Understanding Excretion and Waste Elimination

hey buddies how are you all doing so hope you all are doing great today we are going to start a new chapter which is excrete products and their elimination we know there are lots of excretory products and today we'll see how they are eliminated guys the first important process we all know that is a digestion we have also completed the circulatory system now that is a body fluid in circulation now we are focusing on another mechanism that happens in the body that is the process of excretion excretion means removal of waste we have lots of waste produced by our metabolic processes and these waste we cannot accumulate them so we have to remove that so for that we are having different kind of structure one of that structure the major structure that is a kidney now kidney is not alone in fact it as it is actually a whole system which is associated with other structure also so all of them they help in the process of excretion so today we will be starting with the type of excretion in various group of and then I will be moving towards the human excretory system so are you guys ready are you excited so let's have a look okay the first thing is I will be discussing excretion now mode of excretion in different organism different type of excretory waste and human excretory system these are the three topics which we will be dealing slowly we'll be going and I'll make sure every topic which is uh related to your uh examination should be clear to you now first topic we are having is a excretion three different words comes in everyone's mind excretion and many students they get confused but excretion means ejection is that so no yoga is excretion means removal of what is this excretion excretion means what that means removal of metabolic waste metabolic waste now many students they think the metabolic waste is what so metabolic waste is whenever we are see let's see let's look at this from a very basic thing I am making sure that you should understand so here what happens is they take up the ox season right they take up the oxygen they utilize this oxygen and whenever they utilize this oxygen they release some excretory product so yes they will release the excretory products excretory products now the excretory products which are released or these by these cells they are released into I'm talking about the human being the released into the bloodstream bloodstream and later on they are excreted out they are being taken up by the kidney and kidney removes these substances through urine this is termed as excretion so will you remember this excretely product so here are the metabolic phase that means I am talking about the excretory products which are because of the metabolic reaction these are the metabolic waste and these metabolic waste they are produced by the cell this is the cell now like this not only a single cell multiple cells are there and they produce the excretory product because we are talking about the human being so excretory product is what excretory product is the urea excretory product is urea clear are you getting and sometime yes this excreted product is also ammonia but you know and in some cases yes the Uric acids are also there but these furic acid uric acid but they are converted into the urea because that is very less toxic so it has to be converted first and later on they will go towards the uh kidneys and kidneys will eliminate this is it clear so what is excretion will you remember this this is an excretion now another word is ejection now ejection here ejection I am dealing with another word that is the defecation so in a simple way I am saying defecation so what is the defecation so defecation means removal of undigested food through anus it is it means what removal of undigested undigested food undigested food through what through anus like whatever you are eating so if the food will be digested the undigested will go out and then digested food that will go out that will be termed that the process will be termed as ejection you remember the rectum rectum stores it and later on the defecation happen ejection so there's a different excretion and each I should next the term which you have to understand is the osmo regulation osmo regulation means what osmoregulation means balance of ah or maintenance of of water and metabolic metabolic waste sorry water and ionic balance foreign balance so we know that in our blood right there are some ions presets like calcium ion magnesium and chloride ion potassium ions sodium ion so we have to maintain that concentration clear and that is termed as osmo regulation now if I ask you about me in my body there is one structure a pair of kidneys are present which helps in the process of osmo Regulation that means we are having kidney which are helpful in the removal of the metabolic waste excretion and that is also important for the process of osmoregulation this we have already done so we will not be discussing about the ejection in this session ejection in this session now let's talk about the excretory products so there are various kinds of excretory products now first thing is we have to discuss is the ammonia so how do we write ammonia ammonia is NH3 so NH3 is what NH3 is very toxic can I write this is most toxic most toxic that means the moment it is secreted by Body we have to eliminate it at any cost clear are you getting this point now process of removal process of removal of ammonia that is termed as ammonotalism so process is termed as a monotepism what's the name amonotalism and the organisms organisms who eliminate who eliminate ammonia ammonia they are termed as ammonotelic organism what is the name given to them ammonotelic organism metallic organs clear now whenever we talk about the excretion of ammonia excretion of ammonia require large amount of water right it requires large amount of water for their elimination from the body now the next point is they require large amount of water they require large a lot of large amount of water for elimination clear now we all know that amino acids are there in our body right amino acids are proteins are there so when we look at when you look at the structure of amino acid what do we have a basic structure I am drawing bodies so we are having what we are having one R Group one nh2 group is there one uh H let's say anything or the coh group is there so what is this this is a amino acid and amino acids are what amino acids are the precursors for proteins so amino acid they join together and they form protein so whenever their deamination occur deamination deamination occur nh2 positive they are produced right and these nh2 are positive uh they are released or removed from body removed from body specifically through gills through gills or the body surface body surface now the two words I have written one is the gills and second is they require water for the elimination so this itself give us an idea that they will be found in the Aquatic organism so one of the example is the Aquatic organism so later on I'll be giving you some other examples also but only those examples which are there in your ncrt so that is what the aquatics in aquatic also we have various types aquatic organisms foreign types are there so that means some are having the gills or the body surface so from where these will be eliminated are you getting this point now ah listen very carefully whatever is Left Behind say deamination will release this whatever is Left Behind they will be stored in the body in the form of the carbohydrates or the lipid guys is it clear whatever is Left Behind they will be stored in the body but we cannot tolerate this nh2 so this nh2 we have to at any cost guys we have to remove yeah so organisms is done everything is done now let's talk about the example one thing I've written is aquatic organism but aquatic organism itself is a broad category so some of the examples in this case is the Aquatic arthropods aquatic arthropos right mostly or most your invertebrates invertebrates also you will find this in fact when we talk about the Bony fishes foreign sorry the next one is the cartilages fishes not in the cartilage fishes in fact in the Bony fishes this is the example now what else what else yes you can take an example of a tadpole tadpole lives in water so what will they eliminate they will eliminate ammonia so one of the executive product is the ammonia and these are the organisms aquatic organism it's a broad category and the examples see aquatic organism we are having is oh cartilaginous fishies also but God little fishes they are not they excrete urea why do they excrete urea that also I'll be discussing with you hope it is clear yes but it's done so can we move forward ammonia is done let's talk about the next one the second one which is the urea urea urea so what is the urea urea is the one which is least comparatively less toxic so this is less toxic than ammonia oh this is Lex less toxic then ammonia in fact lack time one lakh time less toxic now next one is it requires less amount of water less amount of water for excretion so one example hope that is clear that is in case of the mammals yes in most of the mammal urea is the excretory product urea now listen now basically buddies what happens is so whenever amino acids amino acids are there right so amino acid they're deamination now listen to this point any time this question comes so you should have a understanding of this topic whenever deamination occurs so what do we get is and it's ammonium ion thank you what will we get ammonia mine right and there are Pathways which happens in the body and rest everything will be stored in the body in the form of your carbohydrates and the fat now this ammonium ion is converted listen this is what this is converted into urea and who does this by liver by liver very very very important question very important bodies by liver clear so in the liver there occurs a cycle well there occurs or there exists a cycle where ammonia in its three positive ammonium ion along with the carbon dioxide they are converted into the urea this itself is a whole cycle a cycle goes on and you know the cycle name is kreb hencelet cycle what is the name name is the first name is the urea cycle right second name is Krebs hence late crabs and slate cycle now question comes that uh where are you going to find the cycle this will occur in the liver clear ammonium ion so the liver is it fine now in the liver it is converted now what will happen urea travels to travels to kidney how do how will it travel with the help of blood later on eliminated eliminated in urine some urea remains in the kidney some urea remains in the kidney other they are eliminated some remains because we have to maintain some kind of balance that will be looking at that later on clear ammonium ion converting to urea by liver and this is the urea urea is a crab hence late cycle travels to the kidney eliminated in urine now it's clear hope this pathway is hope this is clear so we have this this particular cycle this is very big cycle it's not a small cycle there will be caramel phosphate formation there will be uh r0 succinate Arginine Etc and Etc so urea is having two amino group two NH3 group they are present yeah now what else now another question which comes from this topic is see whenever we are saying the amino deamination is happening ammonium ions are there now this ammonia will reach up to the liver now here the question comes is how these organs they are connected to each other listen very carefully here I am discussing hepatic portal system hepatic portal system so this I will be explaining later on also in the another chapter now this we have already done in the previous chapter which is a body fluid and circulation yes I guess we have done that chapter yes we have done that chapter okay okay it's okay now hepatic portal system now in the small intestine these processes are happening small intestine these things these processes that means what the deamination is there now what will happen these ammonium ion ammonia specifically reaches up to the liver yeah and the one which connects these that is termed as hepatic total vein hepatic portal sweet yeah so here in this particular area so here we are having ammonia ammonia will go from this hair to here this is termed as a hepatic portal system hepatic portal that means two structures are there in the body and these two structure they are connected otherwise the circulation only happens between hearts and organ organs and heart that's it but here are the two organs two structures they are connected to each other with the help of a circulation the vein that is a hepatic portal vein if let's make this like that of a vein so This Is How They are connected so it will travel hepatic portal weight now in the liver what will happen the urea cycle so here ammonia will be converted into the urea ammonia will be converted into the urea clear now another structure we have over here is the heart another structure we have is the heart now they both are connected to each other somewhere or other right ultimately the one which takes out this urea right this uraci ammonia ultimately this ammonia should not reach hurt because it's not good so hepatic vein basically the hepatic V later on it joins the inferior vena cava so many things are there hepatic vein carries now question from this particular topic comes like whenever we say the urea maximum urea will be present in your answer should be hepatic mean maximum ammonia should be present in hepatic portal vein clear is it clear now the urea is there now another question which comes over here okay okay we'll we'll discuss that later on right hope the heart is clear uh this is heart hope you are able to Gorge the structure which I have drawn that is our heart very easy very very very easy so this is a urea very easy very important in fact itself here this conversion it is clear now let's talk about the examples examples have you heard of analysts yes in invertebrates I have given you an example like in analytes analytes they are both a monotelic as well as they are uh your yuriotelic clear now another example which is which is present over here that is I have discussed about this that is the mammals mammals yes or you can take an example of the frogs Etc yeah urea is done let's talk about the further third one that is the uric acid uric acid uric acid you know uric acid is least toxic uric acid is leastotoxic least toxic now it require very less very less or you can say no negligible negligible amount of water for excretion what does it require negligible amount of water for excretion so just imagine this excretion is going to be negligible so uric acid is comparatively safest clear it is least toxic it is light in weight in fact uh have you ever seen any bird or excretory product you will find some whitest thing so what is that whitish thing the white one the white one is a uric acid so let's talk more about the uric acid now the uric acid they are produced from they're produced from purine metabolism purine metabolism I know you all must be wondering what is this purine purine here purine doesn't mean your tomato puree now the purine means over here is you know the DNA this is a DNA DNA so DNA is what DNA the nucleotide Gene it's a polynucleotide nucleotides are there so repeating unit are the nucleotide nucleotides are there okay so nucleotides are there so another name of DNA is a polynucleotide chain so what is this the DNA another name is poly poly many nucleotide nucleotide when you take out one nucleotide nucleotide so whenever you take out one nucleotide so nucleotide is made up of three different things what is that there is a base the nitrogenous base I'm writing n to base as nitrogenous base there will be sugar there will also be phosphate phosphate now listen whenever I am saying the nitrogenous base I am saying the nitrogenous base we categorize these nitrogenous based into two categories one is purine and other is pyrimidine purine they are the heterocyclic group and two examples are there in purine one is adenine and second one is guanine okay pyramidines they are what pyrimidines they are your cut that is cytosine the Yuri uridine or you Russell and the next one we are having is thymine so here I'm talking about the purine this particular purine purine so whenever they are metabolized what do we get is the uh we will get uh what the uric acid clear so they are light in weight very light in weight clear so yes one example I forgot I have mentioned uh that so let's try that first this complete the cartilaginous fishes foreign for their osmotic balance because you know uh they are present in salty water so when the Marine fishes basically okay let's write Marine fishes you'll be able to understand now in a better way Marine fishes so Marine fishes are those fishes which lives in marine environment outside there are lots of salt so they accumulate urea as a salt to maintain the osmotic balance so that is the reason God has given them a urea as a metabolic waste clear uric acid is done uric acid so polynucleotide chain Etc and Etc all these things uh the purine metabolism everything guys clear now uric acid is done now uric acid you will find them in Birds the reptiles because they have to conserve water reptile Birds Etc the uric acid is there clear now let's move on to the next topic excretory structure on education in various group of organism and this is the uh thing which is there in the ncrt now let's talk about it first thing whenever we talk about the mammals the vertebrate vertebrate one thing which you have to remember is we are having kidneys we are having a pair of kidneys and these kidneys they are important for two different process one is osmore regulation yeah right and the second is the excretion am I right kidneys are there pair of kidneys are there right we know about this clear no doubt guys hope you are having till now let's talk about various group of organisms so first I would like to discuss with you the platy helminthus so platy helmeters they are having proton nephridia means flat so with the help of this chart you will be able to remember it's just a recall of the chapter Animal Kingdom so platy helminthus they are having what the proton nephrine you remember Pluto nephridia was there protonephridia protonafidea and these organisms they are a monotonic you want to note this down you can note this down now next one we are having is the ascalaminthus elementus so in the arcades of acetaminthus that is a round worm you will find a special type of cell which is termed as a renit cell rennet cells are there and when it cells helps in the process of excretion let's proceed further let's talk about the next group of organism what is that the analytes analytes in analytes we have discussed the nephridia are there yeah different type of nephridia are there uh these Network the pharyngeal nephridia are the septal nephridia Etc and Etc you remember guys clear and in fact in case of earthworm you will find a special type of cell which is termed as chlorogogen cells you want me to write that or uh do you remember because guys we have done that in the the chapter clear let's write organ cells right very diverse group we are having that is the arthropods so some arthropods they are having one second self is a diverse group are through Port let's first talk about the Scorpion scorpion and spider and Scorpion what is the structure you remember we have done that in the uh classes the Scorpion the spider what do they have is the coaxial gland foreign gland antenary gland you remember now let's take in another example the limulus so what is present Limitless is your king crab you remember that's a living fossils so here also the coaxial glands are present coaxial glands let's talk about the another group of organisms what is that the Cockroach malfeasion tubules clear so this is the arthropod vertebrates we have done the platy helmithas we have done Etc and extra Etc now let's talk about the mollusk in the mollusks you will find the kidneys also their organ of bojanus oh so next group I'm writing mollusk in mollusk yes you will find kidney somewhere you'll find the organ of bojanas so they basically helps in the removal of waste from the body clear everyone yes so these are the things which you have to remember these are some important kidneys the organ of vaginas arthropods analytes asymmetics and vertebrates clear now let's read whatever we have done so far now a survey of animal kingdom was done variety of excretory structure is present now vertebrates they are having a complex tubular system which is termed as kidney that is used for the osmo regulation and this protonephrine are the flame cells here I've written proton everyday another name is a flame cells R executive structure in the platy helminth that's written even factors also that is a roti Force so you can mention here the rotifer some rotifers are also there so rotifers are some ask elementas clear now some annulates and cephalopod amphioxis protonephridia are the primary concern with the ionic and the fluid balance now nephridia are the tubular excretory structure of the earthworm we have talked about it right nephridia helps in removal of the nitrogenous waste maintain the balance malfijin tubules like I told you they are present in the insect cockroaches helps in removal of the nitrogenous waste osmo regulation antinary glands or the green glands so antinary glands I have written see antenary gland another name is green gland so that helps in the osmoregulation in case of prawns so some extra examples guys I have already provided you so you should not forget will you remember this will all my buddies will remember this see in your paper nothing will come Beyond this that I can assure you now let's move towards the next topic of today's chapter that is a human excretory system so human excretory system human excretory system consists of these number of things and what is that there are pairs of kidney spare of kidney clear now next one there is a ureter pair of ureter pair of ureter and urinary letter urinary bladder these are the structures which are present in a human excretory system now guys can you see these are the two kidneys which are present two kidneys they are present in this position that means we are having a floating rims 11th and 12th floating ribs so they are protected by the that floating rips clear from the last thoracic vertebra to the uh fifth sorry third lumbar vertebra the kidneys they are present so kidney uh they are present in a very beautiful way in fact when we say the right kidney right kidneys uh towards the Lower Side slightly lower so it is tilted towards the Lower Side now above the kidney you'll find the renal glands are there now you can see the ureter they comes out they end up in the urinary bladder which stores the urine and later on it comes out through the urethra so all these things guys we have to discuss so we are going to start the with the kidney okay let's start with the kidney kidney first for the kidney let's talk about the position we know the pair of kidney are present so I'm not writing that again and again do not forget we are having two kidneys right so position position is like basically they are present between T12 to L3 thoracic last thoracic to third Lumber last thoracic so this is your last thoracic two third lumba right now second point is enclosed by 11th and 12th floating ribs floating ribs so floating ribs so these are the floating ribs present and uh the kidney kidneys they are enclosed in it clear are you getting this point now kidneys they are in uh present in them now uh what else it is retroperitoneal retro peritoneal in position retroperitoneum retroperitoneal means it is present towards the firstly the dorsal side and on one side only the peritoneum is present you can note this down below the retroperitoneal that means on one side only that means look at this kidney look at this kidney towards the one side only the peritoneum is present because here we are having the visceral Oracle so this is retroperitoneal in uh position clear now the next point is the right kidney is slightly lower right kidney is slightly lower than left kidney then left kidney clear right is lower so you all know the right people they are always uh towards the Lower Side so this is how you can remember here now let's talk further let's talk more about the human excretory system the first thing is let's talk about the dimension uh so the length question will not come from this uh thing 11 centimeter right on an average height is on an average five centimeter it varies also and when we talk about the width that is around 3 centimeter here Here length height length is length is done clear 11 centimeter long it is 5 centimeter and three centimeter it is thick so this is basically the thickness this is the thickness clear now let's talk about the weight so its weight is around 150 gram in case of male and 135 gram it varies also in case of female hope this data is clear that's it so millions of neurons they are structural and functional unit so let's write structural and functional unit functional unit off of kidney this is what nephron nephron not neuron it's the Nephron so nephrons are there millions of nephrons they are present okay now what we are going to do is we are looking at the internal structure how does it look like but first let's talk about its covering so let's draw the kidney this is a renal oh capsule then the fat deposition this is the adipose tissue foreign now at this particular position there are openings of there are openings of renal artery renal vein and ureter clear let's labor so renal artery so renal artery brings in blood renal artery brings in blood right renal vein takes out blood after the filtration that means it is a filter blood which will be taken up by the renal vein what is this what is this buddies this is ureter clear and this Notch this is termed as a hilum from where where the renal artery comes renal vein goes and your data goes out yeah ureter is further attached to the urinary bladder now the kidney kidney is covered by three different layers so outermost layer look at this the outermost layer the outer towards the outer side what is the Press what is present renal fascia renal fascia right renal fascia is there it is made up of the collagen fibers collagen fibers are there right and what is the function it attached kidney to the abdominal wall two okay abdominal wall clear renal fascia outermost let's talk about the second one the second one guys can you see this white structure what is this this is the fat fat layer and what is the function of this fat layer fat layer will helps in the protection ultimately the fat is present so fat it will definitely the function is the protection so first thing it is uh the uh some corrective tissues they are present the fibers the Etc so here we are having the adipose tissue deposition clear now the inner layer here this one this is termed as renal capsule outer side it is the renal fascia here the renal capsule is there now the renal capsule is again made up of the fibers they are also the connective tissue layer foreign they basically provides shape to the kidney this is responsible for providing shape to Kitty clear so if someone asks you what is a function hope you can say that would provide shape to the kidney and what is a function of these two that is protection clear and I told you it is retroperitoneal clear this is convex and concave side hope everything is clear now this is termed as the dorsal side this is termed as their ventral side which side I am drawing it just that I'm making a longitudinal section now let's proceed further this is a covering the this is a diagram related to the covering now let's talk about the further structures that means what all things they are present in the kidney so that here now now I'm not drawing the covering here just I am making the things simple now there are different terminologies which are there in ncrt and these terminology what I want is that you guys should understand clear uh the outermost region the outermost region this is termed as cortex card cortex cortex what do we call this cortex the center most region this is termed as the medulla medulla the cortex is clear the one which is present towards the periphery towards the outer side what do we have is a cortex towards the periph towards the inner side What will what will we have we are having the medullary region now let's talk about the medullary pyramids so some medullary pyramids are present around 15 to 16 medullary pyramids are present wait wait I'll make sure that uh the the topic is clear to you just wait for some time let me complete the diagram that is the reason I am drawing a separate diagram piece one which I am drawing right now is medullary pyramid foreign the capsules these are the one because it is present in the medullary region so the name is medullary pyramids medullary pyramids clear their number is 15 to 16 medullary pyramid if there is a part of Cortex you can see that goes into the medulla region guys outermost side outermost side we are having the cortex region they go towards the medullary region this one this one this one the system does renal column of Burton renal or column of Burton column of Burton clear clear now here now I'm just making the things simple here one funnel-like structure is there later on it opens like this into ureter here so this is a funnel like structure and you know what's the name of this funnel-like structure renal pelvis pelvis clear this is the ureter let's understand this now they open like this let's say they will open yeah look at this is how it opens it opens it opens clear this is termed as this this this region this region in a very simple way guys I'm making you understand this is minor calluses or minor calyx so this is a singular word calyx minor calyx this is also a minor calyx yes yes so these are the minor calyx plural world is callysis this area is termed as major calluses major calyx yeah so you should understand the uh a broad word we are having is the calluses right and in a single word we call it as a callus so minor callus they are around 7 to 13 in number right 7 to 13 in number right and this is around two to three so two to three the common common regions are there clear so medullary pyramid that's it so this these are the different structures which are present and the one which you can see over here the red light structure these are the some nephrons present and these nephrons will be dealing with these nephrons uh later on I'll be telling you how these uh nephrons they look like clear so outermost is the renal fascia Etc here now this region one more is left this region is termed as renal papillae now remember we are having various medullary pyramids 15 to 16 medullary pyramid they open through renal papillae into the minor calyx then into the major calyx later on it open into the renal pelvis and the ureter so this is how the structure look like so outermost region is a cortex inner region is the medulla renal column of button is what the part of Cortex which runs between the medulla you can note this down so what is this what is this let's write part of part of Cortex which runs in renal medulla so just imagine the situation like these are the uh these are the medullary pyramids present so outermost is the cortex innermost we are having the medulla now these are the cortex region which are running in between the medullary pyramids these are the cortex region and these cortex regions we are calling it as the column of verteb here so this is a internal structure of kidney this is the internal structure of kidney so kidney is done let's talk about the next structure that is a ureter okay okay D is done now the nephron structure yes we have to do we will definitely do that but for that you have to wait for some time first thing is I have to complete what is urator oh ureter urator is 22 30 centimeter long long structure clear now this ureter runs in pelvis runs in pelvis and the third third important fact regarding this is they have transitional epithelium transitional epithelia transitional epithelium is that epithelium which basically helps in the stretch so it helps in the stretch guys is it clear similarly in the urinary bladder also the stretches because of the transitionally epithelium let's talk further further regarding the that's it about the ureter let's talk about the urinary bladder urinary bladder now let's understand this urinary bladder with the help of this diagram clear now this is a pear-shaped structure let's write down the point simultaneously I'm writing the point the peer shaped structure see along with the sessions you are getting all the notes also peer-shaped structure peer shape structure so here one urator opens here the another urator opens this is how the ureter is coming this is how the ureter is coming yeah and we have another opening which is termed as urethra clear so let's label these are what these are the ureter opening clear this is all the ureter opening now they are having thick muscular structure in fact three muscle layers they are present outside three three isn't it interesting three muscular layer together three muscular layer let's label three muscular layer now which muscle is present in it you should remember the smooth muscle smooth muscle the smooth muscles now the three muscular layer which are present is towards the outer side outer towards the outer side one which is present towards the outer side what is that they are we are having the longitudinal longitudinally arranged donkey tudinal right we are having middle circular middle circular and this is enough you know the longitude longy butanal muscle layer is present which muscle smooth muscle layer is present clear now the epithelium which lines the urinary bladder this is again transitional epithelium transitional epithelium now this transitional epithelium we are having stretch receptors there are stretch receptors present so whenever the urinary bladder is full of urine when it is full of urine it sends a signal to the brain yeah so it sends the signal to the brain so I'm labeling this as a stretch receptor stretch receptor here so they send the signal to the brain so it will lead to the opening of the sphincture wait I'll tell you now internal sphincture is present internal pincher sphincture Splinter is like a rubber band I don't have rubber band now so it's like a rubber band we have a balloon and balloon we have tied with a rubber bands pincher Spencer so this pincher is made up of only middle circular layer middle circular smooth muscle layer foreign and you know this is involuntary involuntary not in our control not in our control now the next splinter next splinter spincher one more Splinter is present so that is the external sphincture external sphincture so external spincher is made up of what the skeletal muscle the skeletal muscle clear and they are voluntary voluntary voluntary means that is under our control so internal Sprinter is opened by our brain so that regulation of urine that also will be dealing the one thing we have to understand so internally you should say that it is the involuntary knot in our control brain controls it now next is external spincher which is in our control but when we are in a young stage we are not able to control our urine that is because our mind is not prepared for that the basically the cerebral cortex region is not prepared for them with the learning process we uh get to know that we have to control this external sphincture so it happens clear the skeletal muscle Etc stretch receptor I have told you now now let's talk about the opening the system does you like this is termed as the urethra so small duck small duct is present this is termed as urethra urethra now let's talk about urethra now the urethra which you know urethra is quite big or long in case of meal clear it is long in case of male and it is very very very short in case of the female urethra urethra is four centimeter in case of female and this is around 20 centimeter in case of male here no in female it carries only urine only urine only urine right so that is the reason and it is present and period two vagina anterior to vagina and in case of female urethral opening urethral opening is stored as urethral orifice clear on the contrary when we talk about male yes you know there's a single opening very long uh that is around 20 centimeter it is present and it carries what it carries the sperm or basically the salmon plus urine it carries both cement as well as urine and uh in case of meal it is termed as urinogenital opening yeah so male and the female concept is clear yes so urinary bladder we have done ureter as I promised you we were supposed to do everything so hope uh everything is done here uh the inferior vena cava see these are the uh these are the renal vein see renal vein goes out and later on the inferior vena cava this takes the blood because uh it takes the blood it's a vein so it takes the blood to the right side of the heart clear the artery is also there so everything we have done on both the side it opens kidneys Etc and you know when uh ever a person kidney fails in that case the kidney is not placed at original position kidney is placed lower to that and in many cases original kidney is not re not replace original kidney is not removed the reason why it is not removed is to maintain the circulation clear yes all my beautiful students so this was the first session how was your class to let me know in the comment section and uh uh please go through this session these sessions again go through your notes again before watching the next session because that is also going to be a super interesting I am going to make this whole chapter very easy for you which many students feel that Mom yes it is difficult no it is not at all difficult so that's a promise for my site take care buddy see you in the next class bye bye everyone

hey buddies how are you all doing so hope you all are doing great today we are going to start a new chapter which is excrete products and their elimination we know there are lots of excretory products and today we&#39;ll see how they are eliminated guys the first important process we all know that is a digestion we have also completed the circulatory system now that is a body fluid in circulation now we are focusing on another mechanism that happens in the body that is the process of excretion excretion means removal of waste we have lots of waste produced by our metabolic processes and these waste we cannot accumulate them so we have to remove that so for that we are having different kind of structure one of that structure the major structure that is a kidney now kidney is not alone in fact it as it is actually a whole system which is associated with other structure also so all of them they help in the process of excretion so today we will be starting with the type of excretion in various group of and then I will be moving towards the human excretory system so are you guys ready are you excited so let&#39;s have a look okay the first thing is I will be discussing excretion now mode of excretion in different organism different type of excretory waste and human excretory system these are the three topics which we will be dealing slowly we&#39;ll be going and I&#39;ll make sure every topic which is uh related to your uh examination should be clear to you now first topic we are having is a excretion three different words comes in everyone&#39;s mind excretion and many students they get confused but excretion means ejection is that so no yoga is excretion means removal of what is this excretion excretion means what that means removal of metabolic waste metabolic waste now many students they think the metabolic waste is what so metabolic waste is whenever we are see let&#39;s see let&#39;s look at this from a very basic thing I am making sure that you should understand so here what happens is they take up the ox season right they take up the oxygen they utilize this oxygen and whenever they utilize this oxygen they release some excretory product so yes they will release the excretory products excretory products now the excretory products which are released or these by these cells they are released into I&#39;m talking about the human being the released into the bloodstream bloodstream and later on they are excreted out they are being taken up by the kidney and kidney removes these substances through urine this is termed as excretion so will you remember this excretely product so here are the metabolic phase that means I am talking about the excretory products which are because of the metabolic reaction these are the metabolic waste and these metabolic waste they are produced by the cell this is the cell now like this not only a single cell multiple cells are there and they produce the excretory product because we are talking about the human being so excretory product is what excretory product is the urea excretory product is urea clear are you getting and sometime yes this excreted product is also ammonia but you know and in some cases yes the Uric acids are also there but these furic acid uric acid but they are converted into the urea because that is very less toxic so it has to be converted first and later on they will go towards the uh kidneys and kidneys will eliminate this is it clear so what is excretion will you remember this this is an excretion now another word is ejection now ejection here ejection I am dealing with another word that is the defecation so in a simple way I am saying defecation so what is the defecation so defecation means removal of undigested food through anus it is it means what removal of undigested undigested food undigested food through what through anus like whatever you are eating so if the food will be digested the undigested will go out and then digested food that will go out that will be termed that the process will be termed as ejection you remember the rectum rectum stores it and later on the defecation happen ejection so there&#39;s a different excretion and each I should next the term which you have to understand is the osmo regulation osmo regulation means what osmoregulation means balance of ah or maintenance of of water and metabolic metabolic waste sorry water and ionic balance foreign balance so we know that in our blood right there are some ions presets like calcium ion magnesium and chloride ion potassium ions sodium ion so we have to maintain that concentration clear and that is termed as osmo regulation now if I ask you about me in my body there is one structure a pair of kidneys are present which helps in the process of osmo Regulation that means we are having kidney which are helpful in the removal of the metabolic waste excretion and that is also important for the process of osmoregulation this we have already done so we will not be discussing about the ejection in this session ejection in this session now let&#39;s talk about the excretory products so there are various kinds of excretory products now first thing is we have to discuss is the ammonia so how do we write ammonia ammonia is NH3 so NH3 is what NH3 is very toxic can I write this is most toxic most toxic that means the moment it is secreted by Body we have to eliminate it at any cost clear are you getting this point now process of removal process of removal of ammonia that is termed as ammonotalism so process is termed as a monotepism what&#39;s the name amonotalism and the organisms organisms who eliminate who eliminate ammonia ammonia they are termed as ammonotelic organism what is the name given to them ammonotelic organism metallic organs clear now whenever we talk about the excretion of ammonia excretion of ammonia require large amount of water right it requires large amount of water for their elimination from the body now the next point is they require large amount of water they require large a lot of large amount of water for elimination clear now we all know that amino acids are there in our body right amino acids are proteins are there so when we look at when you look at the structure of amino acid what do we have a basic structure I am drawing bodies so we are having what we are having one R Group one nh2 group is there one uh H let&#39;s say anything or the coh group is there so what is this this is a amino acid and amino acids are what amino acids are the precursors for proteins so amino acid they join together and they form protein so whenever their deamination occur deamination deamination occur nh2 positive they are produced right and these nh2 are positive uh they are released or removed from body removed from body specifically through gills through gills or the body surface body surface now the two words I have written one is the gills and second is they require water for the elimination so this itself give us an idea that they will be found in the Aquatic organism so one of the example is the Aquatic organism so later on I&#39;ll be giving you some other examples also but only those examples which are there in your ncrt so that is what the aquatics in aquatic also we have various types aquatic organisms foreign types are there so that means some are having the gills or the body surface so from where these will be eliminated are you getting this point now ah listen very carefully whatever is Left Behind say deamination will release this whatever is Left Behind they will be stored in the body in the form of the carbohydrates or the lipid guys is it clear whatever is Left Behind they will be stored in the body but we cannot tolerate this nh2 so this nh2 we have to at any cost guys we have to remove yeah so organisms is done everything is done now let&#39;s talk about the example one thing I&#39;ve written is aquatic organism but aquatic organism itself is a broad category so some of the examples in this case is the Aquatic arthropods aquatic arthropos right mostly or most your invertebrates invertebrates also you will find this in fact when we talk about the Bony fishes foreign sorry the next one is the cartilages fishes not in the cartilage fishes in fact in the Bony fishes this is the example now what else what else yes you can take an example of a tadpole tadpole lives in water so what will they eliminate they will eliminate ammonia so one of the executive product is the ammonia and these are the organisms aquatic organism it&#39;s a broad category and the examples see aquatic organism we are having is oh cartilaginous fishies also but God little fishes they are not they excrete urea why do they excrete urea that also I&#39;ll be discussing with you hope it is clear yes but it&#39;s done so can we move forward ammonia is done let&#39;s talk about the next one the second one which is the urea urea urea so what is the urea urea is the one which is least comparatively less toxic so this is less toxic than ammonia oh this is Lex less toxic then ammonia in fact lack time one lakh time less toxic now next one is it requires less amount of water less amount of water for excretion so one example hope that is clear that is in case of the mammals yes in most of the mammal urea is the excretory product urea now listen now basically buddies what happens is so whenever amino acids amino acids are there right so amino acid they&#39;re deamination now listen to this point any time this question comes so you should have a understanding of this topic whenever deamination occurs so what do we get is and it&#39;s ammonium ion thank you what will we get ammonia mine right and there are Pathways which happens in the body and rest everything will be stored in the body in the form of your carbohydrates and the fat now this ammonium ion is converted listen this is what this is converted into urea and who does this by liver by liver very very very important question very important bodies by liver clear so in the liver there occurs a cycle well there occurs or there exists a cycle where ammonia in its three positive ammonium ion along with the carbon dioxide they are converted into the urea this itself is a whole cycle a cycle goes on and you know the cycle name is kreb hencelet cycle what is the name name is the first name is the urea cycle right second name is Krebs hence late crabs and slate cycle now question comes that uh where are you going to find the cycle this will occur in the liver clear ammonium ion so the liver is it fine now in the liver it is converted now what will happen urea travels to travels to kidney how do how will it travel with the help of blood later on eliminated eliminated in urine some urea remains in the kidney some urea remains in the kidney other they are eliminated some remains because we have to maintain some kind of balance that will be looking at that later on clear ammonium ion converting to urea by liver and this is the urea urea is a crab hence late cycle travels to the kidney eliminated in urine now it&#39;s clear hope this pathway is hope this is clear so we have this this particular cycle this is very big cycle it&#39;s not a small cycle there will be caramel phosphate formation there will be uh r0 succinate Arginine Etc and Etc so urea is having two amino group two NH3 group they are present yeah now what else now another question which comes from this topic is see whenever we are saying the amino deamination is happening ammonium ions are there now this ammonia will reach up to the liver now here the question comes is how these organs they are connected to each other listen very carefully here I am discussing hepatic portal system hepatic portal system so this I will be explaining later on also in the another chapter now this we have already done in the previous chapter which is a body fluid and circulation yes I guess we have done that chapter yes we have done that chapter okay okay it&#39;s okay now hepatic portal system now in the small intestine these processes are happening small intestine these things these processes that means what the deamination is there now what will happen these ammonium ion ammonia specifically reaches up to the liver yeah and the one which connects these that is termed as hepatic total vein hepatic portal sweet yeah so here in this particular area so here we are having ammonia ammonia will go from this hair to here this is termed as a hepatic portal system hepatic portal that means two structures are there in the body and these two structure they are connected otherwise the circulation only happens between hearts and organ organs and heart that&#39;s it but here are the two organs two structures they are connected to each other with the help of a circulation the vein that is a hepatic portal vein if let&#39;s make this like that of a vein so This Is How They are connected so it will travel hepatic portal weight now in the liver what will happen the urea cycle so here ammonia will be converted into the urea ammonia will be converted into the urea clear now another structure we have over here is the heart another structure we have is the heart now they both are connected to each other somewhere or other right ultimately the one which takes out this urea right this uraci ammonia ultimately this ammonia should not reach hurt because it&#39;s not good so hepatic vein basically the hepatic V later on it joins the inferior vena cava so many things are there hepatic vein carries now question from this particular topic comes like whenever we say the urea maximum urea will be present in your answer should be hepatic mean maximum ammonia should be present in hepatic portal vein clear is it clear now the urea is there now another question which comes over here okay okay we&#39;ll we&#39;ll discuss that later on right hope the heart is clear uh this is heart hope you are able to Gorge the structure which I have drawn that is our heart very easy very very very easy so this is a urea very easy very important in fact itself here this conversion it is clear now let&#39;s talk about the examples examples have you heard of analysts yes in invertebrates I have given you an example like in analytes analytes they are both a monotelic as well as they are uh your yuriotelic clear now another example which is which is present over here that is I have discussed about this that is the mammals mammals yes or you can take an example of the frogs Etc yeah urea is done let&#39;s talk about the further third one that is the uric acid uric acid uric acid you know uric acid is least toxic uric acid is leastotoxic least toxic now it require very less very less or you can say no negligible negligible amount of water for excretion what does it require negligible amount of water for excretion so just imagine this excretion is going to be negligible so uric acid is comparatively safest clear it is least toxic it is light in weight in fact uh have you ever seen any bird or excretory product you will find some whitest thing so what is that whitish thing the white one the white one is a uric acid so let&#39;s talk more about the uric acid now the uric acid they are produced from they&#39;re produced from purine metabolism purine metabolism I know you all must be wondering what is this purine purine here purine doesn&#39;t mean your tomato puree now the purine means over here is you know the DNA this is a DNA DNA so DNA is what DNA the nucleotide Gene it&#39;s a polynucleotide nucleotides are there so repeating unit are the nucleotide nucleotides are there okay so nucleotides are there so another name of DNA is a polynucleotide chain so what is this the DNA another name is poly poly many nucleotide nucleotide when you take out one nucleotide nucleotide so whenever you take out one nucleotide so nucleotide is made up of three different things what is that there is a base the nitrogenous base I&#39;m writing n to base as nitrogenous base there will be sugar there will also be phosphate phosphate now listen whenever I am saying the nitrogenous base I am saying the nitrogenous base we categorize these nitrogenous based into two categories one is purine and other is pyrimidine purine they are the heterocyclic group and two examples are there in purine one is adenine and second one is guanine okay pyramidines they are what pyrimidines they are your cut that is cytosine the Yuri uridine or you Russell and the next one we are having is thymine so here I&#39;m talking about the purine this particular purine purine so whenever they are metabolized what do we get is the uh we will get uh what the uric acid clear so they are light in weight very light in weight clear so yes one example I forgot I have mentioned uh that so let&#39;s try that first this complete the cartilaginous fishes foreign for their osmotic balance because you know uh they are present in salty water so when the Marine fishes basically okay let&#39;s write Marine fishes you&#39;ll be able to understand now in a better way Marine fishes so Marine fishes are those fishes which lives in marine environment outside there are lots of salt so they accumulate urea as a salt to maintain the osmotic balance so that is the reason God has given them a urea as a metabolic waste clear uric acid is done uric acid so polynucleotide chain Etc and Etc all these things uh the purine metabolism everything guys clear now uric acid is done now uric acid you will find them in Birds the reptiles because they have to conserve water reptile Birds Etc the uric acid is there clear now let&#39;s move on to the next topic excretory structure on education in various group of organism and this is the uh thing which is there in the ncrt now let&#39;s talk about it first thing whenever we talk about the mammals the vertebrate vertebrate one thing which you have to remember is we are having kidneys we are having a pair of kidneys and these kidneys they are important for two different process one is osmore regulation yeah right and the second is the excretion am I right kidneys are there pair of kidneys are there right we know about this clear no doubt guys hope you are having till now let&#39;s talk about various group of organisms so first I would like to discuss with you the platy helminthus so platy helmeters they are having proton nephridia means flat so with the help of this chart you will be able to remember it&#39;s just a recall of the chapter Animal Kingdom so platy helminthus they are having what the proton nephrine you remember Pluto nephridia was there protonephridia protonafidea and these organisms they are a monotonic you want to note this down you can note this down now next one we are having is the ascalaminthus elementus so in the arcades of acetaminthus that is a round worm you will find a special type of cell which is termed as a renit cell rennet cells are there and when it cells helps in the process of excretion let&#39;s proceed further let&#39;s talk about the next group of organism what is that the analytes analytes in analytes we have discussed the nephridia are there yeah different type of nephridia are there uh these Network the pharyngeal nephridia are the septal nephridia Etc and Etc you remember guys clear and in fact in case of earthworm you will find a special type of cell which is termed as chlorogogen cells you want me to write that or uh do you remember because guys we have done that in the the chapter clear let&#39;s write organ cells right very diverse group we are having that is the arthropods so some arthropods they are having one second self is a diverse group are through Port let&#39;s first talk about the Scorpion scorpion and spider and Scorpion what is the structure you remember we have done that in the uh classes the Scorpion the spider what do they have is the coaxial gland foreign gland antenary gland you remember now let&#39;s take in another example the limulus so what is present Limitless is your king crab you remember that&#39;s a living fossils so here also the coaxial glands are present coaxial glands let&#39;s talk about the another group of organisms what is that the Cockroach malfeasion tubules clear so this is the arthropod vertebrates we have done the platy helmithas we have done Etc and extra Etc now let&#39;s talk about the mollusk in the mollusks you will find the kidneys also their organ of bojanus oh so next group I&#39;m writing mollusk in mollusk yes you will find kidney somewhere you&#39;ll find the organ of bojanas so they basically helps in the removal of waste from the body clear everyone yes so these are the things which you have to remember these are some important kidneys the organ of vaginas arthropods analytes asymmetics and vertebrates clear now let&#39;s read whatever we have done so far now a survey of animal kingdom was done variety of excretory structure is present now vertebrates they are having a complex tubular system which is termed as kidney that is used for the osmo regulation and this protonephrine are the flame cells here I&#39;ve written proton everyday another name is a flame cells R executive structure in the platy helminth that&#39;s written even factors also that is a roti Force so you can mention here the rotifer some rotifers are also there so rotifers are some ask elementas clear now some annulates and cephalopod amphioxis protonephridia are the primary concern with the ionic and the fluid balance now nephridia are the tubular excretory structure of the earthworm we have talked about it right nephridia helps in removal of the nitrogenous waste maintain the balance malfijin tubules like I told you they are present in the insect cockroaches helps in removal of the nitrogenous waste osmo regulation antinary glands or the green glands so antinary glands I have written see antenary gland another name is green gland so that helps in the osmoregulation in case of prawns so some extra examples guys I have already provided you so you should not forget will you remember this will all my buddies will remember this see in your paper nothing will come Beyond this that I can assure you now let&#39;s move towards the next topic of today&#39;s chapter that is a human excretory system so human excretory system human excretory system consists of these number of things and what is that there are pairs of kidney spare of kidney clear now next one there is a ureter pair of ureter pair of ureter and urinary letter urinary bladder these are the structures which are present in a human excretory system now guys can you see these are the two kidneys which are present two kidneys they are present in this position that means we are having a floating rims 11th and 12th floating ribs so they are protected by the that floating rips clear from the last thoracic vertebra to the uh fifth sorry third lumbar vertebra the kidneys they are present so kidney uh they are present in a very beautiful way in fact when we say the right kidney right kidneys uh towards the Lower Side slightly lower so it is tilted towards the Lower Side now above the kidney you&#39;ll find the renal glands are there now you can see the ureter they comes out they end up in the urinary bladder which stores the urine and later on it comes out through the urethra so all these things guys we have to discuss so we are going to start the with the kidney okay let&#39;s start with the kidney kidney first for the kidney let&#39;s talk about the position we know the pair of kidney are present so I&#39;m not writing that again and again do not forget we are having two kidneys right so position position is like basically they are present between T12 to L3 thoracic last thoracic to third Lumber last thoracic so this is your last thoracic two third lumba right now second point is enclosed by 11th and 12th floating ribs floating ribs so floating ribs so these are the floating ribs present and uh the kidney kidneys they are enclosed in it clear are you getting this point now kidneys they are in uh present in them now uh what else it is retroperitoneal retro peritoneal in position retroperitoneum retroperitoneal means it is present towards the firstly the dorsal side and on one side only the peritoneum is present you can note this down below the retroperitoneal that means on one side only that means look at this kidney look at this kidney towards the one side only the peritoneum is present because here we are having the visceral Oracle so this is retroperitoneal in uh position clear now the next point is the right kidney is slightly lower right kidney is slightly lower than left kidney then left kidney clear right is lower so you all know the right people they are always uh towards the Lower Side so this is how you can remember here now let&#39;s talk further let&#39;s talk more about the human excretory system the first thing is let&#39;s talk about the dimension uh so the length question will not come from this uh thing 11 centimeter right on an average height is on an average five centimeter it varies also and when we talk about the width that is around 3 centimeter here Here length height length is length is done clear 11 centimeter long it is 5 centimeter and three centimeter it is thick so this is basically the thickness this is the thickness clear now let&#39;s talk about the weight so its weight is around 150 gram in case of male and 135 gram it varies also in case of female hope this data is clear that&#39;s it so millions of neurons they are structural and functional unit so let&#39;s write structural and functional unit functional unit off of kidney this is what nephron nephron not neuron it&#39;s the Nephron so nephrons are there millions of nephrons they are present okay now what we are going to do is we are looking at the internal structure how does it look like but first let&#39;s talk about its covering so let&#39;s draw the kidney this is a renal oh capsule then the fat deposition this is the adipose tissue foreign now at this particular position there are openings of there are openings of renal artery renal vein and ureter clear let&#39;s labor so renal artery so renal artery brings in blood renal artery brings in blood right renal vein takes out blood after the filtration that means it is a filter blood which will be taken up by the renal vein what is this what is this buddies this is ureter clear and this Notch this is termed as a hilum from where where the renal artery comes renal vein goes and your data goes out yeah ureter is further attached to the urinary bladder now the kidney kidney is covered by three different layers so outermost layer look at this the outermost layer the outer towards the outer side what is the Press what is present renal fascia renal fascia right renal fascia is there it is made up of the collagen fibers collagen fibers are there right and what is the function it attached kidney to the abdominal wall two okay abdominal wall clear renal fascia outermost let&#39;s talk about the second one the second one guys can you see this white structure what is this this is the fat fat layer and what is the function of this fat layer fat layer will helps in the protection ultimately the fat is present so fat it will definitely the function is the protection so first thing it is uh the uh some corrective tissues they are present the fibers the Etc so here we are having the adipose tissue deposition clear now the inner layer here this one this is termed as renal capsule outer side it is the renal fascia here the renal capsule is there now the renal capsule is again made up of the fibers they are also the connective tissue layer foreign they basically provides shape to the kidney this is responsible for providing shape to Kitty clear so if someone asks you what is a function hope you can say that would provide shape to the kidney and what is a function of these two that is protection clear and I told you it is retroperitoneal clear this is convex and concave side hope everything is clear now this is termed as the dorsal side this is termed as their ventral side which side I am drawing it just that I&#39;m making a longitudinal section now let&#39;s proceed further this is a covering the this is a diagram related to the covering now let&#39;s talk about the further structures that means what all things they are present in the kidney so that here now now I&#39;m not drawing the covering here just I am making the things simple now there are different terminologies which are there in ncrt and these terminology what I want is that you guys should understand clear uh the outermost region the outermost region this is termed as cortex card cortex cortex what do we call this cortex the center most region this is termed as the medulla medulla the cortex is clear the one which is present towards the periphery towards the outer side what do we have is a cortex towards the periph towards the inner side What will what will we have we are having the medullary region now let&#39;s talk about the medullary pyramids so some medullary pyramids are present around 15 to 16 medullary pyramids are present wait wait I&#39;ll make sure that uh the the topic is clear to you just wait for some time let me complete the diagram that is the reason I am drawing a separate diagram piece one which I am drawing right now is medullary pyramid foreign the capsules these are the one because it is present in the medullary region so the name is medullary pyramids medullary pyramids clear their number is 15 to 16 medullary pyramid if there is a part of Cortex you can see that goes into the medulla region guys outermost side outermost side we are having the cortex region they go towards the medullary region this one this one this one the system does renal column of Burton renal or column of Burton column of Burton clear clear now here now I&#39;m just making the things simple here one funnel-like structure is there later on it opens like this into ureter here so this is a funnel like structure and you know what&#39;s the name of this funnel-like structure renal pelvis pelvis clear this is the ureter let&#39;s understand this now they open like this let&#39;s say they will open yeah look at this is how it opens it opens it opens clear this is termed as this this this region this region in a very simple way guys I&#39;m making you understand this is minor calluses or minor calyx so this is a singular word calyx minor calyx this is also a minor calyx yes yes so these are the minor calyx plural world is callysis this area is termed as major calluses major calyx yeah so you should understand the uh a broad word we are having is the calluses right and in a single word we call it as a callus so minor callus they are around 7 to 13 in number right 7 to 13 in number right and this is around two to three so two to three the common common regions are there clear so medullary pyramid that&#39;s it so this these are the different structures which are present and the one which you can see over here the red light structure these are the some nephrons present and these nephrons will be dealing with these nephrons uh later on I&#39;ll be telling you how these uh nephrons they look like clear so outermost is the renal fascia Etc here now this region one more is left this region is termed as renal papillae now remember we are having various medullary pyramids 15 to 16 medullary pyramid they open through renal papillae into the minor calyx then into the major calyx later on it open into the renal pelvis and the ureter so this is how the structure look like so outermost region is a cortex inner region is the medulla renal column of button is what the part of Cortex which runs between the medulla you can note this down so what is this what is this let&#39;s write part of part of Cortex which runs in renal medulla so just imagine the situation like these are the uh these are the medullary pyramids present so outermost is the cortex innermost we are having the medulla now these are the cortex region which are running in between the medullary pyramids these are the cortex region and these cortex regions we are calling it as the column of verteb here so this is a internal structure of kidney this is the internal structure of kidney so kidney is done let&#39;s talk about the next structure that is a ureter okay okay D is done now the nephron structure yes we have to do we will definitely do that but for that you have to wait for some time first thing is I have to complete what is urator oh ureter urator is 22 30 centimeter long long structure clear now this ureter runs in pelvis runs in pelvis and the third third important fact regarding this is they have transitional epithelium transitional epithelia transitional epithelium is that epithelium which basically helps in the stretch so it helps in the stretch guys is it clear similarly in the urinary bladder also the stretches because of the transitionally epithelium let&#39;s talk further further regarding the that&#39;s it about the ureter let&#39;s talk about the urinary bladder urinary bladder now let&#39;s understand this urinary bladder with the help of this diagram clear now this is a pear-shaped structure let&#39;s write down the point simultaneously I&#39;m writing the point the peer shaped structure see along with the sessions you are getting all the notes also peer-shaped structure peer shape structure so here one urator opens here the another urator opens this is how the ureter is coming this is how the ureter is coming yeah and we have another opening which is termed as urethra clear so let&#39;s label these are what these are the ureter opening clear this is all the ureter opening now they are having thick muscular structure in fact three muscle layers they are present outside three three isn&#39;t it interesting three muscular layer together three muscular layer let&#39;s label three muscular layer now which muscle is present in it you should remember the smooth muscle smooth muscle the smooth muscles now the three muscular layer which are present is towards the outer side outer towards the outer side one which is present towards the outer side what is that they are we are having the longitudinal longitudinally arranged donkey tudinal right we are having middle circular middle circular and this is enough you know the longitude longy butanal muscle layer is present which muscle smooth muscle layer is present clear now the epithelium which lines the urinary bladder this is again transitional epithelium transitional epithelium now this transitional epithelium we are having stretch receptors there are stretch receptors present so whenever the urinary bladder is full of urine when it is full of urine it sends a signal to the brain yeah so it sends the signal to the brain so I&#39;m labeling this as a stretch receptor stretch receptor here so they send the signal to the brain so it will lead to the opening of the sphincture wait I&#39;ll tell you now internal sphincture is present internal pincher sphincture Splinter is like a rubber band I don&#39;t have rubber band now so it&#39;s like a rubber band we have a balloon and balloon we have tied with a rubber bands pincher Spencer so this pincher is made up of only middle circular layer middle circular smooth muscle layer foreign and you know this is involuntary involuntary not in our control not in our control now the next splinter next splinter spincher one more Splinter is present so that is the external sphincture external sphincture so external spincher is made up of what the skeletal muscle the skeletal muscle clear and they are voluntary voluntary voluntary means that is under our control so internal Sprinter is opened by our brain so that regulation of urine that also will be dealing the one thing we have to understand so internally you should say that it is the involuntary knot in our control brain controls it now next is external spincher which is in our control but when we are in a young stage we are not able to control our urine that is because our mind is not prepared for that the basically the cerebral cortex region is not prepared for them with the learning process we uh get to know that we have to control this external sphincture so it happens clear the skeletal muscle Etc stretch receptor I have told you now now let&#39;s talk about the opening the system does you like this is termed as the urethra so small duck small duct is present this is termed as urethra urethra now let&#39;s talk about urethra now the urethra which you know urethra is quite big or long in case of meal clear it is long in case of male and it is very very very short in case of the female urethra urethra is four centimeter in case of female and this is around 20 centimeter in case of male here no in female it carries only urine only urine only urine right so that is the reason and it is present and period two vagina anterior to vagina and in case of female urethral opening urethral opening is stored as urethral orifice clear on the contrary when we talk about male yes you know there&#39;s a single opening very long uh that is around 20 centimeter it is present and it carries what it carries the sperm or basically the salmon plus urine it carries both cement as well as urine and uh in case of meal it is termed as urinogenital opening yeah so male and the female concept is clear yes so urinary bladder we have done ureter as I promised you we were supposed to do everything so hope uh everything is done here uh the inferior vena cava see these are the uh these are the renal vein see renal vein goes out and later on the inferior vena cava this takes the blood because uh it takes the blood it&#39;s a vein so it takes the blood to the right side of the heart clear the artery is also there so everything we have done on both the side it opens kidneys Etc and you know when uh ever a person kidney fails in that case the kidney is not placed at original position kidney is placed lower to that and in many cases original kidney is not re not replace original kidney is not removed the reason why it is not removed is to maintain the circulation clear yes all my beautiful students so this was the first session how was your class to let me know in the comment section and uh uh please go through this session these sessions again go through your notes again before watching the next session because that is also going to be a super interesting I am going to make this whole chapter very easy for you which many students feel that Mom yes it is difficult no it is not at all difficult so that&#39;s a promise for my site take care buddy see you in the next class bye bye everyone

Transcript for:Understanding Excretion and Waste Elimination

Transcript for:
Understanding Excretion and Waste Elimination