Overview
This lecture covers The Epic of Gilgamesh, focusing on its ancient origins, main plot points, connections to Joseph Campbell’s hero’s journey, and what ultimately defines Gilgamesh as a hero.
Historical Context & Syncretism
- The Epic of Gilgamesh dates back over 4,000 years, originating around 2100 BCE.
- The text exhibits syncretism, blending Sumerian and Akkadian cultural and religious elements.
Gilgamesh’s Character & Origins
- Gilgamesh is the flawed king of Uruk, initially depicted as cruel and disrespectful to his people and the gods.
- He has divine heritage: a goddess mother and a human father, making him two-thirds god and one-third human.
- Despite his powers, Gilgamesh is mortal and struggles to accept this.
Main Storyline & Hero’s Journey
- Gilgamesh’s journey follows Campbell’s monomyth stages almost exactly.
- He befriends Enkidu after a stalemate wrestling match; they become close companions.
- Announcement of the quest: Gilgamesh and Enkidu set out to defeat the demon Humbaba.
- Supernatural aid: They receive special weapons and blessings from the gods.
- Refusal of the quest: Enkidu initially protests, fearing Humbaba’s power.
- Meeting with the goddess: Gilgamesh’s mother Ninsun blesses the journey.
- Crossing the threshold: They enter the cedar forest, confronting danger.
- Belly of the whale: They face darkness and the monstrous Humbaba.
- With Shamash’s help, they defeat Humbaba; this symbolizes atonement with the father.
- Back in Uruk, Ishtar tempts Gilgamesh; he rejects her, symbolizing “woman as temptress.”
- Ishtar sends the Bull of Heaven, which Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill, resulting in Enkidu’s death as punishment.
Second Heroic Quest & Apotheosis
- Grieving, Gilgamesh embarks on a quest for immortality, seeking Utnapishtim.
- He crosses more thresholds, aided by Siduri and boatman Ur-shanabi.
- Utnapishtim challenges Gilgamesh to stay awake for six days and seven nights; Gilgamesh fails.
- Utnapishtim reveals the secret of immortality and gives Gilgamesh a rejuvenating plant, which Gilgamesh loses to a snake.
Meaning of Heroism in Gilgamesh
- Gilgamesh’s journey is marked by both success and failure.
- He learns to accept his human limitations and grows into a wiser, better king.
- The story argues true heroism lies in embracing one’s humanity and imperfections.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Monomyth — the classic hero’s journey structure outlined by Joseph Campbell.
- Syncretism — the merging of different religious or cultural traditions.
- Atonement with the Father — a hero’s confrontation or reconciliation with a powerful authority figure.
- Apotheosis — the hero gains new knowledge or spiritual insight.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Prepare to discuss examples of unexpected heroes in the next lecture.
- Review Joseph Campbell’s stages of the hero’s journey.