to rob the oxygen away okay why the carbon can rock because if you look at reactivity series carbon is higher than iron so anything higher is a more powerful gangster okay we learned before anything higher is a more powerful gangster so carbon is a more powerful gangster than iron so when carbon is more powerful gangster carbon can rock the oxygen away so when carbon rock the oxygen away carbon combined with oxygen it will form c o two okay when the carbon rock the oxygen away you will form co2 okay you'll form co2 okay and then once the once the oxygen taken away so you left with iron so the iron it is f e so this is what happened okay we let the carbon to rob the oxygen from the fe2o3 so that's why this process is called reduction by carbon why we call reduction by carbon carbon rob the oxygen away so when the fe2o3 lose oxygen so it lose oxygen okay to the carbon so lose oxygen is reduction okay reduction okay when we lose oxygen it's reduction so fe2o3 lose the oxygen okay who take the oxygen away carbon carbon take the oxygen away that's why we call it reduction by carbon that's why we call this as reduction by carbon okay all right so now we need to balance the equation now so let us balance the equation here okay so we can balance the equation by doing this okay so you can see all right so we can try to balance in this way okay so the oxygen here you have three oxygen here you have two three and two we can make it become sixer so three and two we make it become six so to make three 6 we times 2 here to make 2 becomes 6 with times 3 here okay so we put it to balance it so then we balance other thing so the iron 2 times 2 i n become four okay so we have four iron now so the iron we put four on the right hand side yeah so we have four i on the right hand side then what else we have we have one carbon on the left we have three carbon on the right so we put three so it's balanced okay so this is what happened carbon rot the oxygen away from the fe2o3 so you get the iron that you want okay so this process is called reduction by carbon okay this process we can call it as reduction by carbon okay so donna okay not only this so there's another one more process that can also happen so another one more process that can remove the oxygen is this so another process that can happen is this okay so the carbon monoxide co co is not stable yet co is unstable the stable one is co2 okay co is not yet stable it wants to be co2 so how the co can be co2 you can rock the o from fe2o3 ah so now co also can rot the o from the fd2o3 so when co take the o away o and o add together co becomes co2 okay co will become co2 okay so when the o is taken away when the o is taken away from here when all the o thickened by the co so no more o already so you left with i n so you're left with i n so i n it's f e okay that's it okay so now okay so this equation also need to be balanced okay this equation is a bit hard to balance uh okay many students will do the same thing they will see here the oxygen has three here you have to make it become six they put a two here and a three here so two times three becomes six three times two becomes six but they forget here has one more oxygen so it's not balanced so how to balance this equation so this is one of the hard equation to balancer this is one of the hard equation to balance so i teach you a special way how to balance this equation now you see yeah co want to drop the o from the fe2o3 so co 1 to become co2 right co rock the o becomes co2 so how many o you are rock you take away you rock one o okay co will rock one o in order to become co2 so now when you have fe2o3 so how many o to be rock three o so we know every one co will only rock one o since there are total three o here how many c o we need we need three c o s yeah c o c o and c o so here take one o here take one o here take one o total three o or thicken so we need three c o okay so then we can balance it so we have three carbon on the left we can put three carbon on the right oxygen on the left three and three so is six up so we have six oxygen on the left on the right two times three six is balanced oxygen is balanced already lastly iron iron we have two here i in here we have one we put two so this equation is a bit hard to balance this equation is quite hard to balance okay so you have to be very very careful okay so step three it's very important okay so at the step three as you can see now the iron ore the oxygen taken away so now you will get iron already who take the oxygen away so to remove the oxygen two people can do that the first people it's carbon okay the second one is carbon monoxide the carbon and carbon monoxide they can rock the o they can rock the oil away okay they can rock the o away yeah so this is step three okay so now you can see almost all done already so now you can see already almost all done so now let's focus on the last thing limestone okay let's do the last thing the lime stove so what the limestone doing here so when the limestone going into the into the blast vanessa so now let's put in the limestoner so i put in the limestone okay so when the limestone go in what happened limestone it is calcium carbonate okay limestone it is calcium carbonate so calcium carbonate can break down by heat because inside the furnace it's very very hot the furnace is very very hot okay in the furnace it's very hot so the calcium carbonate when it's very hot the calcium carbonate will break down okay so this process we call it as thermal decomposition this process we call it as thermal decomposition thermal means heat decomposition means breakdown okay so if the substance can break down by heat that is called thermal decomposition so this is step number four okay so let's look at step number four so step number four okay so now what happened is this uh okay so the calcium carbonate will actually undergo thermal decomposition okay thermal decomposition means it will break down by heat okay so you see so we have c a c o tria calcium carbonate is breakdown by heat so when the heat break it calcium carbonate will form two product one is cao calcium oxide another one is co2 okay so when the calcium carbonate break down you will form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide okay you will form calcium oxide and also carbon dioxide okay all right so now what happened next okay what happened next okay and why we actually need the limestone okay the limestone is needed because of this okay inside the iron in the iron there are some impurities that we don't want okay all right ian contains some impurities that we don't want okay so let me write the side notes here okay let me write the side notes here okay so in the iron ores in the iron3 oxide okay it actually contain something that we don't want iron ore actually contain something that we don't want so this is something that we don't want we call it as impurity okay so iron ore contain impurity okay it contain impurity such as this so the most important impurity that you need to know is this uh this impurity we call it as okay see lika you call it silica okay silica another name is called sealy corn for oxide okay you can call it as silicon 4 oxide or you can just call it as silica okay so the formula for the silicon for oxide it's s i o do so you learn about cd card in your form four chapter eight in form for chapter eight you learned before silica is found in glass okay silica is the raw material for glass okay so you learn this in your form for chapter eight uh okay silica because silicon for oxide so this silica is the impurities something that we don't want impurity is something that we don't want so we don't want the impurity but it's there so now we need to remove if we need to remove away the impurities okay so now we want to remove the impurity so how to remove the impurities okay so the calcium oxide can react with the impurities so now here the calcium oxide can react with s i o two they can combine together okay why they can combine together okay why they can combine together okay now we need to do a quick revision for something that we learned in your form for chapter four in form for chapter four let's do a very quick revision here okay so in form four chapter four we learned that okay so anything ended with o we called it as oxide okay anything ended with o we called it as oxide here i should write underneath here let me write underneath here for the revision okay so this is the revisioner okay okay you learn this in your form for chapter four okay under the periodic table okay so anything ended with o you call it as oxides okay if anything ended with o you call it as oxide so oxide have total three types of oxide so you have three types of oxide here okay so the first oxide you call it as basic oxide okay basic oxide so the next oxide you can call it as acetic oxide and then the third oxide you have you can call it as n for the ring oxide okay so you have total three oxide that you learn okay and you must know what is the difference what is the difference between basic oxide acidic and amphoteric basic oxide means that the oxide contains alkaline properties okay the oxide has alkaline properties okay acidic oxide the oxide contain acid properties okay the oxide contain acid properties and for the rick oxide the oxide contain both okay the oxide contain both acidic and also alkaline properties in the oxide got acid properties and the oxide also got alkaline properties that is called and for the rig so in spm how to know the oxide is basic acidic or amphoteric how to know okay how to know what basic oxide normally refer to metal oxide so if you have any metal combined with oxygen so that is metal oxide and methyl oxide is basic basic means they have alkaline properties example okay so example if you have a metal oxide metal combined with oxygen let's say okay you have magnesium oxide magnesium is a metal oxygen oxide so if you have a metal oxide so it is basic acidic oxide is referred to opposite if this is basic opposite is acidic if this is metal opposite is non-metal okay so non-metal the non-metal oxide so if you have non-metal combined with oxygen you get non-metal oxide non-metal oxide it's acidic yeah so the example here let's say we have a non-metal sulfur non-metal sulfur combined with oxygen okay so sulfur dioxide is a non-metal oxide it is acidic yeah so last one and photoric oxide so in spm the one and only amphoteric oxide you need to know is aluminium oxide okay aluminium oxide is the one and only and for the ring oxide that you need to know in your spf okay formula al2o3 so aluminium oxide is amphoteric it has acidic properties it also has alkaline properties okay so now come back to this question so this question you should know that calcium oxide it is a metal oxide so metal oxide it is basic it is a basic oxide silicon for oxide silicon is a non-metal oxygen is oxide so non-metal oxide so this is a non-metal oxide so it is acidic so something acidic and something basic they can react so when you have acid and base they react together when they react together this process you can call it as neutralization okay you can call this process as neutralization okay this process is a neutralization here something acid react with something base okay so this process is neutral line section okay so what happened here now they will combine together so when they combine together what is the final formula you copy back ca copy it here okay sorry c a copy at here s i copy at here the o you add together here you have one o here you have duo add together so become o three c a s i o three okay so c a s i o three d substance the neighbor the name of this substance you can call it as calcium silicate this substance you can call it as calcium silicate okay another name you can call it as slag slag you can call it as slack okay so now i hope you can understand why we need to add in the limestone the limestone can help us to remove the impurities the limestone can help us to remove the impurities which is sio2 okay so the limestone can help us to remove the impurities which is s i o two okay so if you if you if you don't remove the impurities so later you can't you have something that you don't want okay uh so make sure you know what limestone is calcium carbonate it will break down by heat to form calcium oxide and co2 the calcium oxide can go to react with the impurity sio2 so when they react so they will produce ca casio3 okay this casio3 you can call it as calcium silicate you also can call it as slab so now how to remove the slag how to remove the impurity so let me show you the last diagram to finish with the whole thing here okay so the last diagram is here so as you can see here you have two outlet so why we have to outlet here because in the end your product will have two layers so you have two pro two layers here okay the one on the top layer the one float on the top layer here is the is the slack okay so here the top layer you have the slack which is the dirty impurity again the impurity the impurity sio2 combined with the cao to form casio3 so cdcasio3 is the slack so it will float at here then at the bottom here is the final product we want so remember just now we already produced the iron because the oxygen taken away by the sea oxygen taken away by the co so the iron here will sink to the bottom so the iron here will sink to the bottom so at the bottom here you have molten iron okay that's it so you can see in the end the dirty slack and the molten iron is separated already so slack we throw away from here and then the molten iron we get it up from here so in the end we get the molten iron that we want okay so this is what happened okay so this is the whole process step by step okay so make sure you understand this whole concept okay make sure you understand the whole concept what is happening here okay so i try to run through the whole process one more time okay to finish with the whole thing up we try to run through the process one more time to finish with the whole thing okay so first of all the carbon the coke will go in to burn in the oxygen to form co2 so this reaction produce a lot of heat so the temperature in the furnace will go up temperature will go up okay so then the coke will go in again to react with the co2 so when the code reacts with co2 you form co okay so now what happened is this okay so now we put in another substance in or in or is fe2o3 fe2o3 we can take the oxygen away by the coke by the carbon so the carbon can take the oxygen away to become co2 or the oxygen also can take away by the co when co take away the oxygen you become co2 as well so when the oxygen taken away all the iron now is become fe so the iron will go and sink to the bottom all the irons sink to the bottom okay that's it okay so finish already so lastly what about the the limestone limestone is calcium carbonate when the calcium carbonate go in the furnace is very hot so the calcium carbonate will break down to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide so the calcium oxide will go to react with the impurity the impurity in the iron ore inside the iron ore they have some dirty thing the dirty thing is sio2 the dirty thing is sio2 so the calcium oxide combine with sio2 to become ca sio3 casio3 is slack is slack so the slag will sink to here and we can throw the slack away okay and this is what happened okay so this is exactly what happened inside the the blast furnace okay so it's not hard as long as you understand the concept and you learn step by step then it's all good luck okay so it's all good here all right so that's it okay so these are the two methods that we learn in your spm in order to extract the metal okay so there is actually another one more method but it's not important for spm so i just cover in five minutes okay just use the five minute to cover so this is the extraction okay this is extraction by using a more reactive method okay this is extraction by using a more reactive metal okay so this method is not very common in your spm okay so this is less important this method is not so important okay so you can just read through only okay just read through or do okay so this method is not so important okay so how to do this method this method actually use the concept that we learned before the gangster bully concept okay so it used the gangster bully concept okay so example okay example let's say we have this okay we have a copper oxide so we want to get the copper we want to get cu only we want to take the oxygen away so how to take away the oxygen so we need a more powerful gangster to remove the oxygen so you can refer to your reactivity series so if you look at the reactivity series so this is copper any metal any metal higher than copper they can rock the oxygen away from the copper any metal higher than copper they can remove oxygen from the copper so maybe we can use magnesium let's say let's say we go for magnesium so when we go to put in the magnesium here so magnesium and copper oxide magnesium is higher than copper in reactivity series so magnesium is a more powerful gangster so magnesium can rock the oxygen away so when magnesium rubs the oxygen you get magnesium oxide mgo so when the oxygen rock by magnesium so now the copper has nothing left stand alone cu okay so this is a very simple gangster bully concept this is a very very simple gangster bully concept yeah right but this method is not so important in your spm yeah this method is not very important in your spm yeah so most importantly you know the electrolysis method and also the extract straight the reduction by carbon method so as long as you know that two method that is good enough already for your spm okay right so i think that's all okay this is everything that we need to know for extractions of metal