Understanding Flowering and Reproduction in Crops

hello everybody welcome back to our class ag 101 crop science online today we go on today i'd like to talk about like a flowering and reproductions usually uh we in the beginning we take like a the plant part which is like right now the flower is an important part in the plant and very important because of a lot of things so of their function, of their structure, of the process, and it's the source of most of the food. So, the function of the flower, the main function is the sexual reproduction, which is produce fruit. The result in fruit and seed protections. Like if we're talking about like apple, this is the flower. If we're talking about like wheat, this is the flower. We're talking about like corn, soya bean, all of like most of the things we eat, we eat the fruit and the seeds that came from flowers. So technically it's very important, but the four most crop plant, this is our like crab yield. and other like uses of flowers like aesthetic it's maybe like something beautiful like for example there is a lot of money going on around the world right now by flowers like cutting flowers like bouquet or gifts or mother days or hanging basket all that stuff or great for a plant identification It's a source to identify the difference between the plants. And we can say those are plants, they are like from the same family, they are related to each other. But we can say if they have like a different type of flower, we can say those flowers are not related. Anyway, related with no related family in the plants, it's very important. because that one when we go in like an advance in like a breeding and selection that's a very important thing we can understand that like maybe part of it in this lecture but most of the part is going to be in different lectures so food and industrial product which is a very important part what is the flower structure topically the flower is like a die cut flower for basic for basic parts which is like Sibylla the first one is a green leafy outer most like whole like which is like this part here that's a Sibylla and the other like it's a called Kelly's callus and all the sepala together like all those part together and the other part is petals which is this petal here those are the petals and the other like a curl and all petals together and pastels like which is a female part which is this part here what we call pistol this part here and that one is you can tell like contain the statement uh in the top which is this part here the style this one here as you can see this one here um let me use the pointer so you can see this is the uh statement and this is the um style and that one is the ovary which is like the base and like the the three of those part called the pistol which is the female portion in the plant other like a stem stamen which is like this part here it has like two parts which is the enter and the flamen so enter is just the top part here where is the pollen located and the flamit which is talk that holding the um the enter While we, if we're talking about like typically grasses, the grasses is like have a different structure than dicot plant. We already like, we maybe like take the difference between dicot plant and grasses monocot. And that's like showing the different type of part. We usually will be talking about like grasses. We're talking about like corn or either like wheat. barley, oats, all that type of plant. So the basic flowering unit, like including one to a mini florid, enclosed by glooms, which is like those part in the plant. So this part here, gloom, you see that one is like also. And. This part here, this is like a different type, like a filament and fur. And they have like a style and ovary and lemur, which is a little bit different. So that one is a florid, it contains lemur and pilia. And in closing, it has a single flower, which is like this one here. And it has like pistil and... stamens but the grasses of flower have no petals or sibyllus so those that's the importing different things between the grasses of flowers or like a dicot flowers so let's compare both flowers like a dicot or grasses of flowers as you can see in this slide there is a like a diacrit and the grasses grasses like it has a florid gloom which is like this part here while the florid is inside this part here the whole thing is called speckled and the florid it has like something open a little bit so it has pistil, pelia and like it has the ween which is like this part here and the stamen and lima they are like surrounding like they have something similar with a stamen and dicot flowers but they are not like have a pestle or sybilis so those are the most important different thing between the two types of flowers Anyway, when we talk about like flower structure, there are like a lot of different types of flowers. How we can use that like as a classification and how we divided that or how we can say this type of flower called something. And let's start like the second slide. We're going to see like a different type of flowers. type of influences which is influences that the flower cluster together like an example for that this is sorghum sorghum it has like more than one flower in the same place those are not only one flower those are flowers together like this one is a flower this one is flower this one is a flower that one is a flower this one is a flower too so it's a group of flowers like a cluster in the same place we call it like in florences the other one is like this one we call a speckle spike which is like usually we found it in a group of wheat like a barley jointed goat grasses all those types they are like similar from the same family they have the same structure of flowers so as you can see this one here it's shown like this one is just only flower this one a flower this one is the flower that one is a flower that one is a flower like there is a cluster of group flowers so this this is the first type of florence's flower this type of flower we call is like pinnacle which is um Pernikol is like a found in oat. sorghum rice and sheets sheet those are like the type of flower this like they are a little bit different as you can see it's cluster but they have like a different what do you call that arrangement or they have like a different type of order to put the flowers like together that's oat and that's rice you can see the difference between each of those but they call pinnacle the third like type of florences is shown in alpha alpha and pepperweed which is they have like a different arrangement different style of flowers we call that flowers racem the racem is alpha alpha soya bean mustard and they have like uh either way the different like this order um they can be like in um like not alternative but they are like an opposite way at the same time they are like organized they start open uh um like the older flowers going to be in the bottom but the new flowers is going to be in the top and the the growth it will not stop they continue is they can think of it like a given flowers and new flowers each time and those flowers when it's pollinated start making seeds and the same thing with alfalfa they have like this in order those are all the flowers and this one is the new flowers in the top another type of flowers we call like as you can see from the shape and like they have like a umbrella which you call humble usually wild carrot and crown witch or white clover those are the type of the umbil flowers and they are like this found you can find it also even in carrot or in like uh parsley or other type of flowers like uh it's similar to the umbrella umbrella and like has in like this shape here another type of florence which is we call uh head which is head that means sunflower as you like see this one here when we talk about flowers those are like sunflower testels daisies and the daisy like has usually a many individual flowers open from outside like this side here those are the flowers open first and the other like inside one is still not open yet so this like it we can call that one is like a disc flower and the ray flower is surrounding the disc flowers you so those flowers they are like have a different shape different type it might like a good example for the sunflower and we have another type of flowers called solitary which is like a cotton melon velvet leaf and those are like have a different color but they are looks the same like they are looks the same the same type of flower like as you can see this one here this is cotton while this one is like uh maybe uh uh velvet leaf so the this one as you can see they have like a different shape different color uh like at the same shape but they are like have a different color uh and they are like from different type of plant flower type terminology which is a very important like uh to understand complete has all the four basic of the part as we take in the beginning of this lecture we talk about like a few parts like we said the basic part especially when we talk about like uh die cut flowers and or like a monocot which is like grasses so the complete flower it has all the basic part like the four basic part and they have like a male and female part at the same time there has a sebal and bestial petals and sibles but all the grasses they missing those two part so they are like from the beginning if we mention like if I ask you is the corn considered as complete or incomplete you will say it's incomplete immediately because we know it's grasses if it's grasses that mean incompleted another type of like different things is the green flowers like a big weed like a cushia no petals at all those are the examples for incomplete uh flower so after we said like complete and incomplete uh there is another two types like we call perfect and imperfect flower so how is that like heaven so for example perfect contains like both pestle and stamen so it might be like grasses but you still have the pistol and the statement is that true or false okay go back to the previous slide and pay attention to that one too so to see the difference so when we say like a imperfect imperfect is just like missing a pistol or a steaming that means they are like a statement that means they are like a male or female flowers so that's like the separate the separate male steaming or the female pistil which is a female part like flowers and there is an also under that like imperfect one there is like either they are like the flowers the male or the female or they are in the same plant or they are like in different plant so let's go review that again so so if it's perfect that means contain both male and female part which is the pistol and steaming right okay so that's like that's a perfect one okay but if it's like has only male or female flowers those called imperfect but imperfect by itself they might like have like a male flower and female flower in the same plant or they have a male flower in a plant and the female flower in other plant different plant so where is that happen we're going to take an example for a few examples for that one so what we call that type imperfect that's okay but if it's like monoecious or the issues so monoecious that mean it's male and female flowers on the same plant that's mean they have the same home the same monotios they are living in the same plant so they are like you find like this flower is male the other flower is female good example for that corn like it's the male flower in the top while the female flower in the silk like down in the bottom not in the bottom but in the middle of the plant watermelon usually they find like a male and female flower so the pollinating will be having the same plant uh red weed like the same the same thing another thing is uh cue like zucchini the same thing from the same family cucumber the same family and also they use like some things like to increase the female flowers to increase the productions of the plant so that's like okay those are like two different type of flowers the one of them is male the other one is female and they have in the like they live in the same plant we call monashees If they have like a male and female plant that means they are like dachshunds. That means separate male and female plant like when we talk about like buffalo grasses. Melbury, cottonwood, palm trees, different type of plant. I'm not like remember right now, but it's like have a different something like that. So you have to do like some research, like pistachio, I believe so. So those are like different, like have a different male and female flowers in different. like a different male and female plant so if it's different plant male and female we call it dacius if they are like the male and female flower they are in the same plant we call muniches are they are perfect no they are imperfect okay because already the flower missing like one part either steaming or pestle right that's make it like a male flower or female flower so imperfect that's mean the missing pistol or steaming a separate male steaming or a female pistol okay um the sexual reproduction uh in the plant summary like uh take the summary of that one uh There is like one thing is called meiosis which is like a formation of gametes that's in the flowers will happen we're gonna take how is that like a sperm and the pollen grain within the enter like when the enter and egg in the oval within the ovary so those are like a male and female part in order So, pollination, transfer pollen from the anther to steaming. Regardless of those are like male flower or female flower or they are completed or incompleted, no matter what happened, but the pollination will be like transfer the pollen from the male, which is the anther, to a steaming, which is the female part. Pollen germination. It's like on the stigma followed by the pollen tube growth like through the style to the ovary. Let's go watch this video. We'll explain how is that happen. But before we watch that one, I want to like take a moment here, take you back to a few slides. And remember that when we talk about the flower structure, we talk about like the milk. part which is like the enter and it has the pollen and all the pollen like transfer to steaming and then like it has um uh starting like growing and making like a tube inside going to the ovary which is like uh during the style and like uh uh reaching the overlay so let's watch this Thank you So what we're going to do is we're going to work through these different processes and we'll keep coming back to this summary to remind ourselves of how far we are on the journey of how a plant reproduces. We've got gamete formation, making the eggs, pollination, which is how the male gamete gets the female one, then fertilisation when they fuse together, then you make the seed and the fruit, then you disperse that seed and hopefully then you get the germination. and the offspring being fully produced. Now, in order to understand this process, we've got to look at the anatomy of a flower, and we've got to go through the different parts and what their roles are. So first of all, we'll start with the male bits. Now, the male bits of a flower are the anther and the filament, and collectively they're known as the stamen. The anther is where the pollen is produced, and the filament just holds that anther in position there. And there's usually quite a lot of anthers producing lots and lots of pollen. We've also got the petals, obviously. The petals are there to entice in the insects, the bees and things like that. To say, look over here, come and get some nectar, which will be down at the bottom of the flower for them to come and get. And it just so happens that when they come in to get the nectar, the nice sugary drink, they rub against some of the pollen and they then will fly off to another flower and deposit that pollen there. Where they'll deposit the pollen is on the female part of the flower and they'll deposit it at the stigma which is this the top bit there of the flower in the center. Stigma is connected to the ovary via the style and the ovary is where you'll find the ovules and inside the ovules is where you find the actual ovary, the eggs, and together all the female bits is called the carpal. So that's where gametes are produced, the pollen is produced in the anther, and the ova are found inside the ovules. So how does pollination occur then? Well, I said either it can happen via an insect or via the wind. But what has to happen is the pollen has to be transferred from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another. Then it would be called cross-pollination. Occasionally, you can get a self-pollination where flowers pollinate themselves, but like I said, it's not ideal. So we really want to go from one flower to another. Now, When you look at pollination, you realise there's actually two types of flowers. You probably never notice the second type of flowers because they're pretty boring. You would have noticed insect pollinated flowers. They've got a beautiful colour, big petals, and they produce the nice smell, the scent. You probably never really noticed wind pollinated flowers. You see these really on things like grasses. That's because they don't have nice petals, they don't have a scent, they don't use insects. There's no point producing them. So we can compare and contrast the structures of insect pollinated flowers. and wind pollinated flowers. So insect pollinated flowers they've got bright petals as I said for attracting insects they've got scent they have a sticky stigma for the pollen to stick to and they've got the anthers there and they're all enclosed inside that flower so the insect rubs against them. They also produce nectar for the actual insects to have as their meal that's their treat for going to the flower. If you look at a wind pollinated flower very different no bright petals no scent no nectaries. Big stigma which is all kind of feathery and has to catch the pollen as it floats across in the wind. Also the anthers dangle down outside of the main flower so that again the wind hits them and knocks all that pollen off. The pollen grains themselves are very inflated and small so they get carried by the wind and blown long distances. So here's a really important table. There's so many questions that come up in the IGCC about... The comparing and contrasting these two types of flower and how they are adapted for different types of pollination. explain uh the uh the process of how that's pulling happen but it's like right now we have another things called a double fertilization which is like a formation of zygote like which is 2n and and the endosperm like a 3n and by separate fertilization events in the egg and egg sac with both male sperm and nuclei and from the pollen tube. So those are like how is that like a devil we're gonna see it in here since one like the pollen like landed in the stigma and they're starting like a making like a tube and the sperm It's like as you can see in this slide here, there is a tube and those two are going inside the ovaries. So sorry, they making like a pollen tube and they when they are starting like fertilizer that one, the egg and polarity is like taking different things and they start like making polar nucleol and sperm including and those are the three which is the 3n and here is we call devil fertilization and one sperm unit with the egg to produce like 2n with zygote and one with the two polar nuclei to produce like 3n endosperms so as you can see here is two and here is the three uh uh and like any sperms Flowering plants undergo a uniquely reproductive process where there are two fertilization events. This double fertilization event occurs between the male reproductive organ, the male gametophyte, and the female reproductive organ, the female gametophyte. Before the fertilization event can occur, the ovule has to undergo some changes. At present, the ovule contains one reproductive cell, known as the megaspore or mother cell. This cell is diploid and undergoes meiosis, producing four haploid megaspores. In the majority of species, three of these megaspores degenerate, leaving only one surviving megaspore. This surviving megaspore expands and undergoes three rounds of mitosis to produce eight haploid nuclei. As the nuclei have not developed any individual division, they initially share the same cytoplasm. This complete structure is known as the embryo sac. Within the established embryo sac, cell walls begin to form between most of the nuclei. Three cells named antipodal cells form opposite the opening of the ovule known as the micropyle. Another three cells form above the micropyle. Two of these are synergids and the other is the egg cell. This leaves two nuclei in the center of the ovule. These central nuclei remain together in one large cell. It is the egg cell and this central nucleate cell which will eventually become part of the double fertilization event. In order for the double fertilization event to occur, the male gametes, the sperm, must travel from the anther to the embryo sac within the female reproductive organ. The pollen grain contains two main cells. A cell named the tube cell makes up the bulk of the pollen grain, and the sperm cell, which at this stage is known as the generative cell. To reach the embryo sac, a pollen grain must land on the stigma. Once landed, it begins to germinate. The tube cell forms a long structure down the style and into the ovary. The generative cell travels behind the tube cell nucleus. Once near the ovary, it divides by mitosis to produce two haploid sperm cells. The pollen tube reaches the micropyle and releases the sperm cells into the embryo sac. One of the two sperm cells fertilizes the egg cell. This produces a diploid zygote, which will become the embryo. The other sperm cell moves up and fuses with both of the central nuclei, forming a triploid cell. This unusual triploid cell develops into an endosperm and serves as the embryo's food supply during early development. It is only angiosperms, flowering plants, which have this double fertilization characteristic. where a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm form. Gymnosperms, pines, tracheophytes, ferns, and non-tracheophytes, mosses, lack this double fertilization feature. strategies is issue why is that like the plants like to feel a natural method of pollinations they are like have a different size they have like a different type they have like a different way to pollinate um anyway there is like a we can say like there is two things which is one the first one is self-pollinated and pulling from the enter within the same flower Like example for that, wheat, barley, oats, soybean, rice, all that. It's the same from the same plant, the same flower, but they are like pollinated. So we call that self-pollinating. The pollen, it's like created in the same flower, but it's like fertilizing the same flower. Like it's from a male part to the female part. Cross-pollination, that means pollen from anthers on different flowers. That means they are from another different flower, which can be corn. Either way, they are from different flowers in the same plant or from a different plant. Alpha-alpha, sunflowers, and most of the clovers, they are like cross-pollinations. If we talk like and have an example like they sometimes they have like a 50% self-pollination. What that means a 50% self-pollination? That means for example that tomato. Tomato like they can like pollen by insects at the same time they come like pollen it like from 50% like they can be like from the same flower. But most like the method of the pollen transfer can be like important part of the crop management which is very important to understand what type of like pollen you have in this crop so you can like help to increase the chance of having like more productions and more seeds in your field. so how is the pollination method related to the flower structure and the function of the flower like imperfect flowers almost generates cross pollinations but only a few plants work this way so that means they can be working the other way like most flowers are perfect but thus like cell formations seems most likely and often is the natural process of the for example if you take a good example for that is the wheat one is the most example for that however many plants with the perfect flowers are like naturally cross pollination pollinated so there is like a few example for that but so Self-pollination is avoided or prevented if we need to do a breeding. If we need a specific parent, like we're going to have a pollen from a certain male, we need to pollen or fertilize it with a certain female. So that will be prevented. Like a most of common strategy. is for pollen within individual flowers to mature before or often pestle is receptive but some like mechanical systems they can be used and like alfalfa morphological and genetic and complete incompatibly system exists like for persica mustard family so those are like having a specific way to do like blend breathing with it pollen uh transfer a method like impacting pulling amount and like a structure and who is the this like related to a human uh allergic which is they can causes the human allergic allergic because it's like wind pollination Insect cross pollination is alpha alpha for this a good example for that usually they have like a certain strategy when it's the insects came to the flower we need like to point the flower they will be like came landed in the flower like they tracked by the nectar the smell and the flower like color and the shape. And then when they landed here, this part of the, like, let's say the male part, it's like travid, which is like attached to the insect. So they put all the pollen in the insect. So when it's moved, like in a flower, like a new flower like that one, they're going to be like. pulling the other flowers so this like a good example for that one what kind of insect there are like a few different type of insect as you can see there is a like a moth there is a like bees there is a like a different bee but like a wild bee they are like each plant have it like a specific certain insect they can be helpful but in like a wind cross pollination like corn for example it does not like need to be like moved by insects they will be moved like by wind it's too small too fine and as you can see in this picture and they are like a very very fine it's very light they can like carry by the air and so they can like this is the male and this is the female flower and this is a silk so the when it's like um like moving by the wind will be landed here the more they landed the more seed they're gonna get so the more pollen will be fertilizing the more uh seed you're gonna get so what about like allergic that usually happen in each like spring That's because of the pollen. The pollen usually they have like a sticky shape as you can see this one here. And many calliope birds are like wind pollination species. A lot of pollen will be like produced. And the pollen has like a spiny surface to help sticky to stigma as it passes like by in the wind. uh in the wind uh from flower to another flower so so that's like make them uh too small very heavy a large number of pollen moving by easy by the wind so that's making a problem to the human so uh ridgeweed like on also have uh imperfect flowers which is called monocot we get back to that one so those are like the type of small pollen maybe cause it allergic to so when we talk about like making across crosses of breeding purpose flowers so the structure and the pollination type the indicated process that's a very important in the process We have like two examples or three examples for that one. Like say about like corn, wheat and soybean. So what is the difference between those? Like first one is like compare corn to soybean and wheat. Why they are like different? Like they have a different way to make the pollen. If you are a breeder and you want to understand how is that like going, you will see the corn easy to control since the meal and thistle. and the female ear like are separate but in the wheat and soybean most first like musculated flowers to produce like a female uh female uh parent and then control the pulling pollination to get like a desired cross like for example uh let's take more detail on this second slide which is here explain how we can do like a corn it's just like you have to cover the female part with this part here and when is the like um the tessel begin like the flower making pollen you will cover it and take the tassel it's just like landed and uh in the and the female that you already cover because like protecting from uh pollinated by the wind or by the other like a male so you need specifically for this plant so you take the male flower and drop all the pollen and that one to make sure that they are like pollen. And after that, you should cover them with a bag. So to prevent like a stray pollen contact, like from what for seed or the other plant, it's not desirable. So that normally it's best to grow only one type of corn at a time. because if you grow two types together they will cross. Normally it's best to grow only one type of corn at a time because if you grow two types together they will cross, even if you do nothing. In this video I'm going to show you how to grow two types of corn together and cross one type, but not the other. At the top of every corn stalk will be a tassel. That's where the pollen comes from. and that's important to know for this technique to work. When doing a cross, it's important to cross similar types of corn. For instance, if you crossed a sweet corn with a popcorn, you would end up with corn that wasn't that sweet and also didn't pop that well. In this cross, I'm crossing an ornamental flint corn and an ornamental popcorn, which is a type of flint corn. Since I want to cross the ornamental flint corn, but not the ornamental popcorn, I'm going to remove the tassels from the ornamental flint corn. It's important to make sure I remove those tassels before the ears emerge and get silk on them. As you can see, these ears are just barely starting to emerge from the stalk. The ornamental popcorn is slightly ahead and has a little bit larger ears. As you can see, I'm leaving the tassels on the ornamental popcorn. To remove the tassels on the ornamental flint corn, I'm just going to cut the stalk right below the tassel. I'm using some pruners for that, and it just takes a second to chop all of those tassels off. Once you remove the tassels, just keep an eye on them because some of them will try to grow back. One important thing to note is that the prevailing winds in our area during the summer are from the south. Since I'm removing the tassels from the ornamental flint corn, I planted it on the north side of the ornamental popcorn. Once the tassels of the ornamental popcorn opened up, they started producing pollen, and that pollen will pollinate both types of corn. The pollen falls on the silk of the corn ears. As you can see, both types of corn have ears that have silk on them. Since we remove the tassels from the ornamental flint corn, we know that that corn cannot pollinate itself and will be pollinated by the ornamental popcorn. Many times corn can produce tillers or suckers at the base of the plant. And those can grow up and produce tassels too, so you need to keep an eye out for those. And remove any tassels that are produced. Now let's take a look at some of the corn that we harvested. The first ear is from the Japonica ornamental flint corn. And since the color of it wasn't affected, we know that this color is dominant over the color of the ornamental popcorn. Since we removed the... pollen-producing tassels from the ornamental flint corn. We know that the ornamental popcorn was pollinated by its own tassels. This popcorn is a result of another cross that I did several years ago and has been doing very well for me. That cross was between glass gem corn and a grocery store popcorn. Here's a look at that original cross. The two ears to the left are glass gem corn. Then the next ear is the grocery store popcorn and the cross between the two is on the far right. Although one ear of the ornamental flint corn was unaffected, you can see that some of the kernels in these ears are slightly lighter in color. Although most of these ears show just a tiny bit of influence from the ornamental popcorn, one ear in particular showed quite a bit of difference. As you can see, this ear shows several different shades of the base color. So we know that that one stalk of... ornamental plant corn had some slightly different genetics than the other stocks. As well as being interested in the ornamental qualities of this cross, I also wanted it to pop good, so I did some test popping of the darkest ear, and I was a little bit surprised that it really did pop very well. Although it popped well, the taste was subpar compared to my ornamental popcorn. With my ornamental popcorn, I do some test popping of some kernels from every ear and keep seeds from the ones that pop the best and taste the best. I was really pleased with how well the popcorn turned out this year. It popped well and it tasted very good. If you want to follow along and see how my cross does when I plant it, so we we saw how how is that like working in like corn but is the wheat and the soybean is different why is that we know that's why because it's like um they are like both they have that like a male and female so for that reason you have to work very hard like to take the meal part from the poll like the part you need like to transfer the meal the pollen from the other one so for example the work is going to be in the female which is taking the male part from the female flowers and take out the female part from the male part that we need so to understand that well let's see um the female part this is the male part and we're going to take that out like you cut that one and leave it leave leave the female part in the plant Okay, that is going to be like a female plant, which is how is that happen? Like in the second slide, you can see the first one is like a musculated, a proper female part of the parent for cross and like if the just only to keep the female and take the male out and this. opposite thing we're gonna do it for the female the male part so keep like the male part while taking the female part cover it like the same thing here and after that we will do um like a cross pollination we take in when it's like ready we will take like uh turn the gloom and take the uh owens from the male part and And like the second thing is we need to enter and start like shading and pulling and we'll collect the pulling and transfer them to the female part, which is part here. And that one, the other one is the replicated cover, like a cover again, when it is pollinated and waiting until the seed like starting forming and becoming like an actual seed. and after that will be harvested it's a little bit complicated compared to the other one the same concept like it's having in the soybean crossing which is musculated the female parent and transfer a pollen to the maker cross and like collect the pollen male parent and tag to the mark cross the flowers as you can see in this part here at the same time and wait for about like our seeded to fall management to ensure the the pollination and seeds side so avoiding the stress like every like single stage in the plant is a very important but the most important part in like uh in the plant is there like a reduction like a producing the seed is the yield so you have to keep in your mind you have to how to avoid like stress don't put it like under drought don't put it like in a high temperature uh also diseases can be like making stress to the leaves so like some trees they're losing their flowers because they're affecting by diseases or insect which is like reduce the like put the plant under stress and after that like starting dropping the flowers and nothing you will have very sensitive stage growth and for most of the crops. Provide or protect pollinating insects, which is alpha-alpha or clevers for seed or sunflowers. Bee hyphen hyphens, like near legumes, like a field or orchard, like for example, apple. They usually like for one hectare, they may be used like a... two or three hyphens and like avoid the spraying at this flower type which is a very important to avoid because when you spray that means you kill the pollinator which is the insects managing other factors like affecting the flowering which is like plant nutrition and the plant health As we take the class of hormones, that's very important. Light also, the photo period, which is specially, and like in some cases, it's very important to avoid like heat, which is high temperature. And that can be like protect the yield and produce a lot of things. As you can see, there is a lack of. a lot of going on i hope you are like have time to study that if you have any questions please let me know i will be happy to answer your questions thank you and see you next lecture

We're talking about like corn, soya bean, all of like most of the things we eat, we eat the fruit and the seeds that came from flowers. So technically it's very important, but the four most crop plant, this is our like crab yield. and other like uses of flowers like aesthetic it's maybe like something beautiful like for example there is a lot of money going on around the world right now by flowers like cutting flowers like bouquet or gifts or mother days or hanging basket all that stuff or great for a plant identification It's a source to identify the difference between the plants. And we can say those are plants, they are like from the same family, they are related to each other. But we can say if they have like a different type of flower, we can say those flowers are not related.

Anyway, related with no related family in the plants, it's very important. because that one when we go in like an advance in like a breeding and selection that's a very important thing we can understand that like maybe part of it in this lecture but most of the part is going to be in different lectures so food and industrial product which is a very important part what is the flower structure topically the flower is like a die cut flower for basic for basic parts which is like Sibylla the first one is a green leafy outer most like whole like which is like this part here that's a Sibylla and the other like it's a called Kelly's callus and all the sepala together like all those part together and the other part is petals which is this petal here those are the petals and the other like a curl and all petals together and pastels like which is a female part which is this part here what we call pistol this part here and that one is you can tell like contain the statement uh in the top which is this part here the style this one here as you can see this one here um let me use the pointer so you can see this is the uh statement and this is the um style and that one is the ovary which is like the base and like the the three of those part called the pistol which is the female portion in the plant other like a stem stamen which is like this part here it has like two parts which is the enter and the flamen so enter is just the top part here where is the pollen located and the flamit which is talk that holding the um the enter While we, if we're talking about like typically grasses, the grasses is like have a different structure than dicot plant. We already like, we maybe like take the difference between dicot plant and grasses monocot.

And that's like showing the different type of part. We usually will be talking about like grasses. We're talking about like corn or either like wheat. barley, oats, all that type of plant. So the basic flowering unit, like including one to a mini florid, enclosed by glooms, which is like those part in the plant.

So this part here, gloom, you see that one is like also. And. This part here, this is like a different type, like a filament and fur.

And they have like a style and ovary and lemur, which is a little bit different. So that one is a florid, it contains lemur and pilia. And in closing, it has a single flower, which is like this one here.

And it has like pistil and... stamens but the grasses of flower have no petals or sibyllus so those that's the importing different things between the grasses of flowers or like a dicot flowers so let's compare both flowers like a dicot or grasses of flowers as you can see in this slide there is a like a diacrit and the grasses grasses like it has a florid gloom which is like this part here while the florid is inside this part here the whole thing is called speckled and the florid it has like something open a little bit so it has pistil, pelia and like it has the ween which is like this part here and the stamen and lima they are like surrounding like they have something similar with a stamen and dicot flowers but they are not like have a pestle or sybilis so those are the most important different thing between the two types of flowers Anyway, when we talk about like flower structure, there are like a lot of different types of flowers. How we can use that like as a classification and how we divided that or how we can say this type of flower called something.

And let's start like the second slide. We're going to see like a different type of flowers. type of influences which is influences that the flower cluster together like an example for that this is sorghum sorghum it has like more than one flower in the same place those are not only one flower those are flowers together like this one is a flower this one is flower this one is a flower that one is a flower this one is a flower too so it's a group of flowers like a cluster in the same place we call it like in florences the other one is like this one we call a speckle spike which is like usually we found it in a group of wheat like a barley jointed goat grasses all those types they are like similar from the same family they have the same structure of flowers so as you can see this one here it's shown like this one is just only flower this one a flower this one is the flower that one is a flower that one is a flower like there is a cluster of group flowers so this this is the first type of florence's flower this type of flower we call is like pinnacle which is um Pernikol is like a found in oat. sorghum rice and sheets sheet those are like the type of flower this like they are a little bit different as you can see it's cluster but they have like a different what do you call that arrangement or they have like a different type of order to put the flowers like together that's oat and that's rice you can see the difference between each of those but they call pinnacle the third like type of florences is shown in alpha alpha and pepperweed which is they have like a different arrangement different style of flowers we call that flowers racem the racem is alpha alpha soya bean mustard and they have like uh either way the different like this order um they can be like in um like not alternative but they are like an opposite way at the same time they are like organized they start open uh um like the older flowers going to be in the bottom but the new flowers is going to be in the top and the the growth it will not stop they continue is they can think of it like a given flowers and new flowers each time and those flowers when it's pollinated start making seeds and the same thing with alfalfa they have like this in order those are all the flowers and this one is the new flowers in the top another type of flowers we call like as you can see from the shape and like they have like a umbrella which you call humble usually wild carrot and crown witch or white clover those are the type of the umbil flowers and they are like this found you can find it also even in carrot or in like uh parsley or other type of flowers like uh it's similar to the umbrella umbrella and like has in like this shape here another type of florence which is we call uh head which is head that means sunflower as you like see this one here when we talk about flowers those are like sunflower testels daisies and the daisy like has usually a many individual flowers open from outside like this side here those are the flowers open first and the other like inside one is still not open yet so this like it we can call that one is like a disc flower and the ray flower is surrounding the disc flowers you so those flowers they are like have a different shape different type it might like a good example for the sunflower and we have another type of flowers called solitary which is like a cotton melon velvet leaf and those are like have a different color but they are looks the same like they are looks the same the same type of flower like as you can see this one here this is cotton while this one is like uh maybe uh uh velvet leaf so the this one as you can see they have like a different shape different color uh like at the same shape but they are like have a different color uh and they are like from different type of plant flower type terminology which is a very important like uh to understand complete has all the four basic of the part as we take in the beginning of this lecture we talk about like a few parts like we said the basic part especially when we talk about like uh die cut flowers and or like a monocot which is like grasses so the complete flower it has all the basic part like the four basic part and they have like a male and female part at the same time there has a sebal and bestial petals and sibles but all the grasses they missing those two part so they are like from the beginning if we mention like if I ask you is the corn considered as complete or incomplete you will say it's incomplete immediately because we know it's grasses if it's grasses that mean incompleted another type of like different things is the green flowers like a big weed like a cushia no petals at all those are the examples for incomplete uh flower so after we said like complete and incomplete uh there is another two types like we call perfect and imperfect flower so how is that like heaven so for example perfect contains like both pestle and stamen so it might be like grasses but you still have the pistol and the statement is that true or false okay go back to the previous slide and pay attention to that one too so to see the difference so when we say like a imperfect imperfect is just like missing a pistol or a steaming that means they are like a statement that means they are like a male or female flowers so that's like the separate the separate male steaming or the female pistil which is a female part like flowers and there is an also under that like imperfect one there is like either they are like the flowers the male or the female or they are in the same plant or they are like in different plant so let's go review that again so so if it's perfect that means contain both male and female part which is the pistol and steaming right okay so that's like that's a perfect one okay but if it's like has only male or female flowers those called imperfect but imperfect by itself they might like have like a male flower and female flower in the same plant or they have a male flower in a plant and the female flower in other plant different plant so where is that happen we're going to take an example for a few examples for that one so what we call that type imperfect that's okay but if it's like monoecious or the issues so monoecious that mean it's male and female flowers on the same plant that's mean they have the same home the same monotios they are living in the same plant so they are like you find like this flower is male the other flower is female good example for that corn like it's the male flower in the top while the female flower in the silk like down in the bottom not in the bottom but in the middle of the plant watermelon usually they find like a male and female flower so the pollinating will be having the same plant uh red weed like the same the same thing another thing is uh cue like zucchini the same thing from the same family cucumber the same family and also they use like some things like to increase the female flowers to increase the productions of the plant so that's like okay those are like two different type of flowers the one of them is male the other one is female and they have in the like they live in the same plant we call monashees If they have like a male and female plant that means they are like dachshunds. That means separate male and female plant like when we talk about like buffalo grasses.

Melbury, cottonwood, palm trees, different type of plant. I'm not like remember right now, but it's like have a different something like that. So you have to do like some research, like pistachio, I believe so. So those are like different, like have a different male and female flowers in different.

like a different male and female plant so if it's different plant male and female we call it dacius if they are like the male and female flower they are in the same plant we call muniches are they are perfect no they are imperfect okay because already the flower missing like one part either steaming or pestle right that's make it like a male flower or female flower so imperfect that's mean the missing pistol or steaming a separate male steaming or a female pistol okay um the sexual reproduction uh in the plant summary like uh take the summary of that one uh There is like one thing is called meiosis which is like a formation of gametes that's in the flowers will happen we're gonna take how is that like a sperm and the pollen grain within the enter like when the enter and egg in the oval within the ovary so those are like a male and female part in order So, pollination, transfer pollen from the anther to steaming. Regardless of those are like male flower or female flower or they are completed or incompleted, no matter what happened, but the pollination will be like transfer the pollen from the male, which is the anther, to a steaming, which is the female part. Pollen germination. It's like on the stigma followed by the pollen tube growth like through the style to the ovary.

Let's go watch this video. We'll explain how is that happen. But before we watch that one, I want to like take a moment here, take you back to a few slides.

And remember that when we talk about the flower structure, we talk about like the milk. part which is like the enter and it has the pollen and all the pollen like transfer to steaming and then like it has um uh starting like growing and making like a tube inside going to the ovary which is like uh during the style and like uh uh reaching the overlay so let's watch this Thank you So what we're going to do is we're going to work through these different processes and we'll keep coming back to this summary to remind ourselves of how far we are on the journey of how a plant reproduces. We've got gamete formation, making the eggs, pollination, which is how the male gamete gets the female one, then fertilisation when they fuse together, then you make the seed and the fruit, then you disperse that seed and hopefully then you get the germination.

and the offspring being fully produced. Now, in order to understand this process, we've got to look at the anatomy of a flower, and we've got to go through the different parts and what their roles are. So first of all, we'll start with the male bits.

Now, the male bits of a flower are the anther and the filament, and collectively they're known as the stamen. The anther is where the pollen is produced, and the filament just holds that anther in position there. And there's usually quite a lot of anthers producing lots and lots of pollen. We've also got the petals, obviously. The petals are there to entice in the insects, the bees and things like that.

To say, look over here, come and get some nectar, which will be down at the bottom of the flower for them to come and get. And it just so happens that when they come in to get the nectar, the nice sugary drink, they rub against some of the pollen and they then will fly off to another flower and deposit that pollen there. Where they'll deposit the pollen is on the female part of the flower and they'll deposit it at the stigma which is this the top bit there of the flower in the center.

Stigma is connected to the ovary via the style and the ovary is where you'll find the ovules and inside the ovules is where you find the actual ovary, the eggs, and together all the female bits is called the carpal. So that's where gametes are produced, the pollen is produced in the anther, and the ova are found inside the ovules. So how does pollination occur then?

Well, I said either it can happen via an insect or via the wind. But what has to happen is the pollen has to be transferred from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another. Then it would be called cross-pollination.

Occasionally, you can get a self-pollination where flowers pollinate themselves, but like I said, it's not ideal. So we really want to go from one flower to another. Now, When you look at pollination, you realise there's actually two types of flowers.

You probably never notice the second type of flowers because they're pretty boring. You would have noticed insect pollinated flowers. They've got a beautiful colour, big petals, and they produce the nice smell, the scent.

You probably never really noticed wind pollinated flowers. You see these really on things like grasses. That's because they don't have nice petals, they don't have a scent, they don't use insects. There's no point producing them. So we can compare and contrast the structures of insect pollinated flowers.

and wind pollinated flowers. So insect pollinated flowers they've got bright petals as I said for attracting insects they've got scent they have a sticky stigma for the pollen to stick to and they've got the anthers there and they're all enclosed inside that flower so the insect rubs against them. They also produce nectar for the actual insects to have as their meal that's their treat for going to the flower. If you look at a wind pollinated flower very different no bright petals no scent no nectaries. Big stigma which is all kind of feathery and has to catch the pollen as it floats across in the wind.

Also the anthers dangle down outside of the main flower so that again the wind hits them and knocks all that pollen off. The pollen grains themselves are very inflated and small so they get carried by the wind and blown long distances. So here's a really important table.

There's so many questions that come up in the IGCC about... The comparing and contrasting these two types of flower and how they are adapted for different types of pollination. explain uh the uh the process of how that's pulling happen but it's like right now we have another things called a double fertilization which is like a formation of zygote like which is 2n and and the endosperm like a 3n and by separate fertilization events in the egg and egg sac with both male sperm and nuclei and from the pollen tube.

So those are like how is that like a devil we're gonna see it in here since one like the pollen like landed in the stigma and they're starting like a making like a tube and the sperm It's like as you can see in this slide here, there is a tube and those two are going inside the ovaries. So sorry, they making like a pollen tube and they when they are starting like fertilizer that one, the egg and polarity is like taking different things and they start like making polar nucleol and sperm including and those are the three which is the 3n and here is we call devil fertilization and one sperm unit with the egg to produce like 2n with zygote and one with the two polar nuclei to produce like 3n endosperms so as you can see here is two and here is the three uh uh and like any sperms Flowering plants undergo a uniquely reproductive process where there are two fertilization events. This double fertilization event occurs between the male reproductive organ, the male gametophyte, and the female reproductive organ, the female gametophyte. Before the fertilization event can occur, the ovule has to undergo some changes. At present, the ovule contains one reproductive cell, known as the megaspore or mother cell.

This cell is diploid and undergoes meiosis, producing four haploid megaspores. In the majority of species, three of these megaspores degenerate, leaving only one surviving megaspore. This surviving megaspore expands and undergoes three rounds of mitosis to produce eight haploid nuclei.

As the nuclei have not developed any individual division, they initially share the same cytoplasm. This complete structure is known as the embryo sac. Within the established embryo sac, cell walls begin to form between most of the nuclei. Three cells named antipodal cells form opposite the opening of the ovule known as the micropyle.

Another three cells form above the micropyle. Two of these are synergids and the other is the egg cell. This leaves two nuclei in the center of the ovule. These central nuclei remain together in one large cell. It is the egg cell and this central nucleate cell which will eventually become part of the double fertilization event.

In order for the double fertilization event to occur, the male gametes, the sperm, must travel from the anther to the embryo sac within the female reproductive organ. The pollen grain contains two main cells. A cell named the tube cell makes up the bulk of the pollen grain, and the sperm cell, which at this stage is known as the generative cell.

To reach the embryo sac, a pollen grain must land on the stigma. Once landed, it begins to germinate. The tube cell forms a long structure down the style and into the ovary. The generative cell travels behind the tube cell nucleus.

Once near the ovary, it divides by mitosis to produce two haploid sperm cells. The pollen tube reaches the micropyle and releases the sperm cells into the embryo sac. One of the two sperm cells fertilizes the egg cell. This produces a diploid zygote, which will become the embryo.

The other sperm cell moves up and fuses with both of the central nuclei, forming a triploid cell. This unusual triploid cell develops into an endosperm and serves as the embryo's food supply during early development. It is only angiosperms, flowering plants, which have this double fertilization characteristic. where a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm form. Gymnosperms, pines, tracheophytes, ferns, and non-tracheophytes, mosses, lack this double fertilization feature.

strategies is issue why is that like the plants like to feel a natural method of pollinations they are like have a different size they have like a different type they have like a different way to pollinate um anyway there is like a we can say like there is two things which is one the first one is self-pollinated and pulling from the enter within the same flower Like example for that, wheat, barley, oats, soybean, rice, all that. It's the same from the same plant, the same flower, but they are like pollinated. So we call that self-pollinating. The pollen, it's like created in the same flower, but it's like fertilizing the same flower. Like it's from a male part to the female part.

Cross-pollination, that means pollen from anthers on different flowers. That means they are from another different flower, which can be corn. Either way, they are from different flowers in the same plant or from a different plant. Alpha-alpha, sunflowers, and most of the clovers, they are like cross-pollinations. If we talk like and have an example like they sometimes they have like a 50% self-pollination.

What that means a 50% self-pollination? That means for example that tomato. Tomato like they can like pollen by insects at the same time they come like pollen it like from 50% like they can be like from the same flower.

But most like the method of the pollen transfer can be like important part of the crop management which is very important to understand what type of like pollen you have in this crop so you can like help to increase the chance of having like more productions and more seeds in your field. so how is the pollination method related to the flower structure and the function of the flower like imperfect flowers almost generates cross pollinations but only a few plants work this way so that means they can be working the other way like most flowers are perfect but thus like cell formations seems most likely and often is the natural process of the for example if you take a good example for that is the wheat one is the most example for that however many plants with the perfect flowers are like naturally cross pollination pollinated so there is like a few example for that but so Self-pollination is avoided or prevented if we need to do a breeding. If we need a specific parent, like we're going to have a pollen from a certain male, we need to pollen or fertilize it with a certain female. So that will be prevented.

Like a most of common strategy. is for pollen within individual flowers to mature before or often pestle is receptive but some like mechanical systems they can be used and like alfalfa morphological and genetic and complete incompatibly system exists like for persica mustard family so those are like having a specific way to do like blend breathing with it pollen uh transfer a method like impacting pulling amount and like a structure and who is the this like related to a human uh allergic which is they can causes the human allergic allergic because it's like wind pollination Insect cross pollination is alpha alpha for this a good example for that usually they have like a certain strategy when it's the insects came to the flower we need like to point the flower they will be like came landed in the flower like they tracked by the nectar the smell and the flower like color and the shape. And then when they landed here, this part of the, like, let's say the male part, it's like travid, which is like attached to the insect.

So they put all the pollen in the insect. So when it's moved, like in a flower, like a new flower like that one, they're going to be like. pulling the other flowers so this like a good example for that one what kind of insect there are like a few different type of insect as you can see there is a like a moth there is a like bees there is a like a different bee but like a wild bee they are like each plant have it like a specific certain insect they can be helpful but in like a wind cross pollination like corn for example it does not like need to be like moved by insects they will be moved like by wind it's too small too fine and as you can see in this picture and they are like a very very fine it's very light they can like carry by the air and so they can like this is the male and this is the female flower and this is a silk so the when it's like um like moving by the wind will be landed here the more they landed the more seed they're gonna get so the more pollen will be fertilizing the more uh seed you're gonna get so what about like allergic that usually happen in each like spring That's because of the pollen.

The pollen usually they have like a sticky shape as you can see this one here. And many calliope birds are like wind pollination species. A lot of pollen will be like produced.

And the pollen has like a spiny surface to help sticky to stigma as it passes like by in the wind. uh in the wind uh from flower to another flower so so that's like make them uh too small very heavy a large number of pollen moving by easy by the wind so that's making a problem to the human so uh ridgeweed like on also have uh imperfect flowers which is called monocot we get back to that one so those are like the type of small pollen maybe cause it allergic to so when we talk about like making across crosses of breeding purpose flowers so the structure and the pollination type the indicated process that's a very important in the process We have like two examples or three examples for that one. Like say about like corn, wheat and soybean. So what is the difference between those? Like first one is like compare corn to soybean and wheat.

Why they are like different? Like they have a different way to make the pollen. If you are a breeder and you want to understand how is that like going, you will see the corn easy to control since the meal and thistle. and the female ear like are separate but in the wheat and soybean most first like musculated flowers to produce like a female uh female uh parent and then control the pulling pollination to get like a desired cross like for example uh let's take more detail on this second slide which is here explain how we can do like a corn it's just like you have to cover the female part with this part here and when is the like um the tessel begin like the flower making pollen you will cover it and take the tassel it's just like landed and uh in the and the female that you already cover because like protecting from uh pollinated by the wind or by the other like a male so you need specifically for this plant so you take the male flower and drop all the pollen and that one to make sure that they are like pollen.

And after that, you should cover them with a bag. So to prevent like a stray pollen contact, like from what for seed or the other plant, it's not desirable. So that normally it's best to grow only one type of corn at a time.

because if you grow two types together they will cross. Normally it's best to grow only one type of corn at a time because if you grow two types together they will cross, even if you do nothing. In this video I'm going to show you how to grow two types of corn together and cross one type, but not the other. At the top of every corn stalk will be a tassel. That's where the pollen comes from.

and that's important to know for this technique to work. When doing a cross, it's important to cross similar types of corn. For instance, if you crossed a sweet corn with a popcorn, you would end up with corn that wasn't that sweet and also didn't pop that well. In this cross, I'm crossing an ornamental flint corn and an ornamental popcorn, which is a type of flint corn. Since I want to cross the ornamental flint corn, but not the ornamental popcorn, I'm going to remove the tassels from the ornamental flint corn.

It's important to make sure I remove those tassels before the ears emerge and get silk on them. As you can see, these ears are just barely starting to emerge from the stalk. The ornamental popcorn is slightly ahead and has a little bit larger ears. As you can see, I'm leaving the tassels on the ornamental popcorn. To remove the tassels on the ornamental flint corn, I'm just going to cut the stalk right below the tassel.

I'm using some pruners for that, and it just takes a second to chop all of those tassels off. Once you remove the tassels, just keep an eye on them because some of them will try to grow back. One important thing to note is that the prevailing winds in our area during the summer are from the south.

Since I'm removing the tassels from the ornamental flint corn, I planted it on the north side of the ornamental popcorn. Once the tassels of the ornamental popcorn opened up, they started producing pollen, and that pollen will pollinate both types of corn. The pollen falls on the silk of the corn ears. As you can see, both types of corn have ears that have silk on them. Since we remove the tassels from the ornamental flint corn, we know that that corn cannot pollinate itself and will be pollinated by the ornamental popcorn.

Many times corn can produce tillers or suckers at the base of the plant. And those can grow up and produce tassels too, so you need to keep an eye out for those. And remove any tassels that are produced. Now let's take a look at some of the corn that we harvested. The first ear is from the Japonica ornamental flint corn.

And since the color of it wasn't affected, we know that this color is dominant over the color of the ornamental popcorn. Since we removed the... pollen-producing tassels from the ornamental flint corn. We know that the ornamental popcorn was pollinated by its own tassels. This popcorn is a result of another cross that I did several years ago and has been doing very well for me.

That cross was between glass gem corn and a grocery store popcorn. Here's a look at that original cross. The two ears to the left are glass gem corn. Then the next ear is the grocery store popcorn and the cross between the two is on the far right. Although one ear of the ornamental flint corn was unaffected, you can see that some of the kernels in these ears are slightly lighter in color.

Although most of these ears show just a tiny bit of influence from the ornamental popcorn, one ear in particular showed quite a bit of difference. As you can see, this ear shows several different shades of the base color. So we know that that one stalk of...

ornamental plant corn had some slightly different genetics than the other stocks. As well as being interested in the ornamental qualities of this cross, I also wanted it to pop good, so I did some test popping of the darkest ear, and I was a little bit surprised that it really did pop very well. Although it popped well, the taste was subpar compared to my ornamental popcorn. With my ornamental popcorn, I do some test popping of some kernels from every ear and keep seeds from the ones that pop the best and taste the best. I was really pleased with how well the popcorn turned out this year.

It popped well and it tasted very good. If you want to follow along and see how my cross does when I plant it, so we we saw how how is that like working in like corn but is the wheat and the soybean is different why is that we know that's why because it's like um they are like both they have that like a male and female so for that reason you have to work very hard like to take the meal part from the poll like the part you need like to transfer the meal the pollen from the other one so for example the work is going to be in the female which is taking the male part from the female flowers and take out the female part from the male part that we need so to understand that well let's see um the female part this is the male part and we're going to take that out like you cut that one and leave it leave leave the female part in the plant Okay, that is going to be like a female plant, which is how is that happen? Like in the second slide, you can see the first one is like a musculated, a proper female part of the parent for cross and like if the just only to keep the female and take the male out and this. opposite thing we're gonna do it for the female the male part so keep like the male part while taking the female part cover it like the same thing here and after that we will do um like a cross pollination we take in when it's like ready we will take like uh turn the gloom and take the uh owens from the male part and And like the second thing is we need to enter and start like shading and pulling and we'll collect the pulling and transfer them to the female part, which is part here. And that one, the other one is the replicated cover, like a cover again, when it is pollinated and waiting until the seed like starting forming and becoming like an actual seed.

and after that will be harvested it's a little bit complicated compared to the other one the same concept like it's having in the soybean crossing which is musculated the female parent and transfer a pollen to the maker cross and like collect the pollen male parent and tag to the mark cross the flowers as you can see in this part here at the same time and wait for about like our seeded to fall management to ensure the the pollination and seeds side so avoiding the stress like every like single stage in the plant is a very important but the most important part in like uh in the plant is there like a reduction like a producing the seed is the yield so you have to keep in your mind you have to how to avoid like stress don't put it like under drought don't put it like in a high temperature uh also diseases can be like making stress to the leaves so like some trees they're losing their flowers because they're affecting by diseases or insect which is like reduce the like put the plant under stress and after that like starting dropping the flowers and nothing you will have very sensitive stage growth and for most of the crops. Provide or protect pollinating insects, which is alpha-alpha or clevers for seed or sunflowers. Bee hyphen hyphens, like near legumes, like a field or orchard, like for example, apple.

They usually like for one hectare, they may be used like a... two or three hyphens and like avoid the spraying at this flower type which is a very important to avoid because when you spray that means you kill the pollinator which is the insects managing other factors like affecting the flowering which is like plant nutrition and the plant health As we take the class of hormones, that's very important. Light also, the photo period, which is specially, and like in some cases, it's very important to avoid like heat, which is high temperature.

And that can be like protect the yield and produce a lot of things. As you can see, there is a lack of. a lot of going on i hope you are like have time to study that if you have any questions please let me know i will be happy to answer your questions thank you and see you next lecture

Transcript for:Understanding Flowering and Reproduction in Crops

Transcript for:
Understanding Flowering and Reproduction in Crops