hello wolves just a quick video then to talk you through the coastal landscapes topic this video is aimed at a level geographers so if you're currently studying gcse you'll need to leave this video and join the correct one so i'm thinking about key terminology to do with coastal landscapes i suppose the first four words i think over the forwards you can see here so i think about backshaw it's the area between high watermark and the lambwood limit for sure the area between the high water mark and the low water mark in shore between the low water mark and the point where the waves don't really have any influence and offshore so the point beyond where the waves cease to impact upon the seabed and to put those into context i can see them here again just check you know the order they would come in the c would obviously be coming from this direction here as i'm looking at this diagram i wouldn't worry too much about the other annotations here but definitely the ones i've put in red just check you would know where they are roughly on a diagram so i suppose the important thing to say next about coast is you need to see coast as a system and within that system we've got flows so links between stores we've got inputs so the addition of matter into the system and stores where we keep energy those four sources they're not inputs in the coastal environment come in the form of wind and waves but also sea currents and tides and it's important to say that we could get one or more of these within our coastal system so this impacts then on our waves and i suppose wave movement at the beach is just something really useful to have in the back of your mind if we think first and foremost about friction within the seabed here we're slowing down that wave this crest of the wave is going to continue to move forward we then get this elliptical orbit think about a squashed circle the wave continues to get steeper before it rushes up the beaches swash and returns back out to see them as backwash and we have two different types of wave we've got constructive waves i think if you're constructing something you're building something these have got a low wave high a low frequency again very weak backwash but strong swash and then you've got your destructive waves if you destruct something you destroy so these have got a higher wave height a higher frequency powerful backwash and so this leads us nicely on to thinking about wave refraction if we've got wave refraction it means the waves are bending okay and as it says here waves refract towards shallower water the quicker the change in water depth the quicker the refraction so typically a curvy coastline we get waves that are refracting on the headland and therefore if i've got waves refracting on the headland i'm going to have high energy waves and increased erosion and they refract out into the bay so therefore that would give me low energy waves and increased deposition longshore drift an important process of transportation again just check you can explain this one if i've got my prevailing wind approaching the beach at an angle it's going to push that wave up the beach at an angle that sediment is then dragged back out to sea picked up by the prevailing wind and the waves again push back up the beach before it's then dragged back out to sea so that's the exact movement of sediment is what we would call longshore drift rip currents is another key bit of terminology to use these are just strong currents that move away from the shoreline which is what this diagram here is showing i'll you honest wouldn't want to be a swimmer or a small boat because to be trapped in the middle here between these two rip currents would be extremely hazardous so this links nicely then into thinking about tides and quite simply if i want to define what a tide is i'm saying a tide is a periodic rise and fall of the level of the sea i've got my two different types here my spring tide and my neap tides so spring tide is a tide just after new or full moon a neap tide is tied just after the first or third quarters of the moon there's a difference between high and low water tidal range here is a difference between high and low tide again just check you're familiar with this terminology at the bottom so macro meaning large scale micro meaning extremely small scale and this leads us nicely on them to thinking about high energy and low energy coastlines you'll see these phrases sort of banded around quite a bit within geography if i'm thinking about a high energy coastline i'm saying that the wave energy is high erosion's likely to be greater so as a result i'm going to see headlands cliffs wave cut platforms perhaps my best example here is the atlantic coastline of northern europe if i compare that then to my low energy coastlines wave energy is typically lower deposition's normally a bit greater i'd expect to see things like beaches and spits so the baltic sea here would be my best example so i've popped this in here just as a reminder the specification says you need to be familiar with all of these processes so you've got your marine processes including erosion transportation deposition we've also got sub-aerial processes so think about weathering and mass movement again if you're expecting landforms the expectation would be that you'd be drawing on these processes here and you would be confident and comfortable using them so again just check this goes back to gcse but that you're able to explain each of these processes you can see here so those processes result in the formation of some of the lamb forms you can see here on the screen again check can you explain things like caves arches stacks and stumps for those i've done a separate video at gcse level but it will cover perfectly what you need to know there likewise for wave cut notches and platforms i'll pop a link here to remind you but again just check can you explain the formation of these thinking about features i would find at a beach these what we call minor land forms but again if you had a photograph in front of you would you be able to identify the runnel like you can in this diagram here would you be able to identify the cusps okay again just check can you pick them out on the diagram do you know roughly what they are here so i suppose the next thing to think about is that simple spit formation if i've got a straight spit it's going to go out roughly parallel to the coast and that's what i would call a simple spit i can also call this one here then a compound spit okay so if i've got occasional changes in the dominant wind process i.e it's got this hooked or curved feature on it that you can see here that's what i would call a compound sphere again just check can you explain longshore drift and how long your drift here would lead to us having a spitforming a bar then is that ridge of sand and shingle which joins up to headlands often cuts off a bay behind which we were going to find a lagoon hopefully just check do you understand how perhaps a spit could turn into this bar mud flats found the edges of permanently submerged marine zone again they're susceptible to changes in sea level wave action volume of water in the river and tidal flows so over time these mud flats that you can see in the pictures here are going to develop into salt marshes again if you're being asked to explain salt marshes in the exam it might be wise to draw mud flaps first so factors need for your salt mash to develop them you've got to have a sheltered shoreline you need that river estuary salt water lots of fine sediment and you're going to need two flows to meet either flow of the river and where the flow of the sea meat i think about what's happening to my sea level i've got two types here i've got what we call eustatic and isostatic change to use static sea level change is caused by volume of water in the sea or by the change in the shape of the ocean basin isostatic change is caused by vertical movements of the land relative to the sea so if i think about why i've got this happening well reason one few static change would be to think about the climate if i've got an increase in temperature it's going to cause melting of ice sheets but also a decrease in temperature means i'm going to get more precipitation falling as snow think about how that's going to impact then what we said you static changes so it's obviously going to increase that volume of water again tectonic uplift if i've got the crust here and it's lifting up it's going to increase the volume isn't it so c4 spreading may decrease sea level as well i think about isostatic change so i'm thinking about vertical movements here perhaps the downward movement of land then causes sea level to rise locally while uplift gland might cause sea level to fall so perhaps think about the depression of the earth's crust subsidence of land tectonic processes again each of those three here would impact on isostatic sea level change we'd obviously be thinking about the local scale weren't we there if i'm bringing that back to the skills i need for my 20 marker so that leads me on really nicely into thinking about submerging and emerging coastlines if i'm a submergent coastline i've got stretchers along the coast that have been inundated okay by the sea due to the rise in sea level an emergent coastline then is a coast that's been exposed because of that fallen sea level so with submergence and emergence that brings around various different landforms you can see i've put them here for you but the main ones with submergence is thinking about rears and frauds and the emergence is thinking about raised beaches marine platforms so if i consider rios first this one here is just a lamb form that's referred to as the drowned river valley so form when the valleys were previously at sea level become submerged again if we think about an example here portsmouth and paul harbor would be examples of rears a few of them i'm thinking about this glaciated carved u-shaped valley that's filled them by rising sea water levels your best example of a field would be norway dalmatian coasts them are undergoing submergence so these are where valleys lie parallel to the coast and are flooded by sea level so i think vancouver island croatia they're really good examples of these raised beaches then so areas of sand or shingle and deposits that are found high above the side i think hudson bay here that'll be your best example with the pictures of marine platforms so wave cut platforms can be raised and left higher than the current sea level so santa cruz california you can see here is a great example relics cliffs so these are cliffs above beaches that are no longer eroded by the sea and slowly get covered by vegetation so the isle of aaron in scotland here would be a great example so i suppose if we've got all of these landforms and we know we've got these submarine processes and sub-aerial processes we've got to consider coastal management and coastal management really has two aims the first of which is to provide defense against flooding the second which is trying to provide protection against coastal erosion i might also say branching off of that we want to try and stabilize these beaches that are affected by longshore drift we want to try and protect these sand dune areas and salt marshes we know these are huge hubs and havens for biodiversity so we might see something called a shoreline management plan so shoreline management plans are developed as part of the uk government's efforts to make coastal management more sustainable we've got roughly 22 shoreline management plans that match up with sediment cells and again you work on a variety of different scales so this would be really useful here as part of your 20 markers to consider this again if i'm thinking about the sort of options i've got open to me as part of a shoreline management plan i've got four really so i can hold the line and maintain those defenses i might do manage realignment so it allows me to realign the shoreline backwards or forwards with management so hopefully try and limit the movement no active intervention which basically means do nothing or advance the line so new defenses are built further forward where existing defenses are to be honest if you're going to advance the line you've got to have really secure funding on lots of it so disadvantages then of using a shoreline management approach again to help with your 20 markers very time consuming leads to unpopular decisions often of doing nothing so can leave local people pretty angry sometimes it's quite difficult to educate him or sell to local people this idea of using them and protecting the area indefinitely may be economically unsustainable it's going to cost a lot of money so i might choose to use something called integrated coastal zone management so this is the one that came out of the un earth summit in 1992 if i'm using this method here i'm thinking about integrating it and viewing the environment as a whole i might consider the different uses of the area i might also think about the level of authority so authority here works locally regionally and nationally they all have an input into this dynamic strategy so if i think again about this one here i might look at the area of pevensy bay and think right what actually is effective here what do i need to protect and so i suppose with the pevensy strategy here we're really concerned about longshore drift coastal flooding coastal erosion so really here they've got the challenge not to negatively impact on hastings along the coastline but also to protect eastbourne hastings railway line so you might consider the strategy here sort of three-fold the strategy at penn state bay has got to try and affect people the environment but also the economy so they've got to find a cost-effective way of managing the coast so would a sea walk here do it about 45 million pounds would that be enough so if i think about the key players and the key people involved here and we've talked about authority on a variety of scales i might first consider the peevency coastal defense limited so the company here that's been providing most of them effort so far i might think about the environment agency who's responsible for looking after the country's rivers and coastal regions and 50 million hectares of land but i might also consider the views of defra and think about well is the government department responsible for these policies would they have an input here would they need an input here and so here this is what they're doing now currently at penancy bay so thinking about recharging so shingle that's lost from the front each year is being replaced recycling they've got bypassing groins beach surveys to try and identify weaknesses in this they're not just doing these methods they're actively going back and reviewing them so you're putting that much money in you've got to be sure that what you're doing here is having an impact and last but not least then your final case study in coast is thinking about the sunderlands so again this is on the delta of the ganges one of the largest mangrove forests in the world it's relatively flat and low lying land so these mangroves here are trees that have adapted to the salt water and the mud flats you can see them here in this picture at the bottom climate change here is posing a massive threat to this forest so rising sea level as well as the establishment of industrial projects around this area agricultural activities have destroyed quite a large area of this land as well and so it's left us with some huge risks both natural and human so i might say right the risks to the environment here are lots of cyclones flooding perhaps high levels of salinity in the soil but that could be balanced by the risks to people so the over exploitation of coastal resources for example destructive fishing techniques lack of awareness about the environment so here just to remind you i might sort of take one of three approaches i might sort of try and develop this resilience so the ability to cope i might think about mitigation and how i can reduce the severity of this hazard or i might talk about adaptation and think about how can i adjust these living conditions so if i'm thinking really now about where i move forward from here i suppose the big question i'm asking myself is trying to say right actually what could we do in the sunder bands to sort of try and develop each one of these if i want to try and develop ability to cope here i might try and give the local people some strategies about exactly what it is they can do moving forward if i want to reduce the severity of the hazard i might think about where these people live in proximity to the coast and if i want to adjust the living conditions here to try and reduce that vulnerability i might try and consider alternative employment for the local people i might try and consider again the proximity of their house to the waterfront i might try and think about what other industry is open to the more available to them that again would fit into each of these three here so i suppose again the big point for taking anything away from this is yes make sure you can do all the ao1 that we've just talked through here but constantly being happening in your mind how can you be critical about each of the ideas and each of the things that we've talked about because those are the skills the examiners are looking for you to show off in the summer exams best of luck