hi guys what's up hope everyone's well so I'm here with the last study of the 12 third study in the biological approach I know many of you have been requesting this one I was unwell and recently I've been facing some issues with uploading the videos so hopefully you guys will be able to access this video very soon this is deenan kman sleep and dream it's the only biological approach study that has been retained from the old syllabus it's pretty easy and short study so let's get right into this one so this study is a pretty old study it was conducted in 1959 prior to the DeMent kman study in 1955 there was another researcher named aserinsky him along with kman decided to explore the relation relationship between sleep and dreams and they were able to do so by using an EEG machine and what they found was that if participants are woken from REM sleep rapid eye movement that's what REM stands for if participants are woken up from REM sleep they're more likely to report a vivid and visual dream rather than when they're woken from other stages so many of you are probably familiar with the terms REM and enm non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement uh these will be explained in the psychology being investigated but rapid ey movement is simply a stage of sleep that people go through that we associate with dreaming the reason it's called rapid eye movement is because when we are dreaming when we are sleeping our eye our eyes are actually moving quite rapidly horizontally or vertically under the eyelids and when this happens we are it is assumed that we are sleeping oh sorry it is assumed that we are dreaming however we may be in deep sleep and we may not be dreaming in which case it is possible that we are in one of the other stages of sleep which we refer to as enrm non-rapid eye movement where the eyes are not moving under the eyelids so a rinsky found that REM sleep is associated with dreaming so if participants are woken up if people are woken up from Rim sleep if your eyes were be moving rapidly under your eyelids and be were to wake you up at that point in time you would probably be able to remember a very Vivid visual dream whereas if you were to be woken up from other stages of sleep it's possible you may not be able to recall your dream they found that the brain wave pattern during REM sleep now the brain wave pattern is something that can be observed through the use of an EEG machine so this ma machine actually helps us to analyze brain wave activity it gives us readings on the chart and these readings are sort of like scribbles with certain height which we refer to as amplitude and frequency and through that we can determine what stage of sleep an individual is in so we'll discuss the EG machine a bit more in detail when we do the psychology being investigated but through this machine we can determine if someone is in rem or INR sleep and this machine helps us understand that the brain wave pattern during G sleep is actually quite similar to brain activity or brain wave patterns that you would observe um via this EEG machine when you're awake so it's almost like saying that your brain wave activity when you're awake is very similar to that when you are dreaming for that reason REM sleep is often also referred to as paradoxical sleep Paradox is it's pretty much like an illusion so an illusion is something which logically should not be real should not exist but it does so it's almost like saying that the waves are indicating that you are dreaming but at the same time you're also awake which is not possible because you dream and you sleep so the readings are not exactly the same but they are similar for that reason it's called paradoxical sleep now there's a certain part of the EEG machine which we refer to as the EOG machine and this helps us determine the frequency of eye movements and it also helps us determine if the eyes which are moving under the eyelids during R sleep are moving horizontally or vertically and that in turn could help us also determine if ey movement patterns match dream content so if you are having or if you're experiencing vertical eye movement during your dream it is possible you may be visualizing vertical movement in your actual dream whereas if the movement patterns are horizontal it's possible you may be dreaming of horizontal movement so that is something that Asin and cman were interested in DeMent and cman just decided to investigate this a little further so for the psychology being investigated we have a few terms REM stage of sleep which I just explained is the stage of sleep where our eyes are moving rapidly under the eyelids and this is the stage that is associated with dreaming then we have non-rapid eye movement now there are four stages of enrm sleep and as you go deeper and deeper into sleep you move from stage one to stage four and then you eventually you hit your REM stage of sleep this is where the eyes are still and it is not associated with dreaming now two terms which they've introduced this year into this into this new into this study are the Circadian rhythm and the ultradian Rhythm the Circadian rhythm is a cycle that repeats daily such as our sleep and wake cycle so you can just consider consider this as our normal sleep routine so if you sleep let's say around 11:00 a.m. sorry 11:00 p.m. and you wake up around 8:00 a.m. so the entire period during which you're sleeping on a consistent daily basis is referred to as your circadian rhythm whereas the alran rhythm is the cycle that repeats more often than daily for example the occurrence of periods of dreaming every 90 minutes during sleep so if you are dreaming after every 90 minutes and um this is a frequent occurrence then this is referred to as your ultradian Rhythm now the EEG machine which is short for electrograph you don't need to know the whole term you can just write EEG this is a machine that has these sticky pads which we call electrodes which we attach to your scalp and your skin and through these electrodes which are connected to the machine they allow us to determine brain wave activity which give us the readings that we examine that we observe which helps us determine what stage of sleep the individual is in now a part or an output of this EEG machine is the EOG machine the electrodes of the EOG machine are often connected to the eyelids and they help determine whether the eyes are moving in a vertical manner or a horizontal manner now the study has three aims and we refer to them as study one study two study three or question one question two question three so don't get confused by the term studies study one study two study three it's one study one procedure testing three aims so if they use the terms study one or study two or question one or question two they're just referring to the different aims of the study the first aim is to investigate whether dream recall occurs from REM sleep or NR sleep so if participants are woken up from both REM and NM sleep multiple times during a night we simply want to examine if they're able to recall their dreams better from from REM as opposed to nrm Second aim is to investigate if there is a positive correlation between participants subjective estimates of length of REM sleep and actual length of REM sleep so participants are going to be woken up from REM sleep and from En REM sleep but during the moments where they're woken from REM sleep the participants so the two aspects to this particular aim there's a correlational aspect and then there is an experimental aspect the experimental aspect of the aim is the participants once the machine indicates that they are in REM sleep that they are dreaming we will set a timer of 5 minutes and 15 minutes so the participants are actually going to be woken up of five minutes of REM sleep and 15 minutes of REM please note I'm not saying five minutes of sleeping or 15 minutes of Sleeping You may be sleeping for one hour one and a half hour but after sleeping for one one and a half hour you might then enter REM sleep the REM stage of sleep so once you enter the REM stage of sleep we know you are probably dreaming and at that point you will set a timer of five minutes or a 15 minutes and we will wake you up once we wake you up we will ask you to determine how long you believe you were dreaming for now initially the participants were not given the options of five or 15 minutes they were woken up after either five or 15 minutes of REM sleep but they were not they were just asked to examine or to determine or to estimate how long they had been dreaming for they found this to be very difficult and they were making inaccurate estimations so just to make it slightly simp simpler for them the researchers decided to give them the options of five minutes or 15 minutes so now when you're waking them up after five minutes of REM sleep or 15 minutes of REM sleep we will ask them how long do you think you were dreaming for 5 minutes or 15 minutes so now the options are going to be given to them just to simplify the process and um hopefully attempt for more correct estimations so this is the experimental aspect of this aim because there are two conditions that we're testing them in five minute stage of five minute um period of REM sleep or 15 minute 15 minute period of REM sleep so that would be the IV for this part of the study the DV would be the correct estimations now I said there's also correlational aspect of this part of the study the cor relational aspect of this part of the study is we want to see now we know that the participants are going to be woken up and not only do they have do they have to state if they remember the dream but they have to describe the dream as well we want to see if they will use more words to describe a longer dream and fewer words to describe a shorter dream so 15minute dream for example if you're describing we're expecting you to use more words to describe it whereas a shorter dream we're expecting you to use fewer words to describe it so we're essentially looking for a positive correlation between the number of words used to describe the dream and the length of the dream so that is the correlational aspect of this study and the third aim is not an experiment but it's also correlation it is simply to investigate whether there is a relationship between ey movement patterns and dream content so if you are experiencing vertical eye movement we're expecting you to experience vertical movement in your dream and if you're experiencing horizontal eye movement which will be determined through the E Machine we're expecting you to visualize horizontal movement in your dream so we simply want to see if the dream content matches the eye movement patterns so all three of these aims will be tested via one standardized procedure this procedure is going to be conducted in a lab so it's a lab experiment but as some of the independent variables are naturally occurring we can refer to this as a natural experiment but it's better to refer to this as a lab experiment as it is being conducted in a highly controlled and artificial setting of a lab there's also self-report being used through a tape recorder or voice recorder so the participants are being interviewed about their dreams and once they're awaken they will take this voice recorder and they will um just answer questions um relating to the three aims for example by stating if they remember the dream and then describing the dream so that would be the interview phase or the self-report interview phase of the study there's also an observation because we're observing their eye movement patterns and like we discussed in the as there is um there are a few correlations that we're also assessing so for the first aim the IV would be the two stages of sleep REM sleep or n REM sleep and the DV for this part would be dream recall are you able to recall dreams better once woken from rem or from enm so obviously the participants are going to be woken up multiple times so you go through different Cycles it's not like you go through your four stages of N and then you go through your REM and that's it no there will be multiple Cycles where you can go through your stages of NM and then REM and then again NR and then REM so you'll be going through multiple cycles of REM and nrm so you'll be woken up multiple times during the night in this experiment from both REM and nrm and once you woken up multiple times we're just going to compare whether you're able to overall recall more dreams from Once you woken from rem or from enrm so dream recall is the DV and REM and enr is the IV for the first aim for the second aim the experimental part the IV is the 5 minute or 15 minute duration and the DV would be the correct estimation of the length of the REM sleep now as the participants are being woken from both REM and NR they're taking part in both conditions of the IV hence making it a repeated measures design for the second aim participants are being woken from both five minutes and 15 minutes of R so again they're being tested in both conditions of this IV so this is also a repeated measures design the experimental design would simply be repeated measures now what are the tools being used in this study there is EEG machine which has electrodes that will be attached to the scalp um the EOG which is the output will have electrodes attached to the eyelids the participants will all be sleeping on a comfortable bed in a dark room there'll be a tape recorder or voice recorder that will be placed next to them for them to report their dream into once they are awakened the way they're going to be woken up is through a loud doorbell okay so these are all controls that are going to be used some tools that are going to be used in this experiment this is just just an example of the readings that you can see that the machine would be giving us so as you can see if I were to connect the machine to you while you're awake the first line the first um line of scribbles which is being displayed in front of the label of awake is what we're going to be observing if I were to connect the machine to you right now and if you look at the last one REM sleep you can see it's kind of similar in terms of its frequency in terms of its amplitude amplitude refers to the height of these waves okay so we are if if you connect it to the person while they're awake these are the readings you would get but as they start to sleep and they go deeper and deeper into sleep you can see these waves start to change the amplitude starts to increase from stage one to stage four these first four stages are the stages of NR and then finally once you're in REM sleep you can see that the scribbles are somewhat similar to those that um you can see when you're awake so through these readings we're able to determine what stage of sleep the individual is in it's a very small sample of nine participants seven male two female all adults and I did say earlier that the participants would be woken up multiple times during the night so obviously that is not something very comfortable some people who really um what's the word they you know they don't want to be woken up multiple times their sleep is very important to them so for them this could be a very difficult study to take part in so for that reason there were four participants who actually decided to exercise their right to withdraw and they withdrew after the first two nights okay so for them their sleep was too precious to be disturbed and they decided after two nights to withdraw leaving us with a with five participants for majority of the study approximately 6 to 17 nights we have data for five participants and it's a volunteer sample now the previous textbook referred to this as an opportunity sample but in one of the recent exams that came the marking scheme did state that this study is using a volunteer sample and it does make sense the nature of the procedure is such that participants would only take part in the study if they were volunteering for it so for that reason we can opt for a volunteer sample if the question comes go for a volunteer sample very small sample we just know that they're adults we don't know anything else about them their age exactly where they're from We're assuming they're from Chicago because the stud is being conducted at a sleep lab in Chicago but um very limited information about the sample it's a lab experiment um participants so the procedure is that the participants who are going to be coming to the lab are going to be informed to come at the regular sleeping hours so if you sleep around 11:00 p.m. you should reach the lab around about 10:30 p.m. okay and the reason for that is to avoid any sleep disruptions and to have a good quality of sleep so that you able to go smoothly through the cycles of your sleep routine so that we're able to determine if you're in rem or enr and wake you up multiple nights multiple times during the night and test this entire study on you without any sleep disruptions so for that reason participants are also told not to consume any alcohol any caffeine or any other stimulants that make keep them awake once the participants arrive at the lab they're going to be placed in individual beds in individual rooms dark rooms on comfortable beds and they're just simply going to be asked to sleep now while they're sleeping these electrodes of the EEG machine are going to be attached to their scalp and to their eyelids but they're also going to be tied in the form of a ponytail to allow for free movement because if you've got all these wires around you and you want to turn left to right they may come in your way so to allow for more comfortable and free movement while you're while you're sleeping we will tie these electrodes these wires in the form of a ponytail and they're connected to the EEG machine which is not even the same room as you it's outside the room so that the researchers can examine the readings okay what else do we have um participants would be woken up um the same way through a loud doorbell okay keep in mind this study was done in the 1950s so we don't have the iPhone alarm to wake you up so a loud doorbell would have to suffice for now um it's loud enough to wake them up and once they wake up they've got the voice recorder right next to them which they will use to record um their dreams if they remember them or not now we have got five participants and for confidentiality reasons we cannot take their names so instead we use their initials and the reason we're using their initials is the way or not the way but the Awakenings of the five participants were different and when I say the Awakenings I'm basically talking about the researcher deciding which participant to wake from rem or when to wake them from when and when to wake them from nrm so are we going to have a fixed structure where every participant will be woken up from um first REM then andr then REM again is it going to be alternating is there a fixed cycle what is it that has been planned so that is the Awakenings of the five participants so the two participants whose initials are pm and KC okay we don't know their full names we just know their initials are pm and KC they were woken up from REM and enrm through a random number table so the decision to wake them up multiple times during the night from either rem or nrm is purely based on random number table so there's no fixed um structure to which these guys are going to be awakened okay so purely um random in terms of deciding whether to wake them from REM first or from NR and so on DN is going to be woken up with a fixed pattern so DN is not random DN is going to be woken up with a pattern of three REM followed by 3 n REM so once he's in rem stage we wake him up we test the aim on him then he goes back to sleep then the next time he's in REM sleep we wake him up again and we test the entire study on him again the three aims and then once he goes to sleep a third time for REM and then this is followed Now by three n REM Awakenings followed by three REM Awakenings again and so on and this will go on for 6 to 17 nights for however long this participant is part of the study so DN is is being woken up according to a fixed pattern of three R followed by 3 and WD is also woken at random just like pm and KC but the difference between WD and PM and KC Is WD is specifically being told by the researchers that you are only going to be woken up from um REM sleep when in reality he's going to be woken up from both REM and NR sleep so there's a bit of deception happening with WD and the reason for the deception is the participants are aware of what REM and en sleep is and that REM is associated with dreaming so if he's going to be expected to or if he's being told that he's expecting to be woken up from REM every time then he's probably thinking that I'm expected to report a dream every time so the moments when we wake him up from enm where he's probably not had a dream he's not supposed to report Any Dream but if he ends up making some story up saying that I had a dream or I cannot remember the dream then we know he's probably showing demand characteristics because he's probably thinking that I'm supposed to report a dream every every time as I'm being as I'm being told I'm being woken from REM but when we secretly wake him up from enm he technically should not have a dream so if he's being honest and he says I don't remember the dream then we know that the participants are probably not showing demand characteristics so he's just being used to test for demand characteristics and the last participant IR his isn't random his is upon the researcher's choice so the experimenter will decide if they want to wake Mr IR from or Mrs IR from rem or en okay uh participants now let's talk about the procedur the participants are now in the lab they're sleeping and once they're in their cycles of REM andm sleep based on the Awakenings we just discussed they will be woken up through a loud doorbell once they're woken up through this loud doorbell they will take a tape recorder that is next to them and they will simply descri state if they remember having a dream or not so this is testing aim one okay and if they ask you a question to describe the procedure for aim one you will mention the entire beginning where they come in at the regular sleeping hours not having any caffeine alcohol placed in comfortable beds in the dark room with electrodes attached to their scalp and eyelids and once they're woken up um through a loud doorbell they take a tape recorder and they simply have to state if they remember having a dream or not and they would be woken up from both REM and NR okay this is aim one for aim two the participants are going to be woken up from REM sleep either after 5 minutes or 15 minutes and in both cases they would be asked to describe how long they think that they were dreaming for and as I said initially they were not given the options of five or 15 minutes but later this was changed and they were given the options of five or 15 minutes and we simply want to see if they're able to make correct estimations of the length of the REM sleep so this is testing am2 and if they were to ask you about A3 You Begin by describing the same procedure of how they come at the regular sleeping hours they're placed in the beds woken up through the loud doorbell so on but this time you would say that once they're woken up they are simply going to be asked to describe their dream in the tape recorder and we will see if the dream content matches the eye movement patterns that we observe through the EOG readings so if they had vertical movement they should be describing dream content that describes vertical movement in the dream and if they have horizontal movement in the the horizontal eye movement they should be describing dreams where they're describing horizontal movement so that's how the three aims are going to be tested all done through one entire procedure okay um at times the researcher may also enter the room in case they feel they need to ask any additional questions okay you can mention this part in the procedure if you're describing the procedure of the study um now during a time of the study there were 29 participants who were awake along with five experimental participants who were awake and the electrodes were connected to them and they were asked to focus on items that were distant or up close and we simply want to see if the eye if their eye movement is being correctly um examined by the machine so the machine was used on these guys while they were awake and they were made to um focus their eyes on certain objects that were close up or and you know they so horizontal vertical movement and this is all being done while they're awake so this is just helping us verify that um you know the eye movement patterns that we're observing through the machine are actually accurate because we can see their eye movement uh while they're awake so this is just to add to a little bit of validity you can say because it's ensuring that while they're dreaming and their eyes are shut where we can't physically see their eyes moving we know that the readings being shown by the machine are probably accurate because they were tested while these guys were awake okay controls of the study are that everyone was told to come at the regular sleeping hours not have any alcohol coffee caffeine stimulants the EEG machine was used which is standardized same standardized doorbell used to wake them up in the same standardized tape recorder as a way of self-report interview results for the first part of the study which was testing dream recall 152 dreams were recalled once the participant were awaken from REM sleep whereas 39 occasions they were not able to recall dreams from REM sleep however when they were woken from enrm which is the stage of sleep we do not associate dreaming with only 11 11 occasions were they able to or were they actually um recalling a dream so very few instances of enm once they were woken up from enm where they actually remember having a dream but overall 149 instances where they did not recall having a dream so clearly this tells you that dream recall occurs from REM rather than en REM so if person is in REM sleep they're clearly dreaming very few instances of En where they may be dreaming or they may remember having a dream WD recall just one Dream from enm and he was able to recall most of his dreams when woken from REM and multiple times when he was woken from enr only on one occasion did he actually remember having a dream which suggests he was not giving any demand characteristics and he was answering truthfully for aim two in which we want to see if they're able to estimate the length of their um REM sleep their dream Once the participants were woken up or when the participants were woken up after five minutes of REM sleep 45 out of 51 estimations were correct okay this isn't 45 out of 51 participants remember there are only five participants these are 51 Awakenings after 5 minutes of R sleep in which 45 times they were able to correctly estimate that I was dreaming for 5 minutes and when they were woken up after 15 minutes of REM sleep 47 out of 60 times they were able to correctly estimate that they were dreaming for 15 minutes so overall they did have an idea of the length of their dream and they were able to determine if they were in REM sleep for either five minutes or 15 minutes now the part where they were testing a correlation between the number of words used to describe the dream and the length of the dream was observed to see we did observe a positive correlation it was range of 0.4 to 0.7 so for some participants it wasn't a very strong correlation so 40% chance that if they had a longer dream they would use more words to describe it and a shorter dream they use few words to describe it whereas for others there was around a 70% correlation where if they had a longer dream they would use more words to describe it and for a shorter dream they use fewer words to describe it for the last aim the dream content did match IM movement patterns and let's take a look at a few examples of the dreams that they had so one participant who reported a dream or who had a horizontal eye movement reported a dream of people throwing Tomatoes at one another so you're throwing Tomatoes which is obviously horizontal movement this person also had horizontal eye movement now here are a few cases of vertical eye movement you should know these ver toward by the way uh one case is of a person looking up or looking down picking up a basketball looking up and throwing it into the hoop another one is using a hoist another case is climbing up and down a ladder another person is saying standing at the bottom of a cliff and looking up so there these are all examples of dreams that people had uh in which there is vertical movement and the Machine also showed vertical eye movement so clearly there is um evidence to support the fact that eye movement patterns do M's dream content okay so the vertical eye movement did show vertical movement in the dream and horizontal did show horizontal in the dream but what about participants who had mixed ey movement vertical and horizontal so participants who had mixed ey movement actually reported dreams of people fighting or talking while standing close by so mixed eye movement suggests that you can expect to see dreams of people close by to you and the 11 occasions where there was little or no movement where people reported dreams some people reported dreams where they were sitting in a car and their eyes were fixed at a spot in the distance so even in the dream their eyes were fixed at a spot in the distance which kind of explains why there was little or no eye movement um while they were dreaming also um these people also however said that there's one example of a person who had his eyes fixed at an object in the distance and then while he was driving his car all of a sudden a man appeared on the road who was waving at him and in real life um the machine also showed that from little to no eye movement um it suddenly went to horizontal movement so evidence to clearly suggest that you know I movement patterns do mad dream content some other General findings about uninterrupted dream stages were that they lasted for 3 to 50 minutes on average 20 minutes for the participants um they typically went longer as you you know the as you go deeper into the night U maybe they started like 3 minutes 10 minutes and then eventually they go longer and longer as you go um later into the night and um eye movement patterns were rapid eye movement patterns were anything from two to 100 for participants the average I think is 60 eye movements rapid eye movements per minute conclusions are that dreaming occurs from REM sleep rather than enr people are able to recall dreams better when they woken from r as as opposed to enrm people are aware of the time that passes in the real world and they are able to determine the length of their or estimate the length of their dream um and IM moved patterns do match the type of dream that they experience nature versus nurture debate the study will favor the nature side of the debate because this is a biological approach study um the EG machine is observing eye movement patterns okay which is obviously natural um the eye movement the stage of sleep brain wave activity all of this is clearly um biological which is having an impact on the type of dream that the person has and their ability to recall the dreams so nature is being favored however nurture can also be supported as the dreams people experience can defer due to the influences of nurture the types of dreams we have are based on experiences in the real world so clearly you know environmental factors can also play a role in um our dreams for the individual situational debate um individual factors could affect your Sleep Quality okay some people may have some sleep disorders some people may be able to sleep longer than others so for that reason you know they may have longer spells of REM sleep compared to others but overall it's situational because if you're in the situation where you woken from REM sleep you're are more likely to recall your dream as recall dreams as opposed to if you're in a situation where you woken up from RE in REM sleep application to everyday life is that sleep clinics can use this information to determine what stage of sleep a person may have difficulties in with regards to their sleep their Sleep Quality if you have any Sleep Disorders we can determine what stage of sleep you might have these problems in and we can work on improving your quality of sleep so psychologists can use this information to help patients with um low quality of sleep to try and improve their Sleep Quality evaluation lab experiments reliability is obviously a strength high levels of controls give a few examples of the controls which makes the procedure standardized easy to replicate for reliability however there were some aspects of of the procedure which were not standardized such as the Awakenings of the five participants as well as the um REM Cycles the length of the REM the length of their NR Cycles were different from for each participant validity is a strength because again we have controls ensuring that there are no sleep disruptions participants are coming at the regular sleeping hours WD was tested for um demand characteristics as well however it is still possible that some participants may have still given socially desirable respon um you know maybe they had um a dream which they were uncomfortable reporting so they may have said that no we do not remember it so there is no guarantee that they are giving us 100% accurate information because it is subjective so for that reason validity could be reduced generalizability will will be a weakness because it's a very small sample initially nine data reduced to five majority males all adults it's not a very representative sample ecological validity will also be a weakness as it is being conducted in an unnatural artificial setting of a lab um and mundane realism is low as participants are um being asked to sleep in the lab with electrodes attached to their eyelids and scalp which is not something you experience in normal everyday life so it's low in Monday in realism ethics can be a bit of a strength and a weakness strength because only the initials are being used so confidentiality is being maintained um through a volunteer sampling they're giving consent and right to withdraw was also exercised by four of the nine participants however there is potential psychological harm as their circadian rhythms or the Sleep protein is being disrupted which can cause them difficulties WD was deceived but however later debriefed um overall they were debriefed but there was a slight deception with WD and um participants having to recall dreams which might have been uncomfortable for them or embarrassing for them maybe breaking the guideline of privacy it's a repeated measure design so um individual differences are being removed it's not like I'm comparing one participant in rem with another participant in NR it's the same participant being compared in both um levels of the IV so that removes participant variables However the fact that you're taking part in um the procedure multiple trials means that there are chances of fatigue effects self-report interview so a lot of qualitative data being collected for example description of the dream and because it's a tape recorder you're recording their dreams you can um you know listen to those recordings again so it's standardized it's structured however because it's an interview there are always chances of socially desirable responses which can lower validity and lastly data is both quantitative and qualitative the quantitative data helps us compare the results of dream recall for REM and NM helps us recall estimations for 5 minutes and 15 minutes of REM helps us determine correlations as well so a lot of numerical data which is quite useful ful and the qualitative data which is the description of the dreams help us determine um the results of a study three to see if imve in patterns math stream content so that's it for this study and um I will share these notes with you guys please join the group if you haven't we are done with all 12 studies but the videos do not end here I will be uploading A2 content soon along with um content on as paper 1 paper and how to answer different types of questions uh maybe another evaluation um video maybe a video discussing how to answer um the various eight Mark questions as well so till then you guys take care of yourselves and see you next time bye-bye