Review Topics from Chapter 1

Homeostasis & Feedback Mechanisms

• Homeostasis: Maintaining a stable internal environment.
• Negative Feedback Mechanism:
  • Corrects changes to bring conditions back to normal.
  • Example: Body cooling down when too hot.
  • Opposite direction of change.
• Positive Feedback Mechanism:
  • Amplifies changes.
  • Example: Blood clotting.
  • Same direction as the initial change.

Anatomical Position and Directions

• Anatomical Position: Standing upright, palms forward.
• Directional Terms:
  • Anterior (Ventral): Front or belly side.
  • Posterior (Dorsal): Back side.
  • Lateral: Away from midline.
  • Medial: Toward midline.
  • Proximal: Toward the origin of a limb.
  • Distal: Away from the origin of a limb.
  • Cranial: Toward the head.
  • Caudal: Toward the tail.

Body Planes

• Transverse Plane: Divides the body into top and bottom.
• Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into left and right.
• Frontal Plane: Divides the body into front and back.

Word Roots

• Anatomy words can be combined like Legos.
• Example: "Epidermis" - "Epi" (above) + "dermis" (skin).

Chemistry Review

• Water:
  • Universal solvent, high heat capacity, polar.
• Carbohydrates:
  • Primary role as nutrients.
  • Key Example: Glucose, a primary energy molecule.
• Lipids:
  • Phospholipids: Cell membrane components.
  • Triglycerides: Energy storage.
  • Cholesterol: Cell membrane flexibility, precursor to steroid hormones.
• Proteins:
  • Long chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
  • Four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
• Ions:
  • Charged atoms or molecules (e.g., sodium, potassium).
  • pH measures hydrogen ion concentration.

DNA and Protein Synthesis

• DNA: Stores genetic information for proteins.
• RNA: Copies DNA and synthesizes proteins in cytoplasm.
• Transcription: DNA to RNA.
• Translation: RNA to protein.

Cell Structures

• Organelles: Structures within a cell performing specific functions.
  • Nucleus: Controls gene expression.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Site of protein and lipid synthesis.
  • Mitochondria: ATP production.
  • Ribosomes: Protein factories.

Tissue Types

• Epithelial Tissue: Lines surfaces and forms glands.
• Connective Tissue: Comprised of matrix and fibers, loose or dense, regular or irregular.
• Muscle Tissue
• Nervous Tissue

The Skin

• Layers:
  • Epidermis: Outer layer, includes stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum (thick skin), and corneum.
  • Dermis: Papillary and reticular layers.
• Glands in the Skin:
  • Merocrine Sweat Glands: Common, watery secretion.
  • Apocrine Sweat Glands: Found in specific areas, thicker secretion.
  • Sebaceous Glands: Oil glands associated with hair.

Bone Tissue

• Compact Bone: Dense, arranged in osteons.
• Spongy Bone: Less dense, arranged in trabeculae.
• Cell Types:
  • Osteoblasts: Build bone.
  • Osteocytes: Maintain bone.
  • Osteoclasts: Break down bone.

Key Points

• Tissues: Group of cells with similar structure and function.
• Organelle: A small structure within a cell performing specific functions.
• Feedback Mechanisms: Similar to filling a toilet tank (negative feedback).

Review and Test Preparation

• Review provided questions and homework.
• Study for upcoming test, focus on understanding concepts.