Overview
This lecture introduces the basics of architecture, exploring its artistic and engineering elements, classical orders, structural innovations, and the relationship between form, function, and technology.
The Basics of Architecture
- Architecture reflects cultural values and often outlasts other art forms due to its scale and permanence.
- Architectural study involves an understanding of art, engineering, and technology.
- Buildings can be seen as large-scale sculptures serving practical functions.
- Composition elements like rhythm, line, and scale apply to architecture as in other art forms.
Key Compositional Concepts
- Rhythm: Repetition of design elements or features aids navigation and unifies structures.
- Line: Vertical lines suggest aspiration/heaven; horizontal lines feel grounded.
- Scale: Relates building size to people and surroundings (e.g., Great Pyramid vs. humans).
- Positive space is the solid part of a structure; negative space is the empty or open areas.
Engineering Principles and Construction Methods
- Post and lentil: Basic structure with horizontal beam (lentil) over vertical supports (posts).
- Columns are decorative or advanced versions of posts, vital in classical architecture.
- The strength of post and lentil is limited by the material’s tensile strength.
- Site: The location can influence or be altered to fit the building’s design.
Classical Orders of Architecture
- Five orders: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian (Greek), plus Tuscan and Composite (Roman).
- Doric: Simple, sturdy, sometimes unfluted; considered “masculine.”
- Ionic: Features scroll-shaped volutes, thinner, taller; often seen as “feminine.”
- Corinthian: Ornate, with acanthus leaves; based on Ionic.
- Tuscan: Simpler Roman adaptation, similar to Doric.
- Composite: Combines elements of Ionic and Corinthian.
Arches and Vaulting Innovations
- The arch allows wider spans than post and lentil, with the keystone locking pieces in place.
- Buttresses support arches; flying buttresses allow for thinner walls and larger windows.
- Romanesque (round) arches require thick supporting walls.
- Gothic (pointed) arches and ribbed vaults permit taller, airier structures with more light.
Domes and Advanced Structures
- Domes (e.g., Pantheon) use thickened bases and self-buttressing; perfected by Romans with concrete.
- Byzantine domes (e.g., Hagia Sophia) use brick, mortar, and supporting structures for stability.
- Vault types: Tunnel, groin (intersection of vaults), and ribbed vaults for complex ceilings.
Modern Architectural Elements
- Load-bearing walls: Support the building, can be replaced by post and lentil beams for open spaces.
- Cantilever: Structures supported on one end, allowing overhangs (e.g., Fallingwater).
- Skeleton frame: Metal framework supports the building, making walls non-structural (e.g., skyscrapers).
Key Terms & Definitions
- Post and Lentil — Horizontal beam supported by vertical posts.
- Column — Vertical support, often decorative, part of classical orders.
- Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan, Composite — Styles (orders) of classical columns.
- Arch — Curved structure spanning an opening, supported by abutments.
- Keystone — Central top stone locking an arch.
- Buttress — Support projecting from a wall to reinforce it.
- Flying Buttress — External prop allowing for thinner walls.
- Vault — Arched ceiling formation.
- Dome — Rounded vault forming a roof.
- Load-bearing Wall — Wall supporting structural weight.
- Cantilever — Structure projecting horizontally, supported at only one end.
- Skeleton Frame — Metal framework supporting a building.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review images/examples of column orders and key architectural elements.
- Prepare for next module on applied arts.
- Reach out with questions if any architectural concepts need clarification.