Stages of Death and Post-Mortem Changes

Hello, good morning class. So for today's pre-recorded discussion, we are going to discuss about the stages of death. So this is actually the second to the last topic for your CDI-4C, which is your special crime investigation with legal medicine. Okay, so for today's topic, we are going to start first with why do we need to establish the death? Or as we have previously discussed, there are instances that establishing the death or formally uh formally identifying that the person is dead is very crucial in a sense now it really affects the civil personality of the person so now what is the presumption of death so this is from article 390 of the civil code and section 5 rule 131 on the rules of court in the rulings for the presumption of death okay so the first one is this um totally for the absence of seven years wherein wala kayong any idea or it being unknown whether or not the absentee is still alive. Absentee ang tawag natin doon sa person na ina-identify natin. Okay, so he shall be presumed dead for all purposes except for do sa kanyang successions. Okay, pag ang pinag-uusapan na natin is succession, pag marami man siyang mga uh acquired properties is that we need to wait for it until 10 years okay so here in the presumption of death that how about that seven years that you totally don't know where it is it doesn't feel where its location is no one can see where it is or you don't have any news regarding sa kanyang whereabouts so for the purposes na pwede na siyang i-presume the stead diba Ito yung kanyang ruling sa Article 390 nga na after absence of seven years, it being unknown whether or not the absent is still alive, he shall be presumed dead for all purposes. Ang exception nga lang na sinasabi is that pag ang pinag-uusapan na is kanyang succession, okay, yung distributing ng kanyang succession or may ipapamanan na, yan yung maghintay kayo ng until 10 years. Okay, so what else? We have also here the following instances wherein he or she shall be presumed for all purpose, including the division of the estate among the heirs. So this is under Article 391 of the Civil Code. For number one instances, assume for four years since the loss of the vessel or airplane kung saan siya last na nag-onboard. Okay, so siyempre, diba there is a... there is a risk already in the last scene or where there is known information wherein that is the vessel or the airplane. So, if you have a watch, the castaway, right? They know that it's dead because for how many long years it's gone. Pero nag-survive pala siya doon sa isang island. That's why, yun, na-declare siya as dead. Pero nung nakabalik siya, siyempre, i-anon nila yun, i-rectify nila yun na record. But for us, yun nga, pwede mo na siyang i-presume. Kaya nga ang term is presume. Okay? Presume na patay na yung tao. Another one, member of armed forces, yung tao, who have taken part to a war and missing for four years. and also a person who has been in danger of death under other circumstances, and his existence has not been known for four years. Okay, so these are only additional informations because our topic is the stages of death. Another one, when we have a presumption of death, of course, we have a presumption of survivorship. So survivorship is presumed from the probabilities resulting from the strength and age of the sexes. according to the following. So for example, if both were under the age of 15 years, ang mas older is presumed to have survived. Okay? Sa anong rationale nila dyan? Bakit yung older? Siyempre pag older ka, it means pag sa age bracket na yan, parang mas mature ka or you have more the survival skills or you can protect yourself already. Another one, if both were above the age of 60, so sino naman ang presume natin na nakapagsurvive pag ganyan ang instance? Siyempre dito, the younger naman is presumed to have survived. And number three, if one is under 15 years old and the other is above 60, the former is presumed to have survived. survived okay so yung 15 years old siya ang presume natin na naka-survive kasi syempre 60 years old medyo old na yan so physically speaking may mga nararamdaman na or yung lakas niya no kanyang prime years is hindi na ganun hindi ganun yung same level ng lakas niya ngayon na senior na siya if both be over 15 and under 60 and the success be different that the male is presumed to have survived. If the sexes be the same, yung older. Okay, so nakikita nyo, it's either the older, the younger, or the male, depende sa circumstance or depende kung sino ang kasama. And lastly, if one be under 15 or 60 and the other, between those ages, the latter is presumed to have survived. So the latter dito is the 60. So we have also here the methods of estimation of time since then. So for your... For your additional references, you can check this link also or this author. Because it has an authorship book wherein it explains the methods of estimation of time, which is really important as a criminal investigator. So why do we need to establish death? Why do we need to establish the time of death? Number one, of course, it assists the death investigation. We can determine the time. So, if we can determine the estimated time of death, we can narrow down who are the suspects. We can also limit the investigation period. We can establish the timeline of events or for your crime reconstruction. And lastly, it relates to the essential points of the manner on how did the person write it. Okay, so next, post-mortem interval. So, sa post-mortem interval, meron tayo three major stages. That is your immediate, that is your early and late stages. So, sa immediate, this is the post-mortem phase wherein it can be termed as the post-mortem interval between your somatic and cellular death. If you recall again, your somatic and cellular death, diba sa somatic, ano yung first na namamata? Yung tatlong vital organs. that is your brain the heart and the lungs and then followed by the cellular death that is the time that the other organs, other cells in your body are gradually dying also so the immediate death that is in between or interval of somatic and cellular death so this occurs usually within two to three hours after death okay and usually denotes a lack of discernible changes in the the morphology. or doon sa itsura ng tao. Kasi sa 2 to 3 hours pa lang siya. So, immediate death changes occurs up to 3 to 4 hours after death. The body undergoes rapid biochemical and physiological changes that are primarily caused by the circulation of blood. Okay? Ang pinaka-cause nito is yung nawawalan na kayo ng circulation of blood because of the stopping of the heartbeat, because of the stopping or the cessation of your heart function okay the back as I'm hard not any another pop up now I think blood Salah adnan cut off as a lot of party and cut off on so if not stop yet yes and press mawa well and in your function now but the flow non blood satin cut the one so that is now your immediate death so again by say immediate stage night or it means you blood circulation is already stopped So, it means blood is not flowing all over the body. So, ano pa? Dito sa immediate na ito, aside from the blood also, makikita natin itong tracking. Yung tracking or segmentation of the retinal blood vessels. So, this is an example of the tracking or the cause is that loss of intraocular pressure and the clouding of the... area okay so means on must be civil very visible young clouding of the area ito young clouding of the area so young tracking naman dapat nakikita jaan sa white part ng mata okay so this sign presents as a break in the continual column of blood on ophthalmoscopic examination of the eyes okay and usually occurs within half an hour and may sometimes take as long as two hours after death. So if there are instances that you saw a dead person's body, dead victim, you try to check the eyes if there is a present tracking or the clouding of the cornea you can estimate the time of death that it has not yet exceeded two hours okay because usually the tracking and clouding of cornea starts 30 minutes after the death until two hours after the death so 30 minutes to two hours after that the clouding and the tracking is present okay another one we have also the tachynoir de la sclerotic so this one in other words lang darkening of the sclera so yung isa is nakakaroon siya ng clouding eto naman sa tachynoir de la sclerotic is that darkening of the sclera okay so after the changes in the eyes let's proceed sa changes ng ating skin So first off, syempre, it loses the elasticity. And then, a few hours after death, yan na yung mag-start na, magiging pale yung itsura ng isang tao. Okay? Magiging pale yung isang itsura ng tao. As you can see here in the picture, nagiging grayish na siya. Nawawalan na siya ng color. Another reason there is yung sinasabi ko kanina na there is now the loss of blood flow. So, of course, loss of blood, when it becomes stagnant, it becomes a tail because the blood circulates in the whole body. So, the blood becomes stagnant, it doesn't flow anymore. Another one, emptying gastric contents. So, when in instances where the death is very violent, or there are instances na kailangang iotopsy yung tao, they can also open the gastric contents. O doon sa estomac, makikita natin. So for example, pag sa mga light meals, nag-i-stay kasi yan sa katawan ng 1 to 3 hours. Kaya napapansin niyo pag mga light lang yung breakfast ninyo like a bread, ganun, madali kayong magutom kasi nag-i-stay lang yan ng 1 to 3 hours sa katawan ng tao. So what is this? What is the. what is the rationale if it's in the gastric contents. For example, if you open it, you will still see that there are light breakfasts or there are food contents in it. They will process what they ate last. They will determine that the last thing this person ate is within one to three hours. So, it's still alive during the previous three hours. So, small light meals also get emptied from the stomach with 1 to 3 hours. And the time consumption if known is that, depende rin siya sa volume and type of meal. Pag mga heavy meals naman, yan yung nag-i-stay siya sa ating stomach for 5 to 6 hours. 5 to 6 hours. Yung mga karne, yung mga rice. So mag-i-stay yan ng 5 to 6. Next, we have now your After 3 to 72 hours, what is our early PMI or post-mortem interval? So, this is where our classical triad for the post-mortem changes, which is your rigor mortis, liver mortis, and your algor mortis. Okay, so this period is also known where the estimation of time since death is most relevant in establishing the timeline of events. and developing a theory of circumstances of death, and then the period runs from 3 to 72 hours after death. So, ang early PMI natin is that it is most frequently estimated during the, sabi ko nga, 3 to 72 hours. 3 to 72 hours. Okay? So, ano ang mga? This is the rigor mortis. So, let's separate it from rigor, liver, and algor. So, in rigor mortis, this is your stiffening of the muscle. Liver mortis is the discoloration. And then lastly, the algor mortis, that's the cooling of the body. So, for instance, of course, cooling of the body or your algor mortis. Algor mortis is the cooling of the body after death. So, what is the cause of this one? This is primarily due to the loss of homostatic regulation of the hypothalamus in conjunction with the loss of heat to the environment by conduction, convection, and radiation. Or in other words, nagkakaroon ng loss of temperature, take note of this, nagkakaroon ng loss of temperature due to the cessation of all metabolic processes. So, ang temperature ng isang tao is most rapid siyang bumababa during the first two hours of death. So, it just follows, diba? Nag-i-stop yung mga three vital organs mo, syempre, mag-i-stop din yung functioning ng katawad. If the functioning of the body stops, we lose the metabolic process, there will be a sudden decrease in our temperature because there is no process in our body. So, the drop in our temperature after death is very rapid or fast during the first two hours of death. Because suddenly, everything says, right? So, first two hours, magkakaroon yan ng drop ng 15 to 20 degrees of Fahrenheit and then it is already a sure sign of death. Pero after na, after na ng 2 hours ganyan, mag slow down na na bababa. Pero ang pinakarapid talaga na pag loss ng ating temperature after death is your, the first 2 hours of death. Okay, and then next we have here the all-warm-ortis. So, ang fall ng temperature of death may have some variations depende sa following conditions. Okay, so pag ang cause of death is cancer, thysis, ang thysis na ito is known also as your tuberculosis. And lastly, pag collapse or yung sudden death. Yan is yung fall ng temperature natin. Okay? The fall of our temperature is hindi ganun kabilis because masyadong mataas yung temperature nung tao during the time of his death. Especially so pag ito ang cause. Okay? Ulitin ko, pag cancer, thysis, or tuberculosis, and sudden death, or bigla ka nalang nag-collapse, hindi ganun kabilis ang pag-fall ng temperature because yung cause of death mo is may kasamang high temperature. Okay? Unlike sa mga tao na normal, yung kanilang temperature during death is that first two hours talaga, masyadong rapid yung pag-fall ng temperature. Okay? So, what else? What is the thing that you don't... that you need to memorize here in the algorimortis is that the fall of temperature is 15 to 20 degrees Fahrenheit is already considered as a certain sign of death. Okay, next we have the post-mortem caloricity. So in the post-mortem caloricity, is that this is the rise of temperature. This is the opposite of your algorimortis. Ang algor mortis, loss of temperature. Ang post-mortem caloricity naman is the rise of temperature of the body after death. Because ano ang cause ng post-mortem caloricity? There is early putrefactive changes. Early putrefactive changes or nagkakaroon na ng signs ng decomposition sa loob ng katawan ng isang tao. That's why. the temperature is rising. Okay, so aside from the metabolic process, is that you had early putrefactive changes because of the infections that are occurring in your body before your death. Number one there is your cholera. Yung cholera, yan yung pagkakaroon ninyo ng diarrhea with constant vomiting. Ang cause ng death dyan, is dehydration because of vomiting and diarrhea. Yellow fever, liver abscess, peritonitis, ang tawag natin pag masakit na yung appendix mo, hindi mo pa pina-opera. Okay, cerebrospinal fever, rheumatic fever, tetanus, smallpox, at saka yung styrene chain poisoning. Okay, so pag yan ang causes ng DECMO, okay? post-mortem caloricity, mas mabilis ang pagtaas ng temperature. Pero after nang rise ng temperature of the body, mam, wala na ba siyang algorimortis? Hindi pwedeng walang algorimortis. Ito lang yung exception na parang after death, bakit may mga tao na ang taas ng temperature pa rin. Kasi nga, In medical explanation, ito yung mga some of the suggested cause of his or her death. Okay, so ulitin ko, bakit may post-mortem caloricity? This is the rise of temperature because of early putrefactive changes that are already occurring in the internal of the person, which is due to the following medical conditions. So we have also here the factors that are affecting your algor mortis. It's either delaying or accelerating. Ang ating acute pyrexial disease or ito yung pagkamatay niya is ang cause is meron siyang fever. Bago siya namatay, syempre madedelay ang algor mortis. Another one, there is a sudden death in good health. So, the un-neurism that we're talking about, right? The one with a snap only, their... nerves in the head so they are not prepared, they are not aware. They died suddenly, it means there is a delay in the cooling of the body. Obesity of the person, so do not say that they are obese. They will have a longer time to cool down. So that is the part of the body that is covered with too much fat okay already hindi ganun kadalay ang paglabas ng mga temperature sa kanilang katawan so na insulate pa siya sa loob so it takes time for them to have a algor mortis and then death from asphyxia as we have discussed last meeting pag ang pagkamatay mo is loss of oxygen okay it will delay also the algor mortis and then death of the middle age mga middle age naka prime years mga 35 to 45 ganyan tapos bigla kang namatay kasi it means dyan sa age na yan is you are at your prime years na sinasabi natin it means you're you have the yung body mo is at uh parang at its peak or dapat nasa pinaka healthy siya na part unless you are having a lot of vices And then how about the accelerating of the body, cooling of the body? Number one, there is leanness of the body or yung sobrang papayap, okay? Mga malnourished, yung mga namamatay because of starvation, okay? Mas madaling magkaroon ng algorimortis. Extreme age, like for example, mga sobrang bata at saka sobrang matanda. Let us say for example, yung mga namamatay na babies, okay? And then yung mga namamatay na mga 80s. mga 90s, ganyan, mas mabilis mag-cool down ng kanilang body. Another one, long-standing or lingering disease, or it means matagal na siyang bedridden, matagal na siyang may sakit. So, mas mabilis ang kanilang pag-cool down ng katawan. And then lastly, chronic pyrexial disease or yung fever na meron pa siyang associated with wasting or what we call yung diarrhea and vomiting. So, If that is the cause of death, the algorithm works faster. Okay, so next, what are the factors affecting delaying? It's either delaying or accelerating based on the environment of the person during death. Okay, so when it comes to delaying, it means if the closing is too tight at the time of death. Another one, if the person died in a small room or if there is no well-ventilated room. For example, yung mga cases wherein yung mga tao, yung mga pinapatay na tao is natatagpuan lang sa mga kulob na area. Mga small rooms. So, yung mga yun is nadedelay ang kanilang algoritms. And then lastly, pag ang place ko saan siya namatay, is our surroundings. And then last, the accelerating but accelerated naman ang loss of temperature pag unclothed yung body nung namatay or wala syang sa plot okay well ventilated or open space yung place kung saan sya namatay and then large room syempre it means well ventilated nga or may access sya sa air and lastly pag namatay sya sa bodies of water or places wherein there is a lot of airflow. Next, we have the estimation of the time since death using algor mortis okay so saan tayo nagbe-base pag sa algor mortis it's always on the rectal temperature mam bakit sa rectal because mas mas mas mas accurate yung temperature na makukuha mo sa rectal kaysa sa mouth or sa armpit okay so kaya pag may mga calculations with regards to time since death or the estimating of time since death you always use the rectal tempeh ratios. So, sa rigor mortis naman, this is the second part of yung mortis na sinasabi natin during the early PMI or the post-mortem interval. Rigor mortis is the post-mortem stiffening of the muscles caused by the depletion of adenosine triphosphate from the muscle. Okay, so this is one component of the muscle. So, kaya nagkakaroon ng stiffening ng muscle because of its depletion. Ulitin ko, adenosine triphosphate of the muscle ang isa sa pinaka cause why muscles stiffen after death. Okay? So, another one also as an explanation is the cessation of oxygen supply. Cessation of oxygen supply to the muscle which causes aerobic respirations in the cell kaya nagkakaroon ng lack of yung ATP production okay or itong adenosine triphosphate so ang rigor mortis ito ang changes in the muscle as compared sa algor mortis that is the changes in temperature okay so changes in the muscle after death because there is a complete relaxation of the whole muscle system. Complete in a sense na nag-cease na yung production ng ATP na sinasabi dito sa rigor mortis. So, ang rigor mortis starts immediately after death and usually seen in a sequence from known as the March of Rigor and Nice Turns Long. so rigor mortis starts immediately after death okay so condition body then also during the rigor mortis can be used to estimate the time of death so but the condition of the body warm shot but no rigor mortis it means died within three hours here but now when rigor mortis is present not died between three to nine hours probably and then rigor mortis fully established died nine hours so what is the list here? ang laging nating sinasabi dito sa legal medicine natin is always estimated my word na probably my word na presumption because it is not definite but it is backed up by medical terms and practices okay so in in continuation rigor mortis appears approximately two hours after death in the muscles of the face and then progresses to the limbs over the next few hours completing six to eight hours after death so please take note of that numbers okay so um next we have here the entire muscular tissue passes three stages after that. This is still under your rigor mortis. So meron time tinatawag na stage of primary flaccidity, stage of post-mortem rigidity, and the stage of secondary flaccidity or commencement of putrefaction. Kasi after na tumigas yung buong muscles ng ating katawan, the next stage now there is the putrefaction or mag-i-start na siyang mag-decompose. Okay, so if you are getting the pattern, di ba? yung katawan ng isang ka-after deck, aside from the loss of the temperature, magkakaroon siya ng stiffening of the muscle, and then ang susunod na dyan is the putrefaction. Okay, so in the stage of primary flaccidity, this is also known as your post-mortem muscular irritability. So the muscles are relaxed and capable of contracting when stimulated. And then this part still have the Pupils are dilated. And then there is the incontrol. of urination and defecation or sa part na ito, sa stage of primary flaccidity, pwede pang mag-urinate and defecate yung isang katawan ng tao. Kahit napatay na, yes, kasi this is the part na nagkakaroon na sila ng cleansing. So, diba? tumitigas yung katawan, so nagkakaroon na siya ng expulsion sa katawan ng tao. Another one is the stage of post-mortem rigidity. Ang stage of post-mortem rigidity naman is also known as your cadaveric rigidity or death struggle of the gut cell. Next also here is the stage of secondary flaccidity or yung commencement ng of protrefaction. Or this is now the decaying of the muscles. In other words, dito sa stage of secondary flaccidity, mag-i-start ng mag-decompose yung ating mga muscles. So this also encourages now or starts now the foul smell of the body. Next, we have the stages of rigor. So ito yung dinidiscuss natin kanina, post-mortem muscular flaccidity, cadaveric rigidity, atsaka yung decay of muscle. Post-mortem muscular flaccidity, it takes usually or it stays in the body for 12 hours. So, 12 hours, the body will be hard. And then, this one also depends, okay? Again, it depends on the weather or environment of a place where a person was killed. So, pag mga temperate countries, okay, is that it usually lasts 2 to 3 days. Pag sa atin naman ng mga tropical countries, it usually lasts 24 to 48 hours. Okay, pag sa cold weather, for example, dito sa Baguio, 24 to 48 hours. Pero pag sa mga hot weather, like Union, Pagkasinan. it will be lower in 18 to 36 hours. And then after the disappearance of rigor mortis, the muscles become soft and flaccid. So why is that confusing? It will suddenly have stiffening and then you will say that it has softening again. Okay, so that part is what encourages the decomposition, which is the next stage or decaying of the muscle. As we have mentioned earlier, there is a depletion of ATP content in the muscle. So, what are the factors influencing the time of onset of rigor mortis? Our internal factors are the state of the muscle. Let us say, for example, rigor mortis appears late and the duration is longer in cases where the muscles have been healthy. Okay? How about the age? Pag sa age naman, syempre, depende yan pag masyadong mabata yung, ay masyadong extreme yung ages ng isang tao. And then, the integrity of nerves. How about the external factors? Ang mga external factors, syempre, yung temperature of the environment, at saka yung moisture level. So, what are the conditions simulating rigor mortis? So, number one is, we have here, the heat is stiffening. So, Dito sa picture, it is stiffening is that pag yung tao is exposed siya sa high temperature during the time of death. How about the cold is stiffening? And then lastly is your cadaveric spasm. So we have to focus here on your cadaveric spasm. Cadaveric spasm. So cadaveric spasm is different from rigor mortis. Okay? Different siya sa rigor mortis. in cadaverics possum, this... immediately appears kahit wala pang 2 to 3 hours kasi these are indicators that the person died of a violent death okay, ang rigor mortis that is a normal part or normal stage of the body that yes, of the body na nag-a-undergun ang body natin pag namatay tayo, so lahat ng tao magkakaroon ng rigor mortis after death. But not all of them will have cadaveric spasm because cadaveric spasm as I have mentioned it usually indicates a violent death. So it is automatic after death that muscle stiffening occurs. So this is the distinction between rigor mortis and cadaveric spasm. So the cadaveric spasm appears immediately after death. The rigor mortis appears 2 to 6 hours after the error. Okay? What else? In the cadaveric spasm, it's just a specific part of the body. In the cadaveric spasm, it's just a specific hand or a specific foot. But for the rigor mortis, it involves all of the body. So, it's all at the same time in all parts of our body. The rigor mortis is all at the same time. but in cadaveric spasms, specific parts only. And then, another distinction, pag sa rigor mortis, it occurs naturally. While your cadaveric spasm, it occurs due to violent death. Okay, what else we have here? The cadaveric spasms are instantaneous rigor. So, syempre, pwede nyo siyang madetermine, depende sa time of appearance. So, pag sinabi ko ng cadaveric spasm, automatic yan after death. But if you use instantaneous rigor, It takes 2 to 3 hours after death before it appears. Muscles involved. So, sa rigor mortis, all of the parts of the body. Pag sa cadaveric spasm, specific parts of the body. Occurrence. What does it mean pag occurrence? Diba? So, it also denotes, okay, how did the person die? Okay. Ang occurrence niya, it depicts kung namatay ba siya violently or naturally. Okay, so. what is its medical legal significance, our cadaveric spasm can also be an indicator of how the person died. Because in rigor mortis, it only simply shows that the whole body has a stiffening of the muscle. Another changes we have here, the changes in the blood. So changes in the blood, it now involves your liver mortis. Ang liver mortis natin is due to the coagulation due to the cessation of circulation. So blood clotting is accelerated in cases of death by infectious fevers and delayed in cases of asphyxia, poisoning by opium or other chemicals like your carbon monoxide. So okay, in continuation, ang liver mortis natin, it's because of the gradually accumulating of blood to the dependent portion of the body. Pag naman sa clotting, it is the coagulation of blood. So dalawa lang ang changes of blood, liver mortis and clot. Next is we have... here an example of an antemortem clot and post-mortem clot. Ang antemortem clot, it looks firm. Okay, ganyan. And then pag sa post-mortem clot naman, soft siya and then homogeneous in appearance. Homogeneous in appearance ang antemortem clot. Ang post-mortem clot naman is very separated siya. Okay, what does it mean? Antemortem clot, ito yung clot before death. Post-mortem clot, ito yung mga clot after death. Okay, so let's continue with your liver mortis. So under liver mortis pa rin, meron tayong tinatawag na post-mortem lividity or cadaveric lividity or post-mortem subulation. So please take note of these terms kasi nagkakaiba lang sila ng terms but they have the same actual meaning. Okay, so lima yan, post-mortem lividity, cadaveric lividity, subulation. post-mortem hypostasis, but the easiest thing to remember is the word liver mortis. So in liver mortis, going back with our previous slide, why did I say this? This is due to the stoppage of the heart action. If the heart stopped, there will be no pumping of blood. So in the body of a person, there will be no blood flow. yung mga blood natin is napupunta na siya doon sa most dependent portions of the body. Okay? Naa-accumulate now yung mga blood natin doon sa most dependent portions of the body. So, what does your crime scene investigation? Okay? Ulitin ko. Ang blood vessels natin during the liver mortis after death is that it is slowly... accumulated in the dependent portion of the body. So, what does this signify when it comes to crime scene investigation? This signifies the location of the person during the time of death. The location in a sense na saan ba to tumagal. Okay? Saan ba to tumagal? Because there are instances wherein, sa isang crime scene, just imagine this, sa isang crime scene na tagpuan ninyo yung tao, Pero ang liver mortis niya is nasa bandang front portion ng kanyang katawan. So yung blood niya is very purple siya sa part ng head, sa part ng limbs, sa front part ng katawan. Naka-dapa siya. So this signifies na doon sa place na yun, that is the original place kung saan siya nakita. Okay, how about if in the crime scene, you saw that his liver mortis is in the front part but it's on the side of the wall. Okay, what does it signify? It signifies now that the body was moved. Okay, the body was moved because the dependent portion of his body, the liver mortis or the accumulation of the blood was not seen there. That's why it really is important also. that you determine if the person's liver mortis because it will actually tell you what is the position of the body during the time of death na tumagal siya okay next we have okay so additional information regarding the color of lividity it can help you also in your crime reconstruction because it can signify the cause of death depende sa color ng lividity okay so Usually, the color of lividities should be dull red or pinkish. But there are instances that it's bright pink. If it's bright pink, the cause is carbon monoxide poisoning. If it's bright red, the cause is hydrocyanic acid. So, there are chemicals that can determine if they are an additional cause of death of a cow. kasi kung ano yung nainhale ng isang tao, okay, it will also go doon sa kanyang bloodstream. So, yung kanyang blood also will have discoloration, okay? Another one, pag naman naging pale yung tao, it means there is already the anemia or very pale siya or yung kanyang lividities, wala kayong makita na discoloration because maybe the cause of death is severe hemorrhage. severe hemorrhage or significant loss of blood. So, pag may nakita kayong bangkay, and then, ma'am, hindi naman ganon ka-visible yung kanyang lividity, kasi baka ang isang cause dyan is wala na palang dugo yung tao doon sa kanyang loob ng katawan. Because the cause of death is due to severe hemorrhage. So, these are the instances na nagiging very pale yung lividity. How about pag dark brown siya? Pag dark brown naman siya, the cause may be may interaction may be yung victim sa mga phosphorus. Pag naman coffee brown, the cause may be pertaining to or we may cite na meron siyang contact sa potassium chloride. So you see how important sa legal medicine also that we have basic knowledge with regards sa mga tinuturo sa atin sa toxicology. So next, we have here the causes kung bakit nagkakaroon ng acceleration sa lividity. Okay? So the lividity usually appears 3 to 6 hours after death. 3 to 6 hours after death. However, if yung cause of death niya is due to cholera, uremia, and typhus fever, okay? 12 hours after death, makikita ang post-mortem lividity bago siya mag-fully develop. Because, meron tayong, sa mga sakit na ito, is meron siyang connection sa mga internal organs. Which affects yung post-mortem lividity. Kaya siya mas bumibilis. Okay? Mas bumibilis siya na hindi na siya aabot sa 6 hours. Okay? Diba? Kasi syempre kung may If these are the ones that are already sick, right? What it affects is your internal organs. So, your internal organs are very weak. So, usually, the libidity is going to appear after 3 to 6 hours, right? But these are the instances that even after 2 hours, why do you have accumulation of libidity? Because in the first place, there are damages to your internal organs. So, it means there are bleeding. The bleeding accelerates more. So, the discoloration is accelerated too. Okay? Tapos, ang isa pa dito is that nag-i-stay siya sa katawan yung lividity ng hanggang 12 hours because of the damage sa internal organs. Because a normal person, a dead person dapat, ang lividity is mag-stay lang siya ng 3 to 6 hours. Okay? Okay, so next we have here the physical characteristics of a post-mortem lividity. So, So, the physical characteristic of post-mortem libidity, it occurs in the most extensive areas. So, take note of this. It occurs in the most extensive areas of the most dependent portion of the body. So as you can see dito sa ating picture, it is really visible kung saan yung dependent portions of the body. So based dito sa dalawang picture, you can identify here again that there are different discolorations. Hindi sa lahat ng oras is pare-parehas ang color ng discoloration ng lividity because as we have mentioned, iba-iba ang cause of death ng mga taong iyan. Okay, so... it only involves also the superficial layers of the skin. So, it does not appear from the rest of the skin, but it is more visible in the dependent portions of the body. So, afterwards, why does the other part become color greenish? So, it becomes color greenish, as you can see in these some parts. These some parts here. It's like a greenish pale, right? kasi yung sa body na ito it is already starting the decomposition okay it is already starting the decomposition okay so if there is no injury of the skin it develops a spots of discoloration within half 30 minutes to 2 hours. So, these spots then go to the larger patches which contains or which combines to form a uniform discoloration of the body to the most dependent parts of the body. Okay? So, what else? So, kites of postmortem. Okay? Meron tayong hypostatic lividity atsaka diffusion lividity. You just check kung ano yung kanyang difference. Okay? So additional information lang, ang liver mortis is also known as your hypostasis or the root word here is liver which means bluish color at saka mortis which means death. So ito, yung post-mortem lividity, it means after death or yung lividity na pinag-uusapan dito is yung color niya is black and blue. So ano ngayon ang difference ng hypostatic lividity at saka diffusion lividity? Ang hypostatic lividity is that it is the lividity when the discoloration is due to the blood pooled in the most dependent areas of the body. Okay? In the most dependent areas of the body. How about your diffusion lividity? Sa diffusion lividity naman, it is fixed discoloration when the blood clotted. So, if you can see, mas grabe or mas extreme yung part ng diffusion lividity kasi may blood clot na siya doon sa mismong blood vessels. Dito kasi sa hypostatic lividity, parang nasa layer pa lang yan ng skin. Layer pa lang yan ng skin. So kapag ginalaw-galaw mo yung isang tao na yan, pwede mag-move pa yung kanyang lividity. Pero pag sa diffusion lividity, kahit anong galaw mo dyan, hindi na siya magkakaroon ng difference. Okay, so hypostasis and bruise. Ito. may mga iba kasi na napag i-interchange nila ang itsura ng hypostasis at saka bruises okay so sa hypostasis dapat dependent areas yan okay ang bruise naman anywhere of the any part of the body pero depende kung saan na inflict yung pain diba another one well defined edges siya at saka yung bruise naman ill defined edges okay so ito Ang example natin ng with a bruise, blood will not flow from the cut. Ito naman ang itsura ng lividity niya. So yung lividity dito is hindi siya masyadong prominent. And then, hindi ganun visible yung bluish or yung purplish color. Okay? So sa hypostasis, blood is retained in the intact capillaries. Pag naman sa bruises, blood escapes through ruptured capillaries. Kasi yung sa bruises, pwede siyang mag-open, diba? So, sa hypostasis, it is superficial as compared to bruises deep into skin. And then, ang hypostasis, same level on the surface. Pag bruises naman, raised siya. And then, failover pressure areas and then bruises, red. Tapos, sa hypostasis, Blood flows from the cut vessels. And then, pag sa bruises naman, blood coagulates in the tissue. And lastly, sa hypostasis, walang swelling. Walang swelling yan. As compared sa bruises na meron siyang swelling. Okay? Next is the things that you need to consider which may infer to the position of the body of the victim at the time of death. Number one is yung posture ng katawan. So the body may become rigid in the position in which it hits. were found. And another one is your post-mortem hypostasis. So, ang hypostatic lividity will be found in areas of the body which comes in contact with the surface. Tapos magkakaroon ng coagulation of blood doon sa pinaka-dependent portions of the body. And lastly, pag may cadaveric spasm. As we have mentioned kanina, ang cadaveric spasm is prominent lang siya pag sa mga violent death. And then the last stage, this is now part of your late. post-mortem interval so ito na yung putrefaction na sinasabi natin or sa tagalog pagkaagnas na ng katawat so ito yung start of disintegration of the body so mag-i-start yan sa fresh bloat decay advanced decay and dry remains okay so sa fresh na yan buo pa yung katawan ng tao yung sa early mag-e-start na yan na magkaroon ng um magkaroon ng signs ng bloating. Bakit may bloating, ma'am? Because mag-a-accumulate na dyan yung mga different gases which are or which can be seen doon sa loob ng katawan ng tao. So ang putrefaction, actually, it begins within an hour of death. It begins within an hour of death. So pwedeng magsabay-sabay yan. Hindi ibig sabihin na mauuna ang algor mortis, susunod ang rigor mortis. and then the putrefaction is the last because there are times when they have overlapping. As I have mentioned, putrefaction will start within an hour of death because number one, one factor there is that the stopping of the metabolic processes. So if the metabolic processes stop, what will happen to the body of the person next? So it will start, it will be ready to die. So the internal organs decompose 3 to 5 days after death. And then the body starts to bloat, and then blood-containing foam leaks from the mouth and nose. So this is what they say in the news, right? They say that they smell something, that it smells bad. That's it. Because you will see that people are still dead in 3 to 5 days. Okay? So, Ano naman sa active decay? Sa active decay, dyan na mag-start yung magkaroon ng maggots. So, kakainin na ng mga maggots yung katawan. Advanced decay, may mga soft tissue lang dyan, pero makita mo na na may skeleton. Kaya ang term is skeletonization. And lastly, extreme. So, extreme, dry remains lang, wala ng soft tissues. Purely na skeleton na lang ang makikita. So, dito, early decomposition phase. So, early decomposition phase, dependa again, some other factors that could accelerate it okay number one there is that bug so early decomposition is not a hot weather but chaka not some moist weather i know some moist place by young cow so much more than must mobile shang maagas okay so maggots also appear to begin on the body starting from the second day of the post-mortem and then the body will start now to appear grayish green. Okay? Grayish green. And then, may mga marbling na siya. Marbleization. Ito yung sinasabi ko. Ang marbleization kasi, this is prominent of the superficial veins with reddish discoloration during the process of decomposition. So, this develops usually sa abdomen, sa root of the neck, at saka sa shoulder. So, as you can see in the picture, makikita siya dito. Sa shoulder. Yung iba sa abdomen, yung sa iba naman is doon sa kanilang neck part. So, this is usually usually visible siya pag yung mga taong namatay is may mga fair complexion. Fair complexion or yung mga mapuputi. So, ang reddish part na ito na marbleization, kaya nga siya tinawag na marbleization kasi nagkakaroon na ng marble marble branching ng kanilang veins. Marble branching ng kanilang veins. another one, sa mummification naman, it is the dehydration of the whole body which results in the shivering and preservation of the body, so pwede natural mummification atsaka artificial mummification, usually ito is ginagamit siya sa Egypt, diba dito naman sa Cordillera regions meron tayong mga mummies, okay dito sa may kabayan, okay, so if you can see yung pinapayukungay nila so kahit nga yung parang ang liit lang nung kanilang sabaong kasi during at the time of death, nagkakaroon sila ng mummification, pinapa, pinapa, ano to, fetal position nila yung mga death. Okay? And then next, we have the maceration. Ang maceration naman, this is only visible to the softening of the tissues when a fluid medium in the absence of putrefactive microorganisms, which is frequently observed, only when it is a fetus. Okay? Only when it is a fetus, it appears in the mass evasions. Because there is no absence of putrefactive microorganisms. So when you see the fetuses, why are their appearance still very visible? The parts are still intact. because that is what you call your maceration. Sa maceration lang, sa fetus kasi, there is the softening of the tissues. Pero hindi yung as in na magkakaroon sila ng mga putrefactive microorganisms. Okay? So this is the one, the Ibaloi tribe, which existed in the Benguet province for thousands of years. So meron silang practicing of embalming rituals. Ngayon, medyo pinapa-istak nga nila because of health concerns daw, medical concerns. Okay, so that's the integration na ng mga science at saka cultural practices. Okay, next. Evolution of gases. Ito yung sinasabi ko kanina na bakit masangsang ang amoy pag meron ng putrefactive changes or may mga decomposition stage na sa isang tao. Because ano yung mga gases na? What gases are present in the body of a person that comes from our different tissues? It's carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen, sulfurated hydrogen. If you know, the smell of sulfurated hydrogen is like the smell of a broken egg. Phosphorated hydrogen and methane gases. Okay, so next we have also here the advanced decomposition. Advanced decomposition phase begins if the appearance or nagkakaroonan ng sagging of the skin atsaka collapse of the abdominal cavity. The body also shows extensive maggot infestations. Okay, so may mga maggot na siya. So fourth day yan, yan yung talagang kinakain na siya ng mga uod. And then, what else? Internal changes. So, those who, ano yung mga part ng katawan natin na nagpuputrify or mas madaling maagnas. It's the brain, lining of the trachea and larynx, yung stomach and testings, spleen, liver, and uterus. Especially if you are in your perperal stage or yung kapapanganak. Because, syempre, kapapanganak mo, very soft yung tissue. Okay, so ito yung mga part na madali syang. maagnas. Okay? Ano naman yung mga medyo late? Number one is esophagus, diaphragm, heart, lungs, kidneys, urinary bladder, uterus, and prostate gland. Yung uterus dito, ma'am, bakit yung uterus? Tapos yung uterus again. Pag sa uterus dito is yung mga hindi pa nagamit. Okay? Parang nakapanganak ka na mga three years after now. So, bumalik na sa normal state. ang sinasabi dito is uterus pag yung mga kapapanganak lang alam nyo yung mga part na yung nanganak sila tapos kinamatay nila okay yun yung mga instances na mas madaling mag putrefied kasi na kakatapos lang niyang manganak okay so ito naman yung uterus na ito yung sinasabi dito is yung nasa normal state okay um what else skeletonization phase so ganyan yung itsura niya may mga soft tissues pa siya okay and then another one extreme decomposition phase wala ng mga soft tissues so hindi na nga disintegrated na yung mga parts ng katawan okay so extreme decomposition phase na yan and then what are the factors affecting putrefaction mga internal factors syempre again age condition of the body at sika yung cause of death sa external factors naman if there is free air or well ventilated. If on earth, for example, our previous pictures, it is more accelerated when the boats are found in moist places. For example, in the mountains, of course, in the mountains, maggots have a faster multiplication. If in water, it has a faster bloating. And bloating of the body because the body absorbs the water. And then the clothings. Okay. If you don't have clothings on the boat before it dies, it's faster to have an infestation of mammals. Okay. What else? This one. Saponification or adipocere formation. So this is a condition where in the... fatty tissues of the body are transformed to soft brownish white substance known as your adipocere so for example this one okay so it occurs naturally naturally in the visceral organs and even in non-fatty tissues of the body like the muscles is a waxing material crancid or moldy in old odor In other words, ito yung sinasabi nila na mga fat of the graveyards or mga corpse walks. So, what happens to your body after you die? So, seconds, brain activity, mag-i-stop yan. Your body temperature also drops. So, usually 1.6 per hour or 1.5 in other references. Pag after some minutes na yan, your cells begin to die. because of lack of oxygen, malanang metabolic process, so mag-e-start na yung kanyang putrefaction stage. And then after hours, meron ng mga rigor mortis, yung muscles natin, yung skin, at saka reddish splotches. After days naman, yung mga enzymes or yung mga other internal organs na. And then weeks, dyan na. May mga wag magots na. Pero ito hindi naman as in abot weeks kasi may mga instances na 3 to 5 days may mga magos na. Depende nga sa mga factors that are surrounding or yung mga environmental factors kung saan matatagpuan yung isang tao. Okay? So, weeks also, yung mga hair mo magpo-fall off na. And then months or weeks or 3 weeks ganun, mag-start na siyang mag-eskelet. So, ano naman yung otolitic or autodigestive changes after death? So, eto, rule of thumb states that there is a decrease of 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit every hour. So, sa algorimortis, this is the most accurate method of estimating the time since death in the early post-mortem phase. Pero saan natin ulit kukunin ang temperature dapat? Doon sa rectal. Okay, so this is your assignment. So, in your assignment, the Gleister equation, you try to check it. This is a formula used to approximate the time since death. And then the calculation approximates that the body loses 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit every hour and can be determined by the hour since death. And then 98.4 Fahrenheit minus the body temperature. You just divide it by 1.5. So Ito lang ang kukunin natin kasi standard na yung 98.4 at saka yung 1.5. Ang kukunin lang natin doon sa katawan ng isang tao is yung kanyang body temperature. But as I have mentioned kanina, always get the body temperature via the rectal. Okay, mas accurate kasi doon sa rectal temperature. So, next we have also the Newton's law of cooling. Another way in estimating time since death is the Newton's law of So, just put it, just substitute it, and then simply plus and minus. Okay, the temperature at the time of death, what is the temperature of surrounding, initial temperature of the object, and then the constant. But the problem here is sometimes, how if you don't know the temperature at the time of death? Then, you won't use it at that moment to get the temperature of the surrounding. That's why yung Leicester yun yung parang pinaka madali because what we're trying to establish is yung estimated time of death okay so methods of estimating how long a person has been dead so when the body temperature is normal at the time of death the average rate of fall of the temperature during the first two hours is one half of the difference of the body temperature in that of the air. So during the next two hours, the temperature fall is one half. And then, as a general rule, the body attains the temperature of the surrounding air from 12 to 15 hours after death in tropical countries. So, ito din. To make an approximate, ito naman yung galing sa kay Pedro Solis yung kanyang book sa legal medicine ito. Yung normal temperature, so what's the normal temperature? 37, diba? Tapos 98.4 minus retinal temperature. divide it by 1.5 or similar to the glister formula. Okay, so prepare for the following major quiz. Dalawa lang siya. Okay, number one is yung medical legal aspects of identification and death. So, you have to review yung basic identification method, calculation of estimated height, male and female bones, stages of death, changes in the body after death, calculation of estimated time of death. And then, review quiz for finals examination. So, physical injury, identification, legal classification, death, and lastly is your sexual related crimes. Okay, so thank you for listening.

Okay, so for today's topic, we are going to start first with why do we need to establish the death? Or as we have previously discussed, there are instances that establishing the death or formally uh formally identifying that the person is dead is very crucial in a sense now it really affects the civil personality of the person so now what is the presumption of death so this is from article 390 of the civil code and section 5 rule 131 on the rules of court in the rulings for the presumption of death okay so the first one is this um totally for the absence of seven years wherein wala kayong any idea or it being unknown whether or not the absentee is still alive. Absentee ang tawag natin doon sa person na ina-identify natin. Okay, so he shall be presumed dead for all purposes except for do sa kanyang successions. Okay, pag ang pinag-uusapan na natin is succession, pag marami man siyang mga uh acquired properties is that we need to wait for it until 10 years okay so here in the presumption of death that how about that seven years that you totally don't know where it is it doesn't feel where its location is no one can see where it is or you don't have any news regarding sa kanyang whereabouts so for the purposes na pwede na siyang i-presume the stead diba Ito yung kanyang ruling sa Article 390 nga na after absence of seven years, it being unknown whether or not the absent is still alive, he shall be presumed dead for all purposes.

Ang exception nga lang na sinasabi is that pag ang pinag-uusapan na is kanyang succession, okay, yung distributing ng kanyang succession or may ipapamanan na, yan yung maghintay kayo ng until 10 years. Okay, so what else? We have also here the following instances wherein he or she shall be presumed for all purpose, including the division of the estate among the heirs. So this is under Article 391 of the Civil Code.

For number one instances, assume for four years since the loss of the vessel or airplane kung saan siya last na nag-onboard. Okay, so siyempre, diba there is a... there is a risk already in the last scene or where there is known information wherein that is the vessel or the airplane.

So, if you have a watch, the castaway, right? They know that it's dead because for how many long years it's gone. Pero nag-survive pala siya doon sa isang island. That's why, yun, na-declare siya as dead. Pero nung nakabalik siya, siyempre, i-anon nila yun, i-rectify nila yun na record.

But for us, yun nga, pwede mo na siyang i-presume. Kaya nga ang term is presume. Okay?

Presume na patay na yung tao. Another one, member of armed forces, yung tao, who have taken part to a war and missing for four years. and also a person who has been in danger of death under other circumstances, and his existence has not been known for four years. Okay, so these are only additional informations because our topic is the stages of death.

Another one, when we have a presumption of death, of course, we have a presumption of survivorship. So survivorship is presumed from the probabilities resulting from the strength and age of the sexes. according to the following. So for example, if both were under the age of 15 years, ang mas older is presumed to have survived. Okay?

Sa anong rationale nila dyan? Bakit yung older? Siyempre pag older ka, it means pag sa age bracket na yan, parang mas mature ka or you have more the survival skills or you can protect yourself already.

Another one, if both were above the age of 60, so sino naman ang presume natin na nakapagsurvive pag ganyan ang instance? Siyempre dito, the younger naman is presumed to have survived. And number three, if one is under 15 years old and the other is above 60, the former is presumed to have survived.

survived okay so yung 15 years old siya ang presume natin na naka-survive kasi syempre 60 years old medyo old na yan so physically speaking may mga nararamdaman na or yung lakas niya no kanyang prime years is hindi na ganun hindi ganun yung same level ng lakas niya ngayon na senior na siya if both be over 15 and under 60 and the success be different that the male is presumed to have survived. If the sexes be the same, yung older. Okay, so nakikita nyo, it's either the older, the younger, or the male, depende sa circumstance or depende kung sino ang kasama.

And lastly, if one be under 15 or 60 and the other, between those ages, the latter is presumed to have survived. So the latter dito is the 60. So we have also here the methods of estimation of time since then. So for your...

For your additional references, you can check this link also or this author. Because it has an authorship book wherein it explains the methods of estimation of time, which is really important as a criminal investigator. So why do we need to establish death?

Why do we need to establish the time of death? Number one, of course, it assists the death investigation. We can determine the time.

So, if we can determine the estimated time of death, we can narrow down who are the suspects. We can also limit the investigation period. We can establish the timeline of events or for your crime reconstruction. And lastly, it relates to the essential points of the manner on how did the person write it.

Okay, so next, post-mortem interval. So, sa post-mortem interval, meron tayo three major stages. That is your immediate, that is your early and late stages. So, sa immediate, this is the post-mortem phase wherein it can be termed as the post-mortem interval between your somatic and cellular death.

If you recall again, your somatic and cellular death, diba sa somatic, ano yung first na namamata? Yung tatlong vital organs. that is your brain the heart and the lungs and then followed by the cellular death that is the time that the other organs, other cells in your body are gradually dying also so the immediate death that is in between or interval of somatic and cellular death so this occurs usually within two to three hours after death okay and usually denotes a lack of discernible changes in the the morphology.

or doon sa itsura ng tao. Kasi sa 2 to 3 hours pa lang siya. So, immediate death changes occurs up to 3 to 4 hours after death. The body undergoes rapid biochemical and physiological changes that are primarily caused by the circulation of blood. Okay?

Ang pinaka-cause nito is yung nawawalan na kayo ng circulation of blood because of the stopping of the heartbeat, because of the stopping or the cessation of your heart function okay the back as I'm hard not any another pop up now I think blood Salah adnan cut off as a lot of party and cut off on so if not stop yet yes and press mawa well and in your function now but the flow non blood satin cut the one so that is now your immediate death so again by say immediate stage night or it means you blood circulation is already stopped So, it means blood is not flowing all over the body. So, ano pa? Dito sa immediate na ito, aside from the blood also, makikita natin itong tracking.

Yung tracking or segmentation of the retinal blood vessels. So, this is an example of the tracking or the cause is that loss of intraocular pressure and the clouding of the... area okay so means on must be civil very visible young clouding of the area ito young clouding of the area so young tracking naman dapat nakikita jaan sa white part ng mata okay so this sign presents as a break in the continual column of blood on ophthalmoscopic examination of the eyes okay and usually occurs within half an hour and may sometimes take as long as two hours after death. So if there are instances that you saw a dead person's body, dead victim, you try to check the eyes if there is a present tracking or the clouding of the cornea you can estimate the time of death that it has not yet exceeded two hours okay because usually the tracking and clouding of cornea starts 30 minutes after the death until two hours after the death so 30 minutes to two hours after that the clouding and the tracking is present okay another one we have also the tachynoir de la sclerotic so this one in other words lang darkening of the sclera so yung isa is nakakaroon siya ng clouding eto naman sa tachynoir de la sclerotic is that darkening of the sclera okay so after the changes in the eyes let's proceed sa changes ng ating skin So first off, syempre, it loses the elasticity.

And then, a few hours after death, yan na yung mag-start na, magiging pale yung itsura ng isang tao. Okay? Magiging pale yung isang itsura ng tao. As you can see here in the picture, nagiging grayish na siya.

Nawawalan na siya ng color. Another reason there is yung sinasabi ko kanina na there is now the loss of blood flow. So, of course, loss of blood, when it becomes stagnant, it becomes a tail because the blood circulates in the whole body. So, the blood becomes stagnant, it doesn't flow anymore. Another one, emptying gastric contents.

So, when in instances where the death is very violent, or there are instances na kailangang iotopsy yung tao, they can also open the gastric contents. O doon sa estomac, makikita natin. So for example, pag sa mga light meals, nag-i-stay kasi yan sa katawan ng 1 to 3 hours. Kaya napapansin niyo pag mga light lang yung breakfast ninyo like a bread, ganun, madali kayong magutom kasi nag-i-stay lang yan ng 1 to 3 hours sa katawan ng tao. So what is this?

What is the. what is the rationale if it's in the gastric contents. For example, if you open it, you will still see that there are light breakfasts or there are food contents in it.

They will process what they ate last. They will determine that the last thing this person ate is within one to three hours. So, it's still alive during the previous three hours.

So, small light meals also get emptied from the stomach with 1 to 3 hours. And the time consumption if known is that, depende rin siya sa volume and type of meal. Pag mga heavy meals naman, yan yung nag-i-stay siya sa ating stomach for 5 to 6 hours. 5 to 6 hours.

Yung mga karne, yung mga rice. So mag-i-stay yan ng 5 to 6. Next, we have now your After 3 to 72 hours, what is our early PMI or post-mortem interval? So, this is where our classical triad for the post-mortem changes, which is your rigor mortis, liver mortis, and your algor mortis.

Okay, so this period is also known where the estimation of time since death is most relevant in establishing the timeline of events. and developing a theory of circumstances of death, and then the period runs from 3 to 72 hours after death. So, ang early PMI natin is that it is most frequently estimated during the, sabi ko nga, 3 to 72 hours.

3 to 72 hours. Okay? So, ano ang mga? This is the rigor mortis.

So, let's separate it from rigor, liver, and algor. So, in rigor mortis, this is your stiffening of the muscle. Liver mortis is the discoloration.

And then lastly, the algor mortis, that's the cooling of the body. So, for instance, of course, cooling of the body or your algor mortis. Algor mortis is the cooling of the body after death. So, what is the cause of this one?

This is primarily due to the loss of homostatic regulation of the hypothalamus in conjunction with the loss of heat to the environment by conduction, convection, and radiation. Or in other words, nagkakaroon ng loss of temperature, take note of this, nagkakaroon ng loss of temperature due to the cessation of all metabolic processes. So, ang temperature ng isang tao is most rapid siyang bumababa during the first two hours of death.

So, it just follows, diba? Nag-i-stop yung mga three vital organs mo, syempre, mag-i-stop din yung functioning ng katawad. If the functioning of the body stops, we lose the metabolic process, there will be a sudden decrease in our temperature because there is no process in our body. So, the drop in our temperature after death is very rapid or fast during the first two hours of death. Because suddenly, everything says, right?

So, first two hours, magkakaroon yan ng drop ng 15 to 20 degrees of Fahrenheit and then it is already a sure sign of death. Pero after na, after na ng 2 hours ganyan, mag slow down na na bababa. Pero ang pinakarapid talaga na pag loss ng ating temperature after death is your, the first 2 hours of death.

Okay, and then next we have here the all-warm-ortis. So, ang fall ng temperature of death may have some variations depende sa following conditions. Okay, so pag ang cause of death is cancer, thysis, ang thysis na ito is known also as your tuberculosis.

And lastly, pag collapse or yung sudden death. Yan is yung fall ng temperature natin. Okay? The fall of our temperature is hindi ganun kabilis because masyadong mataas yung temperature nung tao during the time of his death. Especially so pag ito ang cause.

Okay? Ulitin ko, pag cancer, thysis, or tuberculosis, and sudden death, or bigla ka nalang nag-collapse, hindi ganun kabilis ang pag-fall ng temperature because yung cause of death mo is may kasamang high temperature. Okay? Unlike sa mga tao na normal, yung kanilang temperature during death is that first two hours talaga, masyadong rapid yung pag-fall ng temperature.

Okay? So, what else? What is the thing that you don't...

that you need to memorize here in the algorimortis is that the fall of temperature is 15 to 20 degrees Fahrenheit is already considered as a certain sign of death. Okay, next we have the post-mortem caloricity. So in the post-mortem caloricity, is that this is the rise of temperature.

This is the opposite of your algorimortis. Ang algor mortis, loss of temperature. Ang post-mortem caloricity naman is the rise of temperature of the body after death.

Because ano ang cause ng post-mortem caloricity? There is early putrefactive changes. Early putrefactive changes or nagkakaroon na ng signs ng decomposition sa loob ng katawan ng isang tao.

That's why. the temperature is rising. Okay, so aside from the metabolic process, is that you had early putrefactive changes because of the infections that are occurring in your body before your death.

Number one there is your cholera. Yung cholera, yan yung pagkakaroon ninyo ng diarrhea with constant vomiting. Ang cause ng death dyan, is dehydration because of vomiting and diarrhea.

Yellow fever, liver abscess, peritonitis, ang tawag natin pag masakit na yung appendix mo, hindi mo pa pina-opera. Okay, cerebrospinal fever, rheumatic fever, tetanus, smallpox, at saka yung styrene chain poisoning. Okay, so pag yan ang causes ng DECMO, okay? post-mortem caloricity, mas mabilis ang pagtaas ng temperature.

Pero after nang rise ng temperature of the body, mam, wala na ba siyang algorimortis? Hindi pwedeng walang algorimortis. Ito lang yung exception na parang after death, bakit may mga tao na ang taas ng temperature pa rin. Kasi nga, In medical explanation, ito yung mga some of the suggested cause of his or her death. Okay, so ulitin ko, bakit may post-mortem caloricity?

This is the rise of temperature because of early putrefactive changes that are already occurring in the internal of the person, which is due to the following medical conditions. So we have also here the factors that are affecting your algor mortis. It's either delaying or accelerating. Ang ating acute pyrexial disease or ito yung pagkamatay niya is ang cause is meron siyang fever. Bago siya namatay, syempre madedelay ang algor mortis.

Another one, there is a sudden death in good health. So, the un-neurism that we're talking about, right? The one with a snap only, their... nerves in the head so they are not prepared, they are not aware.

They died suddenly, it means there is a delay in the cooling of the body. Obesity of the person, so do not say that they are obese. They will have a longer time to cool down.

So that is the part of the body that is covered with too much fat okay already hindi ganun kadalay ang paglabas ng mga temperature sa kanilang katawan so na insulate pa siya sa loob so it takes time for them to have a algor mortis and then death from asphyxia as we have discussed last meeting pag ang pagkamatay mo is loss of oxygen okay it will delay also the algor mortis and then death of the middle age mga middle age naka prime years mga 35 to 45 ganyan tapos bigla kang namatay kasi it means dyan sa age na yan is you are at your prime years na sinasabi natin it means you're you have the yung body mo is at uh parang at its peak or dapat nasa pinaka healthy siya na part unless you are having a lot of vices And then how about the accelerating of the body, cooling of the body? Number one, there is leanness of the body or yung sobrang papayap, okay? Mga malnourished, yung mga namamatay because of starvation, okay? Mas madaling magkaroon ng algorimortis. Extreme age, like for example, mga sobrang bata at saka sobrang matanda.

Let us say for example, yung mga namamatay na babies, okay? And then yung mga namamatay na mga 80s. mga 90s, ganyan, mas mabilis mag-cool down ng kanilang body. Another one, long-standing or lingering disease, or it means matagal na siyang bedridden, matagal na siyang may sakit. So, mas mabilis ang kanilang pag-cool down ng katawan.

And then lastly, chronic pyrexial disease or yung fever na meron pa siyang associated with wasting or what we call yung diarrhea and vomiting. So, If that is the cause of death, the algorithm works faster. Okay, so next, what are the factors affecting delaying?

It's either delaying or accelerating based on the environment of the person during death. Okay, so when it comes to delaying, it means if the closing is too tight at the time of death. Another one, if the person died in a small room or if there is no well-ventilated room.

For example, yung mga cases wherein yung mga tao, yung mga pinapatay na tao is natatagpuan lang sa mga kulob na area. Mga small rooms. So, yung mga yun is nadedelay ang kanilang algoritms. And then lastly, pag ang place ko saan siya namatay, is our surroundings.

And then last, the accelerating but accelerated naman ang loss of temperature pag unclothed yung body nung namatay or wala syang sa plot okay well ventilated or open space yung place kung saan sya namatay and then large room syempre it means well ventilated nga or may access sya sa air and lastly pag namatay sya sa bodies of water or places wherein there is a lot of airflow. Next, we have the estimation of the time since death using algor mortis okay so saan tayo nagbe-base pag sa algor mortis it's always on the rectal temperature mam bakit sa rectal because mas mas mas mas accurate yung temperature na makukuha mo sa rectal kaysa sa mouth or sa armpit okay so kaya pag may mga calculations with regards to time since death or the estimating of time since death you always use the rectal tempeh ratios. So, sa rigor mortis naman, this is the second part of yung mortis na sinasabi natin during the early PMI or the post-mortem interval.

Rigor mortis is the post-mortem stiffening of the muscles caused by the depletion of adenosine triphosphate from the muscle. Okay, so this is one component of the muscle. So, kaya nagkakaroon ng stiffening ng muscle because of its depletion.

Ulitin ko, adenosine triphosphate of the muscle ang isa sa pinaka cause why muscles stiffen after death. Okay? So, another one also as an explanation is the cessation of oxygen supply.

Cessation of oxygen supply to the muscle which causes aerobic respirations in the cell kaya nagkakaroon ng lack of yung ATP production okay or itong adenosine triphosphate so ang rigor mortis ito ang changes in the muscle as compared sa algor mortis that is the changes in temperature okay so changes in the muscle after death because there is a complete relaxation of the whole muscle system. Complete in a sense na nag-cease na yung production ng ATP na sinasabi dito sa rigor mortis. So, ang rigor mortis starts immediately after death and usually seen in a sequence from known as the March of Rigor and Nice Turns Long. so rigor mortis starts immediately after death okay so condition body then also during the rigor mortis can be used to estimate the time of death so but the condition of the body warm shot but no rigor mortis it means died within three hours here but now when rigor mortis is present not died between three to nine hours probably and then rigor mortis fully established died nine hours so what is the list here?

ang laging nating sinasabi dito sa legal medicine natin is always estimated my word na probably my word na presumption because it is not definite but it is backed up by medical terms and practices okay so in in continuation rigor mortis appears approximately two hours after death in the muscles of the face and then progresses to the limbs over the next few hours completing six to eight hours after death so please take note of that numbers okay so um next we have here the entire muscular tissue passes three stages after that. This is still under your rigor mortis. So meron time tinatawag na stage of primary flaccidity, stage of post-mortem rigidity, and the stage of secondary flaccidity or commencement of putrefaction.

Kasi after na tumigas yung buong muscles ng ating katawan, the next stage now there is the putrefaction or mag-i-start na siyang mag-decompose. Okay, so if you are getting the pattern, di ba? yung katawan ng isang ka-after deck, aside from the loss of the temperature, magkakaroon siya ng stiffening of the muscle, and then ang susunod na dyan is the putrefaction. Okay, so in the stage of primary flaccidity, this is also known as your post-mortem muscular irritability.

So the muscles are relaxed and capable of contracting when stimulated. And then this part still have the Pupils are dilated. And then there is the incontrol.

of urination and defecation or sa part na ito, sa stage of primary flaccidity, pwede pang mag-urinate and defecate yung isang katawan ng tao. Kahit napatay na, yes, kasi this is the part na nagkakaroon na sila ng cleansing. So, diba? tumitigas yung katawan, so nagkakaroon na siya ng expulsion sa katawan ng tao.

Another one is the stage of post-mortem rigidity. Ang stage of post-mortem rigidity naman is also known as your cadaveric rigidity or death struggle of the gut cell. Next also here is the stage of secondary flaccidity or yung commencement ng of protrefaction. Or this is now the decaying of the muscles.

In other words, dito sa stage of secondary flaccidity, mag-i-start ng mag-decompose yung ating mga muscles. So this also encourages now or starts now the foul smell of the body. Next, we have the stages of rigor. So ito yung dinidiscuss natin kanina, post-mortem muscular flaccidity, cadaveric rigidity, atsaka yung decay of muscle. Post-mortem muscular flaccidity, it takes usually or it stays in the body for 12 hours.

So, 12 hours, the body will be hard. And then, this one also depends, okay? Again, it depends on the weather or environment of a place where a person was killed. So, pag mga temperate countries, okay, is that it usually lasts 2 to 3 days.

Pag sa atin naman ng mga tropical countries, it usually lasts 24 to 48 hours. Okay, pag sa cold weather, for example, dito sa Baguio, 24 to 48 hours. Pero pag sa mga hot weather, like Union, Pagkasinan. it will be lower in 18 to 36 hours. And then after the disappearance of rigor mortis, the muscles become soft and flaccid.

So why is that confusing? It will suddenly have stiffening and then you will say that it has softening again. Okay, so that part is what encourages the decomposition, which is the next stage or decaying of the muscle. As we have mentioned earlier, there is a depletion of ATP content in the muscle. So, what are the factors influencing the time of onset of rigor mortis?

Our internal factors are the state of the muscle. Let us say, for example, rigor mortis appears late and the duration is longer in cases where the muscles have been healthy. Okay? How about the age?

Pag sa age naman, syempre, depende yan pag masyadong mabata yung, ay masyadong extreme yung ages ng isang tao. And then, the integrity of nerves. How about the external factors? Ang mga external factors, syempre, yung temperature of the environment, at saka yung moisture level.

So, what are the conditions simulating rigor mortis? So, number one is, we have here, the heat is stiffening. So, Dito sa picture, it is stiffening is that pag yung tao is exposed siya sa high temperature during the time of death.

How about the cold is stiffening? And then lastly is your cadaveric spasm. So we have to focus here on your cadaveric spasm.

Cadaveric spasm. So cadaveric spasm is different from rigor mortis. Okay?

Different siya sa rigor mortis. in cadaverics possum, this... immediately appears kahit wala pang 2 to 3 hours kasi these are indicators that the person died of a violent death okay, ang rigor mortis that is a normal part or normal stage of the body that yes, of the body na nag-a-undergun ang body natin pag namatay tayo, so lahat ng tao magkakaroon ng rigor mortis after death.

But not all of them will have cadaveric spasm because cadaveric spasm as I have mentioned it usually indicates a violent death. So it is automatic after death that muscle stiffening occurs. So this is the distinction between rigor mortis and cadaveric spasm. So the cadaveric spasm appears immediately after death.

The rigor mortis appears 2 to 6 hours after the error. Okay? What else? In the cadaveric spasm, it's just a specific part of the body.

In the cadaveric spasm, it's just a specific hand or a specific foot. But for the rigor mortis, it involves all of the body. So, it's all at the same time in all parts of our body.

The rigor mortis is all at the same time. but in cadaveric spasms, specific parts only. And then, another distinction, pag sa rigor mortis, it occurs naturally. While your cadaveric spasm, it occurs due to violent death.

Okay, what else we have here? The cadaveric spasms are instantaneous rigor. So, syempre, pwede nyo siyang madetermine, depende sa time of appearance.

So, pag sinabi ko ng cadaveric spasm, automatic yan after death. But if you use instantaneous rigor, It takes 2 to 3 hours after death before it appears. Muscles involved. So, sa rigor mortis, all of the parts of the body. Pag sa cadaveric spasm, specific parts of the body.

Occurrence. What does it mean pag occurrence? Diba? So, it also denotes, okay, how did the person die? Okay.

Ang occurrence niya, it depicts kung namatay ba siya violently or naturally. Okay, so. what is its medical legal significance, our cadaveric spasm can also be an indicator of how the person died.

Because in rigor mortis, it only simply shows that the whole body has a stiffening of the muscle. Another changes we have here, the changes in the blood. So changes in the blood, it now involves your liver mortis.

Ang liver mortis natin is due to the coagulation due to the cessation of circulation. So blood clotting is accelerated in cases of death by infectious fevers and delayed in cases of asphyxia, poisoning by opium or other chemicals like your carbon monoxide. So okay, in continuation, ang liver mortis natin, it's because of the gradually accumulating of blood to the dependent portion of the body. Pag naman sa clotting, it is the coagulation of blood. So dalawa lang ang changes of blood, liver mortis and clot.

Next is we have... here an example of an antemortem clot and post-mortem clot. Ang antemortem clot, it looks firm.

Okay, ganyan. And then pag sa post-mortem clot naman, soft siya and then homogeneous in appearance. Homogeneous in appearance ang antemortem clot. Ang post-mortem clot naman is very separated siya.

Okay, what does it mean? Antemortem clot, ito yung clot before death. Post-mortem clot, ito yung mga clot after death.

Okay, so let's continue with your liver mortis. So under liver mortis pa rin, meron tayong tinatawag na post-mortem lividity or cadaveric lividity or post-mortem subulation. So please take note of these terms kasi nagkakaiba lang sila ng terms but they have the same actual meaning.

Okay, so lima yan, post-mortem lividity, cadaveric lividity, subulation. post-mortem hypostasis, but the easiest thing to remember is the word liver mortis. So in liver mortis, going back with our previous slide, why did I say this? This is due to the stoppage of the heart action. If the heart stopped, there will be no pumping of blood.

So in the body of a person, there will be no blood flow. yung mga blood natin is napupunta na siya doon sa most dependent portions of the body. Okay? Naa-accumulate now yung mga blood natin doon sa most dependent portions of the body. So, what does your crime scene investigation?

Okay? Ulitin ko. Ang blood vessels natin during the liver mortis after death is that it is slowly... accumulated in the dependent portion of the body. So, what does this signify when it comes to crime scene investigation?

This signifies the location of the person during the time of death. The location in a sense na saan ba to tumagal. Okay? Saan ba to tumagal?

Because there are instances wherein, sa isang crime scene, just imagine this, sa isang crime scene na tagpuan ninyo yung tao, Pero ang liver mortis niya is nasa bandang front portion ng kanyang katawan. So yung blood niya is very purple siya sa part ng head, sa part ng limbs, sa front part ng katawan. Naka-dapa siya. So this signifies na doon sa place na yun, that is the original place kung saan siya nakita.

Okay, how about if in the crime scene, you saw that his liver mortis is in the front part but it's on the side of the wall. Okay, what does it signify? It signifies now that the body was moved. Okay, the body was moved because the dependent portion of his body, the liver mortis or the accumulation of the blood was not seen there. That's why it really is important also.

that you determine if the person's liver mortis because it will actually tell you what is the position of the body during the time of death na tumagal siya okay next we have okay so additional information regarding the color of lividity it can help you also in your crime reconstruction because it can signify the cause of death depende sa color ng lividity okay so Usually, the color of lividities should be dull red or pinkish. But there are instances that it's bright pink. If it's bright pink, the cause is carbon monoxide poisoning.

If it's bright red, the cause is hydrocyanic acid. So, there are chemicals that can determine if they are an additional cause of death of a cow. kasi kung ano yung nainhale ng isang tao, okay, it will also go doon sa kanyang bloodstream. So, yung kanyang blood also will have discoloration, okay? Another one, pag naman naging pale yung tao, it means there is already the anemia or very pale siya or yung kanyang lividities, wala kayong makita na discoloration because maybe the cause of death is severe hemorrhage.

severe hemorrhage or significant loss of blood. So, pag may nakita kayong bangkay, and then, ma'am, hindi naman ganon ka-visible yung kanyang lividity, kasi baka ang isang cause dyan is wala na palang dugo yung tao doon sa kanyang loob ng katawan. Because the cause of death is due to severe hemorrhage. So, these are the instances na nagiging very pale yung lividity.

How about pag dark brown siya? Pag dark brown naman siya, the cause may be may interaction may be yung victim sa mga phosphorus. Pag naman coffee brown, the cause may be pertaining to or we may cite na meron siyang contact sa potassium chloride. So you see how important sa legal medicine also that we have basic knowledge with regards sa mga tinuturo sa atin sa toxicology. So next, we have here the causes kung bakit nagkakaroon ng acceleration sa lividity.

Okay? So the lividity usually appears 3 to 6 hours after death. 3 to 6 hours after death. However, if yung cause of death niya is due to cholera, uremia, and typhus fever, okay? 12 hours after death, makikita ang post-mortem lividity bago siya mag-fully develop.

Because, meron tayong, sa mga sakit na ito, is meron siyang connection sa mga internal organs. Which affects yung post-mortem lividity. Kaya siya mas bumibilis. Okay?

Mas bumibilis siya na hindi na siya aabot sa 6 hours. Okay? Diba?

Kasi syempre kung may If these are the ones that are already sick, right? What it affects is your internal organs. So, your internal organs are very weak.

So, usually, the libidity is going to appear after 3 to 6 hours, right? But these are the instances that even after 2 hours, why do you have accumulation of libidity? Because in the first place, there are damages to your internal organs.

So, it means there are bleeding. The bleeding accelerates more. So, the discoloration is accelerated too. Okay?

Tapos, ang isa pa dito is that nag-i-stay siya sa katawan yung lividity ng hanggang 12 hours because of the damage sa internal organs. Because a normal person, a dead person dapat, ang lividity is mag-stay lang siya ng 3 to 6 hours. Okay? Okay, so next we have here the physical characteristics of a post-mortem lividity.

So, So, the physical characteristic of post-mortem libidity, it occurs in the most extensive areas. So, take note of this. It occurs in the most extensive areas of the most dependent portion of the body.

So as you can see dito sa ating picture, it is really visible kung saan yung dependent portions of the body. So based dito sa dalawang picture, you can identify here again that there are different discolorations. Hindi sa lahat ng oras is pare-parehas ang color ng discoloration ng lividity because as we have mentioned, iba-iba ang cause of death ng mga taong iyan.

Okay, so... it only involves also the superficial layers of the skin. So, it does not appear from the rest of the skin, but it is more visible in the dependent portions of the body. So, afterwards, why does the other part become color greenish? So, it becomes color greenish, as you can see in these some parts.

These some parts here. It's like a greenish pale, right? kasi yung sa body na ito it is already starting the decomposition okay it is already starting the decomposition okay so if there is no injury of the skin it develops a spots of discoloration within half 30 minutes to 2 hours. So, these spots then go to the larger patches which contains or which combines to form a uniform discoloration of the body to the most dependent parts of the body.

Okay? So, what else? So, kites of postmortem.

Okay? Meron tayong hypostatic lividity atsaka diffusion lividity. You just check kung ano yung kanyang difference.

Okay? So additional information lang, ang liver mortis is also known as your hypostasis or the root word here is liver which means bluish color at saka mortis which means death. So ito, yung post-mortem lividity, it means after death or yung lividity na pinag-uusapan dito is yung color niya is black and blue. So ano ngayon ang difference ng hypostatic lividity at saka diffusion lividity? Ang hypostatic lividity is that it is the lividity when the discoloration is due to the blood pooled in the most dependent areas of the body.

Okay? In the most dependent areas of the body. How about your diffusion lividity?

Sa diffusion lividity naman, it is fixed discoloration when the blood clotted. So, if you can see, mas grabe or mas extreme yung part ng diffusion lividity kasi may blood clot na siya doon sa mismong blood vessels. Dito kasi sa hypostatic lividity, parang nasa layer pa lang yan ng skin.

Layer pa lang yan ng skin. So kapag ginalaw-galaw mo yung isang tao na yan, pwede mag-move pa yung kanyang lividity. Pero pag sa diffusion lividity, kahit anong galaw mo dyan, hindi na siya magkakaroon ng difference. Okay, so hypostasis and bruise. Ito.

may mga iba kasi na napag i-interchange nila ang itsura ng hypostasis at saka bruises okay so sa hypostasis dapat dependent areas yan okay ang bruise naman anywhere of the any part of the body pero depende kung saan na inflict yung pain diba another one well defined edges siya at saka yung bruise naman ill defined edges okay so ito Ang example natin ng with a bruise, blood will not flow from the cut. Ito naman ang itsura ng lividity niya. So yung lividity dito is hindi siya masyadong prominent.

And then, hindi ganun visible yung bluish or yung purplish color. Okay? So sa hypostasis, blood is retained in the intact capillaries. Pag naman sa bruises, blood escapes through ruptured capillaries.

Kasi yung sa bruises, pwede siyang mag-open, diba? So, sa hypostasis, it is superficial as compared to bruises deep into skin. And then, ang hypostasis, same level on the surface.

Pag bruises naman, raised siya. And then, failover pressure areas and then bruises, red. Tapos, sa hypostasis, Blood flows from the cut vessels. And then, pag sa bruises naman, blood coagulates in the tissue. And lastly, sa hypostasis, walang swelling.

Walang swelling yan. As compared sa bruises na meron siyang swelling. Okay? Next is the things that you need to consider which may infer to the position of the body of the victim at the time of death.

Number one is yung posture ng katawan. So the body may become rigid in the position in which it hits. were found. And another one is your post-mortem hypostasis.

So, ang hypostatic lividity will be found in areas of the body which comes in contact with the surface. Tapos magkakaroon ng coagulation of blood doon sa pinaka-dependent portions of the body. And lastly, pag may cadaveric spasm. As we have mentioned kanina, ang cadaveric spasm is prominent lang siya pag sa mga violent death.

And then the last stage, this is now part of your late. post-mortem interval so ito na yung putrefaction na sinasabi natin or sa tagalog pagkaagnas na ng katawat so ito yung start of disintegration of the body so mag-i-start yan sa fresh bloat decay advanced decay and dry remains okay so sa fresh na yan buo pa yung katawan ng tao yung sa early mag-e-start na yan na magkaroon ng um magkaroon ng signs ng bloating. Bakit may bloating, ma'am?

Because mag-a-accumulate na dyan yung mga different gases which are or which can be seen doon sa loob ng katawan ng tao. So ang putrefaction, actually, it begins within an hour of death. It begins within an hour of death. So pwedeng magsabay-sabay yan.

Hindi ibig sabihin na mauuna ang algor mortis, susunod ang rigor mortis. and then the putrefaction is the last because there are times when they have overlapping. As I have mentioned, putrefaction will start within an hour of death because number one, one factor there is that the stopping of the metabolic processes.

So if the metabolic processes stop, what will happen to the body of the person next? So it will start, it will be ready to die. So the internal organs decompose 3 to 5 days after death.

And then the body starts to bloat, and then blood-containing foam leaks from the mouth and nose. So this is what they say in the news, right? They say that they smell something, that it smells bad. That's it.

Because you will see that people are still dead in 3 to 5 days. Okay? So, Ano naman sa active decay?

Sa active decay, dyan na mag-start yung magkaroon ng maggots. So, kakainin na ng mga maggots yung katawan. Advanced decay, may mga soft tissue lang dyan, pero makita mo na na may skeleton.

Kaya ang term is skeletonization. And lastly, extreme. So, extreme, dry remains lang, wala ng soft tissues.

Purely na skeleton na lang ang makikita. So, dito, early decomposition phase. So, early decomposition phase, dependa again, some other factors that could accelerate it okay number one there is that bug so early decomposition is not a hot weather but chaka not some moist weather i know some moist place by young cow so much more than must mobile shang maagas okay so maggots also appear to begin on the body starting from the second day of the post-mortem and then the body will start now to appear grayish green.

Okay? Grayish green. And then, may mga marbling na siya. Marbleization.

Ito yung sinasabi ko. Ang marbleization kasi, this is prominent of the superficial veins with reddish discoloration during the process of decomposition. So, this develops usually sa abdomen, sa root of the neck, at saka sa shoulder.

So, as you can see in the picture, makikita siya dito. Sa shoulder. Yung iba sa abdomen, yung sa iba naman is doon sa kanilang neck part.

So, this is usually usually visible siya pag yung mga taong namatay is may mga fair complexion. Fair complexion or yung mga mapuputi. So, ang reddish part na ito na marbleization, kaya nga siya tinawag na marbleization kasi nagkakaroon na ng marble marble branching ng kanilang veins. Marble branching ng kanilang veins. another one, sa mummification naman, it is the dehydration of the whole body which results in the shivering and preservation of the body, so pwede natural mummification atsaka artificial mummification, usually ito is ginagamit siya sa Egypt, diba dito naman sa Cordillera regions meron tayong mga mummies, okay dito sa may kabayan, okay, so if you can see yung pinapayukungay nila so kahit nga yung parang ang liit lang nung kanilang sabaong kasi during at the time of death, nagkakaroon sila ng mummification, pinapa, pinapa, ano to, fetal position nila yung mga death.

Okay? And then next, we have the maceration. Ang maceration naman, this is only visible to the softening of the tissues when a fluid medium in the absence of putrefactive microorganisms, which is frequently observed, only when it is a fetus. Okay?

Only when it is a fetus, it appears in the mass evasions. Because there is no absence of putrefactive microorganisms. So when you see the fetuses, why are their appearance still very visible? The parts are still intact. because that is what you call your maceration.

Sa maceration lang, sa fetus kasi, there is the softening of the tissues. Pero hindi yung as in na magkakaroon sila ng mga putrefactive microorganisms. Okay?

So this is the one, the Ibaloi tribe, which existed in the Benguet province for thousands of years. So meron silang practicing of embalming rituals. Ngayon, medyo pinapa-istak nga nila because of health concerns daw, medical concerns.

Okay, so that's the integration na ng mga science at saka cultural practices. Okay, next. Evolution of gases.

Ito yung sinasabi ko kanina na bakit masangsang ang amoy pag meron ng putrefactive changes or may mga decomposition stage na sa isang tao. Because ano yung mga gases na? What gases are present in the body of a person that comes from our different tissues? It's carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen, sulfurated hydrogen. If you know, the smell of sulfurated hydrogen is like the smell of a broken egg.

Phosphorated hydrogen and methane gases. Okay, so next we have also here the advanced decomposition. Advanced decomposition phase begins if the appearance or nagkakaroonan ng sagging of the skin atsaka collapse of the abdominal cavity. The body also shows extensive maggot infestations. Okay, so may mga maggot na siya.

So fourth day yan, yan yung talagang kinakain na siya ng mga uod. And then, what else? Internal changes. So, those who, ano yung mga part ng katawan natin na nagpuputrify or mas madaling maagnas. It's the brain, lining of the trachea and larynx, yung stomach and testings, spleen, liver, and uterus.

Especially if you are in your perperal stage or yung kapapanganak. Because, syempre, kapapanganak mo, very soft yung tissue. Okay, so ito yung mga part na madali syang. maagnas. Okay?

Ano naman yung mga medyo late? Number one is esophagus, diaphragm, heart, lungs, kidneys, urinary bladder, uterus, and prostate gland. Yung uterus dito, ma'am, bakit yung uterus?

Tapos yung uterus again. Pag sa uterus dito is yung mga hindi pa nagamit. Okay? Parang nakapanganak ka na mga three years after now. So, bumalik na sa normal state.

ang sinasabi dito is uterus pag yung mga kapapanganak lang alam nyo yung mga part na yung nanganak sila tapos kinamatay nila okay yun yung mga instances na mas madaling mag putrefied kasi na kakatapos lang niyang manganak okay so ito naman yung uterus na ito yung sinasabi dito is yung nasa normal state okay um what else skeletonization phase so ganyan yung itsura niya may mga soft tissues pa siya okay and then another one extreme decomposition phase wala ng mga soft tissues so hindi na nga disintegrated na yung mga parts ng katawan okay so extreme decomposition phase na yan and then what are the factors affecting putrefaction mga internal factors syempre again age condition of the body at sika yung cause of death sa external factors naman if there is free air or well ventilated. If on earth, for example, our previous pictures, it is more accelerated when the boats are found in moist places. For example, in the mountains, of course, in the mountains, maggots have a faster multiplication. If in water, it has a faster bloating.

And bloating of the body because the body absorbs the water. And then the clothings. Okay. If you don't have clothings on the boat before it dies, it's faster to have an infestation of mammals. Okay.

What else? This one. Saponification or adipocere formation. So this is a condition where in the... fatty tissues of the body are transformed to soft brownish white substance known as your adipocere so for example this one okay so it occurs naturally naturally in the visceral organs and even in non-fatty tissues of the body like the muscles is a waxing material crancid or moldy in old odor In other words, ito yung sinasabi nila na mga fat of the graveyards or mga corpse walks.

So, what happens to your body after you die? So, seconds, brain activity, mag-i-stop yan. Your body temperature also drops. So, usually 1.6 per hour or 1.5 in other references. Pag after some minutes na yan, your cells begin to die.

because of lack of oxygen, malanang metabolic process, so mag-e-start na yung kanyang putrefaction stage. And then after hours, meron ng mga rigor mortis, yung muscles natin, yung skin, at saka reddish splotches. After days naman, yung mga enzymes or yung mga other internal organs na.

And then weeks, dyan na. May mga wag magots na. Pero ito hindi naman as in abot weeks kasi may mga instances na 3 to 5 days may mga magos na.

Depende nga sa mga factors that are surrounding or yung mga environmental factors kung saan matatagpuan yung isang tao. Okay? So, weeks also, yung mga hair mo magpo-fall off na.

And then months or weeks or 3 weeks ganun, mag-start na siyang mag-eskelet. So, ano naman yung otolitic or autodigestive changes after death? So, eto, rule of thumb states that there is a decrease of 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit every hour.

So, sa algorimortis, this is the most accurate method of estimating the time since death in the early post-mortem phase. Pero saan natin ulit kukunin ang temperature dapat? Doon sa rectal.

Okay, so this is your assignment. So, in your assignment, the Gleister equation, you try to check it. This is a formula used to approximate the time since death.

And then the calculation approximates that the body loses 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit every hour and can be determined by the hour since death. And then 98.4 Fahrenheit minus the body temperature. You just divide it by 1.5. So Ito lang ang kukunin natin kasi standard na yung 98.4 at saka yung 1.5.

Ang kukunin lang natin doon sa katawan ng isang tao is yung kanyang body temperature. But as I have mentioned kanina, always get the body temperature via the rectal. Okay, mas accurate kasi doon sa rectal temperature.

So, next we have also the Newton's law of cooling. Another way in estimating time since death is the Newton's law of So, just put it, just substitute it, and then simply plus and minus. Okay, the temperature at the time of death, what is the temperature of surrounding, initial temperature of the object, and then the constant.

But the problem here is sometimes, how if you don't know the temperature at the time of death? Then, you won't use it at that moment to get the temperature of the surrounding. That's why yung Leicester yun yung parang pinaka madali because what we're trying to establish is yung estimated time of death okay so methods of estimating how long a person has been dead so when the body temperature is normal at the time of death the average rate of fall of the temperature during the first two hours is one half of the difference of the body temperature in that of the air. So during the next two hours, the temperature fall is one half. And then, as a general rule, the body attains the temperature of the surrounding air from 12 to 15 hours after death in tropical countries.

So, ito din. To make an approximate, ito naman yung galing sa kay Pedro Solis yung kanyang book sa legal medicine ito. Yung normal temperature, so what's the normal temperature? 37, diba? Tapos 98.4 minus retinal temperature.

divide it by 1.5 or similar to the glister formula. Okay, so prepare for the following major quiz. Dalawa lang siya.

Okay, number one is yung medical legal aspects of identification and death. So, you have to review yung basic identification method, calculation of estimated height, male and female bones, stages of death, changes in the body after death, calculation of estimated time of death. And then, review quiz for finals examination.

So, physical injury, identification, legal classification, death, and lastly is your sexual related crimes. Okay, so thank you for listening.

Transcript for:Stages of Death and Post-Mortem Changes

Transcript for:
Stages of Death and Post-Mortem Changes